Badan Tenaga Nuklir Nasional: Jurnal BATAN
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Characterization of Radioactive and Rare Earth Elements in Heavy Minerals from River Sediments in Marau Region, Ketapang, West Kalimantan
Full text linkAlluvium deposits from the Kendawangan River located in Marau, Ketapang, West Kalimantan have been known for their radioactive and rare earth mineral potential. In this paper, heavy minerals taken from alluvium deposits will be characterized to determine the elemental distribution of uranium, thorium, and rare earth elements in each mineral and their mineralogical composition. The samples are taken by panning and prepared using the flotation method to obtain heavy mineral concentrates. Geochemical analysis was carried out using a Bruker M4 Tornado plus Micro-XRF and continued with mineralogical analysis using AMICS (Advanced Mineral Identification and Characterization System) software. It was found that the distribution of heavy minerals from the sand samples was dominated by manganoan ilmenite, ilmenite, rutile, zircon, magnetite, and monazite, as well as thorite, cassiterite, xenotime, allanite, and other minerals in small quantities. Uranium, thorium, and rare earth elements are found in monazite, thorite, xenotime, zircon, and allanite
Experimental Investigation of Natural Circulation Stability Phenomena in a New Loop Heat Pipe Model
Full text linkThe severe accident at the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant in Japan in 2011 highlighted the critical need for a passive cooling system to dissipate residual decay heat following the failure of active cooling systems in the nuclear facility. The loop heat pipe (LHP) is a promising technology for such applications. The objective of this research is to understand the natural circulation stability phenomena of new LHP model under varying conditions of filling ratio and heat load. The experimental methodology employed a laboratory-scale LHP model made of copper with an inner diameter of 0.104 m. The experiments were designed with filling ratios of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%, and hot water temperature as the evaporator heat source with variations of 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, and 90°C. The initial operating pressure was 10665.6 Pa, with a 5˚ inclination angle, demineralized water as the working fluid, and cooled by air at a velocity of 2.5 m/s. The results show that the natural circulation within the LHP occurs in two phases and maintained stability, with optimal performance observed at an 80% filling ratio and 90°C. The conclusion of this research indicates that natural circulation stability in the LHP operates well and occurs in two phases, proving that natural circulation in the LHP is effective in heat dissipation
Advancements in Accident Tolerance Fuel: A New Horizon in Nuclear Safety
Full text linkAccident Tolerant Fuels (ATFs) represent a significant advancement in nuclear safety, offering the potential to mitigate the risks associated with nuclear reactor accidents. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the development and current state of ATF technology, tracing its evolution and highlighting key technological milestones. Through an analysis of various case studies, we examine the practical application and performance of ATFs in real-world scenarios. Despite the promising capabilities of ATFs, their development and deployment are not without challenges. We delve into the technical, regulatory, and economic hurdles that must be overcome to realize the full potential of ATFs. Looking ahead, we explore the prospects of ATFs, discussing potential advancements and their implications for the nuclear industry. The findings of this paper underscore the transformative role of ATFs in enhancing nuclear reactor safety and charting a new horizon in nuclear technology
PENGUKURAN BERAT RADIONUKLIDA 137Cs DALAM LARUTAN PELAT ELEMEN BAKAR U3Si2/Al DENSITAS 4,8 gU/cm3 PASCA IRADIASI DENGAN METODE KOLOM KROMATOGRAFI
Full text linkBurnup bahan bakar adalah salah satu parameter untuk mengetahui unjuk kerja bahan bakar U3Si2/Al setelah digunakan di reaktor. Salah satu isotop indikator burnup adalah 137Cs karena mempunyai waktu paruh panjang (T1/2) 30,17 tahun dengan fission yield 6,26%. Pemisahan 137Cs dilakukan untuk mengetahui jumlah 137Cs dalam larutan bahan bakar U3Si2/Al pasca iradiasi dengan metode kolom penukar kation menggunakan zeolit dari Lampung beserta besar recoverynya. Larutan bahan bakar U3Si2/Al pasca iradiasi dari masing-masing potongan Top (T), Middle (M) dan Bottom (B) dipipet sebanyak 50 µL secara duplo dan ditambahkan dengan 2 mL HNO3 0,1 M, kemudian diukur aktivitasnya menggunakan spektrometer gamma untuk mendapatkan jumlah awal radionuklida137Cs. Jumlah 137Cs dalam larutan dinyatakan dengan berat 137Cs per gram PEB (Pelat Elemen Bakar). Selanjutnya larutan tersebut dimasukkan ke dalam kolom kromatografi yang berisi zeolit Lampung 700 mg dan dibiarkan mengalir dalam keadaan vakum. Hasil pemisahan berupa 137Cs yang terikat dengan zeolit dalam bentuk fasa padat 137Cs-zeolit, sedangkan isotop lainnya berada dalam fasa cair (supernatan). Padatan 137Cs-zeolit dan supernatan diukur dengan spektrometer gamma untuk mengetahui berat 137Cs yang terikat dengan zeolit. Hasil pengukuran menunjukkah rerata berat awal 137Cs sebelum pemisahan sebesar 7,49 × 10-3 µg/gPEB dan 6,97 × 10-3 µg/gPEB untuk sampel T1 dan T2 dari potongan Top, 10,50 × 10-3 µg/gPEB untuk sampel M1 dari potongan Middle, serta 8,43 × 10-3 µg/gPEB dan 8,76 × 10-3 µg/gPEB untuk sampel B1 dan B2 dari potongan Bottom. Setelah pemisahan diperoleh berat rerata 137Cs sebesar masing-masing 7,43 × 10-3 µg/gPEB dan 6,82 × 10-3 µg/gPEB untuk sampel T1 dan T2, 10,10 × 10-3 µg/gPEB untuk sampel M1, serta 8,32 × 10-3 µg/gPEB dan 8,41 × 10-3 µg/gPEB untuk sampel B1 dan B2. Berdasarkan berat 137Cs sebelum dan sesudah pemisahan, didapatkan recovery rerata pemisahan dengan metode kolom kromatografi penukar kation menggunakan zeolit sebesar 97,748%. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa zeolit Lampung sangat selektif untuk menyerap 137Cs di dalam larutan bahan bakar U3Si2/Al pasca iradiasi
CESIUM CHEMISORPTION ONTO STAINLESS STEEL UNDER SIMULATED LIGHT WATER REACTOR SEVERE ACCIDENT
Full text linkDuring light water reactor severe accident, source terms may interact with structural materials, generating new compounds and affecting their volatility which make the existing codes could not accurately estimate the radioactive release. Cesium is one of the source terms that can interact with structural materials and contributes greatly to the late release phenomenon. Several studies have been conducted to predict the physicochemical interactions between cesium and structural materials. However, the types of chemisorbed cesium compounds onto structural materials are still under discussion. For this reason, this study was carried out using advanced techniques, involving TEM, SEM, EDS and FIB to estimate the chemisorbed cesium compounds onto stainless steel structural material under simulated light water severe accident. This study indicates that cesium is strongly adsorbed on the oxide layer of stainless steel in the form of cesium silica, cesium aluminum silica, and/or cesium ferro silica. CsFeSiO4 and CsAlSiO4 could dominate these compounds
Geology and Land Suitability Analysis for Final Processing Waste Site in Ambon Island
Full text linkFrom 2017 to 2021, waste production in Ambon City increased from 200 tons/day to 297 tons/day, but the condition of the Toisapu landfill in Ambon did not support this. Toisapu landfill, which has been operating since 2007, is now in overload status and needs to be re-evaluated because it is on a slope of >20% and is located close to residential areas. This research aims to find an alternative replacement for the Toisapu landfill with the status of a Waste Processing and Final Processing Site that complies with Indonesian National Standards. This research uses an environmental geology approach based on Spatial Multi-Criteria Evaluation (SMCE), which combines geological and non-geological parameters. The analysis results for each parameter are overlaid, given a value, and then totaled to produce the most feasible land. The results of this research show that the most suitable land is in Wakal with an area of 126,668 ha. The permeability of this location is low, with the groundwater being quite deep (>80 meters), so there is little chance of leachate seepage contaminating the groundwater. In contrast to the Toisapu landfill, Wakal has a slope of <20%, far from protected forests and where residents live
Validation of The Gravimetry Method for Determining Rare Earth Elements Oxides
Full text linkThe demand for minerals to meet technological developments is increasing, including minerals that contain rare earth elements (REE). The levels of REE in solids can be determined using conventional analysis methods (gravimetry) and instruments. Even though the instrument method provides more accurate results with a small amount of analyte, the cost is higher compared to the gravimetric method, which requires more analyte and provides good results. Therefore, the gravimetric method is a solution for areas with limited instruments and budgets. The study aims to validate the gravimetric method for determining REE oxides levels, evaluate its precision and accuracy, and assess its feasibility of use. In this study, two methods were used for REE analysis: the ASTM E2941-14 method with sample weight modification and the addition of acid to increase REE oxides recovery and a precipitation method using oxalic acid. The validation stages include sample dissolution, precipitation, filtration, and ash-making. The research results show that the RSD value is 0.3154, which is smaller than 2/3 of Horwitz's CV, namely 4.1727, which means it meets the precision acceptance requirements of ISO/IEC 17025:2017. The REE oxides recovery value, which indicates accuracy, also increased to 97.74%. Therefore, the gravimetric method can be used as an alternative for determining REE oxides levels
Empirical Equation between Predominant Frequency and Sediment Thickness in Plampang, West Nusa Tenggara
Full text linkSoil characteristics mapping is one of the essential aspects in the development of a region. Soil characteristics such as the predominant frequency and thickness of the sediment layer are needed to ensure the capacity of soil against the load of an infrastructure construction. The existence of tectonic activity causes West Nusa Tenggara Province to be an area with high seismic activity. Along with the plan to accelerate the development of the Samota Area, seismic studies are one of the aspects that determine project feasibility. The predominant frequency value from the results of microtremor measurements is used in the development of an empirical formula to predict soil thickness in the Plampang area. The empirical formula from previous research is used as a conformity test of the empirical formula obtained. Empirical equations are then used to map variations in sediment thickness in the Plampang area, which are justified based on geological data. The results of the sediment thickness map based on the empirical formula for the Plampang area showed a good correlation with the predominant frequency and also showed a good correlation with the results of the formula that has been carried out by previous studies
Distribution and Characteristics of Rare Earth Elements in Uranium-Ore Deposits from Rirang Area, West Kalimantan Province, Indonesia
Full text linkUranium and rare earth elements (REE) are essential elements for the development of green environmentally friendly, and sustainable energy. To meet the increasing demand for these raw materials, Indonesia has taken steps to explore and map potential deposits, including the Rirang Sector in Melawi Regency, West Kalimantan. However, the available information on the mineralization of these elements in the area is limited. Therefore, this study aimed to provide a detailed characterization on the petrology and geochemical characteristics of uranium ore and to synthesize the mineral genesis of uranium and REE-bearing ore in the Rirang Sector. The analytical methods used included petrography, micro-XRF, and geochemical analysis. The results showed that uranium mineralization was present in brannerites, uranophane, and swamboite associated with tourmaline and monazite ore. Similarly, REE concentrations were hosted by REE-bearing minerals, such as monazite, xenotime, and loparite. Geochemically, the uranium concentration in the monazite ore ranged from 1,110 – 28,440 ppm, while the total REE (TREE) concentration varied between 85,320 to 138,488 ppm. The formation of uranium and REE mineralization were due to the metasomatism process and its association with the Na-rich fluid of felsic intrusion. Notably, the weathering process did not enrich uranium and REE content in the soil but rather decreased it due to the leaching process and the absence of clay minerals capable of absorbing the REE cations on the surface of clay crystal structures
MPS SIMULATION ON THE CORIUM MELT FLOW IN CASE OF REACTOR ACCIDENT
Full text linkA simulation model has been made for molten corium in a nuclear reactor using the Moving Particle Semi-Implicit (MPS) method. By setting the value of dynamic viscosity and temperature of corium, simulations are carried out to display the pressure profile and flow velocity of the corium fluid that falls from the RPV to the plenum. In the first simulation to observe the pressure and velocity profile of the corium in the plenum, three conditions were made: the plenum was empty; the plenum was filled with corium fluid, and the plenum was filled with debris. The second simulation was carried out to determine the relationship between the time required for corium to reach the plenum for variations in corium viscosity and temperature values. The simulation results show that the increase in corium viscosity will be proportional to the length of time it takes to reach the plenum. In contrast to the effect of temperature where the increase in corium temperature will be the smaller the time required