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Contemporary approaches to the preparation of metal nanoparticles: methods and mechanistic insights
Get PDFNanoparticles have transformed drug delivery systems to provide new approaches to increase the dissolution, absorption, and targeting properties of drug molecules. They have a nanoscale structure that gives them special characteristics such as high surface area, enhanced membrane permeability and enhanced physicochemical stability in comparison with the traditional drug delivery systems. Such properties render the nanoparticles especially useful in treatment of such complicated illness as cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and chronic infectious diseases. This review paper focuses on the different ways of synthesizing metal nanoparticles and their pharmaceutical usage, as a way of overcoming the limitations of the conventional methods of delivery. Altogether, nanoparticles are characterized by enhanced stability and bioavailability, reduced toxicity, and a high possibility of benefiting therapeutic performance and safety in nanomedicine
Diagnostic Challenges in SLE and the Promise of Emerging Immunological Biomarkers
Get PDFSystemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a multifaceted systemic autoimmune disease, which presents with variable clinical features and big diagnostic problems. Diagnosis at an early stage has continued to be a challenge because of conflicting clinical manifestations with other autoimmune disorders, unstable clinical manifestations, and poor sensitivity and specificity of traditional biomarkers. Conventional diagnostic characteristics like antinuclear antibodies (ANA), anti-dsDNA, anti-Smith antibodies, and complement are still necessary, though inadequate, in the correct early diagnosis and monitoring of the disease. New biomarkers such as type I interferon signatures, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), and B-cell activating factor (BAFF) have been identified in recent developments in immunology and provide some hopeful insights into the pathogenesis of the disease and may help to diagnose it better. Moreover, omics technologies and artificial intelligence-driven methods of analysis are also driving biomarker discovery and precision medicine plans faster. Although these improvements have occurred, the majority of the new biomarkers are yet to undergo large multicenter studies to be validated before they can be used in routine clinical practice. This review pays attention to the diagnostic problems in SLE and explains how new immunological biomarkers may be used to enhance diagnostic quality in the early phase of the disease and its monitoring as well as tailored therapeutic interventions.
Drug-Induced Lupus Erythematosus (DILE): A Comprehensive Analysis of Pathogenesis, Clinical Profiles, Diagnosis, and Management Strategies
Get PDFDrug-induced lupus erythematosus (DILE) represents a distinctive autoimmune phenomenon characterized by its association with prolonged exposure to certain medications, as opposed to the idiopathic nature of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Unlike SLE, the hallmark feature of DILE is its tendency to remit upon cessation of the offending drug. This article embarks on a comprehensive exploration of DILE, elucidating its pathogenesis, clinical presentations, diagnostic criteria, and therapeutic interventions through a meticulous analysis of contemporary scholarly works. The pathogenesis of DILE is multifaceted, involving complex interactions between genetic predisposition, immune dysregulation, and the pharmacological properties of implicated medications. Understanding these intricate mechanisms is pivotal in both diagnosis and management. Clinical manifestations of DILE often mirror those of SLE, encompassing a spectrum of symptoms ranging from constitutional complaints to organ-specific involvement. Navigating the diagnostic landscape of DILE necessitates a discerning approach, leveraging a combination of clinical assessment, laboratory investigations, and exclusionary criteria to differentiate it from other autoimmune entities, particularly SLE. Management of DILE hinges upon prompt recognition and withdrawal of the offending agent, which typically precipitates clinical improvement and eventual resolution of symptoms. Pharmacological interventions may be warranted to alleviate acute manifestations or mitigate disease progression in refractory cases. However, the efficacy and safety profile of such treatments warrant careful consideration in light of potential adverse effects and drug interactions
Assessment of drug related problems in patients prescribed with antibiotics in a tertiary care hospital
Get PDFIndia has one of the greatest burdens of bacterial infections in the world and the crude mortality rate is 417 per 100,000 persons. The present research was conducted with the purpose to evaluate drug-related issues (DRPs) among patients receiving antibiotics in a tertiary care hospital. A potential observational study was carried out in 170 inpatients at the General Medicine Department of Government General Hospital (RIMS) that was conducted in Kadapa between October 2024 and April 2025. The selection of patients was done according to the willingness and inclusion criteria, and the ethical approval was received within the Institutional Human Ethics Committee. Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis that used p-value estimation were carried out with Jamovi v2.6.44.0. DRPs were the most prevalent among the participants aged 31-60 years (30 cases; 51.72). The proportion of males (70.68) was higher than that of females (29.32). The cephalosporins were the class of antibiotics with the greatest number of DRPs (31 cases; 53.45%). Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) had the highest number of DRPs and this was 15 cases. Twelve patients (20.69%), and 46 patients (79.31%) were found to be exposed to polypharmacy and not exposed to polypharmacy respectively. The p-value of 0.210 shown was at 0.05 level, meaning that there were no statistically significant differences between DRPs and length of hospital stay. The research concludes that the issue of DRPs is significant among patients taking antibiotics at tertiary care facilities. DRPs were selected and classified according to the PCNE classification system (version 9.1) using the type, cause, and outcomes
Alkaptonuria: pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and management perspectives
Get PDFAlkaptonuria (AKU) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the HGD gene, leading to deficiency of homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase and accumulation of homogentisic acid (HGA). Oxidized HGA forms ochronotic pigment that deposits in connective tissues, producing progressive damage. The earliest sign is urine darkening. Over time, bluish-brown discoloration of cartilage, spinal stiffness, large-joint arthritis, tendon ruptures, aortic valve disease, and renal calculi may develop. The global prevalence ranges from 1 in 25,000 to 1 in 1,000,000 births, with higher incidence in Slovakia, the Dominican Republic, India, and Jordan. Diagnosis is confirmed by urinary HGA measurement via high-performance liquid chromatography, HGD mutation analysis, and imaging such as MRI, CT, or DEXA.Treatment is mainly supportive, including analgesics, physiotherapy, and surgery for severe joint involvement. Nitisinone therapy significantly reduces urinary HGA and may slow disease progression but requires monitoring of plasma tyrosine levels. Although AKU rarely reduces lifespan, it causes substantial morbidity, highlighting the importance of early detection, multidisciplinary management, and further research into disease-modifying therapies.
Development and Validation of a UV-Visible Spectrophotometric Method for Quantitative Estimation of Empagliflozin in Tablet Dosage Forms
No full textA simple, rapid, and economical UV-visible spectrophotometric method was developed and validated for the quantitative estimation of empagliflozin in tablet dosage forms. Empagliflozin exhibited maximum absorbance (λmax) at 224 nm in ethanol. The method showed good linearity in the concentration range of 2-12 µg/ml with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.999. The proposed method was validated according to the guidelines of the International Council for Harmonization of Technical Requirements of Pharmaceuticals for Human use Q2(R1) for linearity, accuracy, precision, robustness, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ). The percentage recovery ranged from 99.90 % to 100.07 %, indicating good accuracy of the method. Precision studies showed %RSD value below 2%, demonstrating acceptable repeatability. The LOD and LOQ were found to be 0.218 µg/ml and 0.661 µg/ml, respectively. The developed method was successfully applied for the assay of empagliflozin in marketed tablet formulation and was found to be suitable for routine quality control analysis due to its simplicit, accuracy and cost-effectiveness.
Antenatal Corticosteroids for Fetal Lung Maturation and Prevention of Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Systematic Review
No full textPreterm birth remains a major global cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality, frequently leading to respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) due to pulmonary immaturity and surfactant deficiency. Antenatal corticosteroids (ACS) are widely used to accelerate fetal lung maturation and improve neonatal respiratory outcomes. The present systematic review evaluates the physiological mechanisms, clinical effectiveness, and current clinical recommendations for antenatal corticosteroid therapy in the prevention of neonatal RDS. A structured literature review was conducted following the PRISMA framework using major databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science. Relevant studies evaluating the use of betamethasone or dexamethasone in pregnant women at risk of preterm birth were screened. Ten high-quality studies, including randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, and meta-analyses, were selected for qualitative synthesis. The findings consistently demonstrate that antenatal corticosteroid therapy significantly reduces the incidence of respiratory distress syndrome, neonatal mortality, intraventricular hemorrhage, and necrotizing enterocolitis. Several landmark trials also confirm benefits in both early and late preterm pregnancies. Physiologically, corticosteroids promote differentiation of type II pneumocytes, enhance surfactant synthesis, and improve pulmonary compliance, thereby facilitating postnatal lung function. Current international guidelines recommend administration of antenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm delivery within seven days between 24 and 34 weeks of gestation. Overall, antenatal corticosteroid therapy remains a cornerstone of modern perinatal care. Future research should focus on optimizing dosing strategies and evaluating long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes associated with repeated exposure
Glutamate Receptor Modulation as a Therapeutic Strategy in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Mechanisms, Pharmacological Targets, and Future Perspectives
Get PDFGlutamate is the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and plays a crucial role in synaptic transmission, neuronal development, memory formation, and synaptic plasticity. However, dysregulation of glutamatergic signaling can lead to excitotoxicity, a pathological process characterized by excessive calcium influx, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuronal damage. This mechanism has been strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Glutamate receptors are broadly classified into ionotropic receptors (NMDA, AMPA, and kainate) and metabotropic glutamate receptors, both of which play essential roles in neuronal communication. Pharmacological modulation of these receptors using antagonists, agonists, and allosteric modulators has shown promising neuroprotective and disease-modifying effects in experimental studies. Nevertheless, clinical translation remains limited due to issues related to receptor selectivity, adverse effects, and incomplete understanding of glutamatergic pathways. Future research focusing on receptor subtype–selective modulators, improved safety profiles, and personalized therapeutic approaches may enhance the clinical potential of glutamate receptor–targeted therapies.
Method validation and development of analysis of Drotaverine and Mefenamic acid by RP-HPLC method
No full textA fast, sensitive, and reliable RP-HPLC method involving Waters HPLC System Model NO.2690/5 with PDA detector was developed and validated for the determination and quantification of Drotaverine and Mefenamic Acid . Chromatography was performed on the Inertsil -ODS C18 (250 x 4.6 mm , 5 μ) column using filtered and mixed Degassed Methanol : Acetonitrile (80:20) as a mobile phase with a flow rate of 1.0 ml / min and selected injection volume 20μl, an effluent of 280nm. Retention times for Drotaverine 2.955min, and Mefenamic Acid 3.538 min. The proposed method is accurate, precise, specific and rapid for estimation of Drotaverine and Mefenamic Acid in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form
Validation of high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometric method in negative ion mode for the estimation of Monomethyl fumarate in human plasma using Monomethyi fumarate D3 as internal standard
No full textThe present project work was to develop a robust, rapid, simple and sensitive liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assay method for the quantification of monomethyl fumarate in human plasma. An analytical method employing LC-MS/MS using human plasma was developed and fully validated for the estimation of Monomethyl fumarate in human plasma by using monomethyl fumarateD3 as internal standarad. The solid phase extraction technique (SPE) was used for the extraction of the drug and Internal standard (IS). The chromatographic separation was achieved on a Zodiac C18 column by using a 70:30 (v/v) mixture of acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. Totally five precision and accuracy batches were performed during the entire validation and intra-day and inter-day precision and accuracy were proved. KEYWORDS: Monomethyl fumarate, Human plasma, LC–MS/MS, Pharmacokinetics, Quantification