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Kajian Kritis Terhadap Pidana Kerja Sosial Mengurangi Kelebihan Kapasitas Di Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Di Masa Mendatang
Full text linkOvercrowding di lembaga pemasyarakatan (Lapas) telah menjadi salah satu permasalahan serius dalam sistem pemasyarakatan Indonesia, hal ini disebabkan jumlah narapidana jauh melampaui kapasitas yang tersedia. Konsep kemanfaatan dalam hukum pidana kerja sosial sebagai bentuk pemidanaan berakar pada prinsip utilitarianisme, yang menekankan bahwa suatu kebijakan hukum harus mampu memberikan manfaat maksimal bagi masyarakat. Hukuman ini memungkinkan pelaku tindak pidana ringan menjalani hukuman di luar lembaga pemasyarakatan dengan melakukan pekerjaan sosial yang bermanfaat bagi masyarakat, sehingga mengurangi tekanan terhadap sistem pemasyarakatan.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji potensi penerapan pidana kerja sosial dalam mengurangi overcrowding di lembaga pemasyarakatan serta mengeksplorasi faktor-faktor pendukung implementasi kebijakan ini. Melalui metode yuridis normatif dan pendekatan konseptual, penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pidana kerja sosial tidak hanya efektif dalam mengurangi jumlah penghuni lembaga pemasyarakatan, tetapi juga memberikan dampak positif bagi rehabilitasi pelaku dan pembangunan sosial. Studi perbandingan dengan negara-negara lain seperti Belanda dan Portugal menunjukkan bahwa pidana kerja sosial secara efektif berhasil mengurangi tingkat residivisme dan meningkatkan efisiensi sistem pemasyarakatan.
Meskipun demikian, tantangan terhadap implementasi pidana kerja sosial di Indonesia masih tetap ada, termasuk keterbatasan infrastruktur, persepsi masyarakat yang berorientasi pada hukuman penjara, serta kesiapan lembaga penegak hukum. Oleh karena itu, keberhasilan kebijakan ini memerlukan dukungan regulasi yang jelas, pengawasan yang ketat, serta kerjasama antara pemerintah, masyarakat, dan sektor swasta. Dengan pendekatan yang tepat, pidana kerja sosial berpeluang besar untuk menjadi solusi alternatif yang lebih manusiawi dan berkelanjutan dalam upaya mengatasi permasalahan kelebihan kapasitas penghuni di lembaga pemasyarakatan di Indonesia. / Overcrowding in correctional institutions (Lapas) has become one of the most serious issues in Indonesia’s correctional system, as the number of inmates far exceeds the available capacity. The concept of utility in criminal law regarding community service as a form of punishment is rooted in the principle of utilitarianism, which emphasizes that legal policies should provide the maximum benefit to society. This type of punishment allows offenders of minor crimes to serve their sentences outside correctional institutions by engaging in socially beneficial work, thereby reducing the burden on the correctional system.
This study aims to examine the potential implementation of social work punishment in reducing overcrowding in correctional institutions and to explore the supporting factors for the policy's implementation. Through a normative juridical method and a conceptual approach, the study reveals that social work punishment is not only effective in reducing the population of correctional facilities but also has positive impacts on offender rehabilitation and social development. Comparative studies with other countries, such as the Netherlands and Portugal, demonstrate that social work punishment has successfully reduced recidivism rates and improved the efficiency of the correctional system.
Nevertheless, challenges to the implementation of social work punishment in Indonesia persist, including limited infrastructure, public perceptions that are oriented toward imprisonment, and the readiness of law enforcement agencies. Therefore, the success of this policy requires clear regulations, strict supervision, and collaboration between the government, society, and the private sector. With the right approach, social work punishment holds significant potential as a more humane and sustainable alternative solution to address the issue of overcrowding in correctional institutions in Indonesia
TINJAUAN YURIDIS PERATURAN BERSAMA MENTERI AGAMA DAN MENTERI DALAM NEGERI NOMOR 9 DAN 8 TAHUN 2006 DALAM MENJAMIN HAK KEBEBASAN BERAGAMA
Full text linkABSTRAK
A. Nama : Tony
B. NIM : 1940057009
C. Program Studi : Hukum
D. Judul :
E. Halaman : i-xiv 94 Halaman + Daftar Pustaka +Lampiran
F. Kata Kunci : PBM 2006, Hak Kebebasan Beragama, Hak Asasi Manusia, Rumah Ibadah
G. Ringkasan Isi :
Menteri Agama dan Menteri Dalam Negeri Indonesia mengeluarkan Peraturan Bersama yaitu Peraturan Bersama Menteri Agama dan Menteri Da-lam Negeri Nomor 9 dan 8 Tahun 2006 tentang Pedoman Pelaksanaan Tugas Kepala Daerah/Wakil Kepala Daerah Dalam Pemeliharaan Kerukunan Umat Beragama, Pemberdayaan Forum Kerukunan Umat Beragama, dan Pendirian Rumah Ibadat yang sering disebut sebagai PBM 2006 diterbitkan pada 21 Maret 2006 sebagai langkah pemerintah melakukan pembaharuan Surat Keputusan Bersama (SKB) Nomor 01/BER/MDN-MAG/1969 ditetapkan untuk mengatasi masalah dalam pendirian rumah ibadat di Indonesia, yang sering menimbulkan konflik, terutama antara kelompok mayoritas dan minori-tas, dalam hal memberikan jaminan dalam pelaksanaan hak menjalankan kebebasan beragama dalam pendirian rumah ibadat, PBM 2006 dipertan-yakan, lanjutnya, didalam penyelesaian masalah dalam pelaksanaan PBM 2006 dalam menjamin hak kebebasan beragama.
Untuk menjawab jaminan hak kebebasan beragama didalam PBM tidak harus dikaji dengan asas-asas hukum, Teori Negara Hukum dan Teori Keadilan dapat menjadi pisau analisa penelitian ini. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif dengan menganalisa masalah hukum dengan menggunakan peraturan perundangan-undangan, dan teori hukum, serta putusan pengadilan, sumber data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini bersumber dari data sekunder yang terdiri dari bahan hukum primer seperti peraturan perundang-undangan, serta bahan hukum sekunder seperti buku, dan jurnal.
Meskipun demikian, PBM 2006 mendapat banyak kritik karena dianggap memberatkan kelompok minoritas dan tidak sejalan dengan Nilai dan Prinsip Negara Hukum dan Nilai-nilai Prinsip Keadilan, yang seharusnya PBM 2006 selaras dan sejalan dengan tujuannya yang mulia yaitu untuk menjamin kebebasan beragama, menciptakan kepastian hukum, memelihara kerukunan antarumat beragama, dan mengatur peran pemerintah serta masyarakat dalam penyelesaian masalah terkait rumah ibadat.
H. Daftar Acuan : 18 Buku + 18 Peraturan Perundangan
I. Dosen Pembimbing I : Lonna Yohanes Lengkong, S.H., M.H.
Dosen Pembimbing II : Pdt. Dr Marudut P Silitonga, S.Th., S.H., MH
"/"ABSTRACT
A. Name : Tony
B. Student ID Number : 1940057009
C. Program Study : Law
D. Topic :
E. Pages : i-xiv 94 Pages + Bibliograph + Attachments
F. Keyword : Requirements for Legal Transfer of Rights of the Apartment
G. Summary: :
The Joint Regulation of the Minister of Religious Affairs and the Min-ister of Home Affairs, known as PBM 2006, was issued as Joint Regu-lation No. 9 and 8 of 2006 on March 21, 2006. This regulation serves as a guideline for regional heads and their deputies in maintaining religious harmony, empowering the Interfaith Harmony Forum (FKUB), and regulating the establishment of places of worship. PBM 2006 was introduced to replace Joint Decree (SKB) No. 01/BER/MDN-MAG/1969, which was initially implemented to address conflicts arising from the construction of places of worship, particu-larly disputes between majority and minority religious groups. De-spite its intended purpose of ensuring the right to religious freedom in establishing places of worship, PBM 2006 has been questioned in terms of its effectiveness in resolving conflicts and guaranteeing reli-gious freedom.
To assess whether PBM 2006 effectively guarantees the right to reli-gious freedom, it should not only be examined through legal princi-ples but also analyzed using the Rule of Law Theory and Justice The-ory. This research employs a normative juridical method, analyzing legal issues by referring to laws and regulations, legal theories, and court decisions. The study relies on secondary data sources, includ-ing primary legal materials such as legislation and secondary legal materials like books and journals. However, PBM 2006 has faced significant criticism, as it is often perceived as placing an undue bur-den on religious minorities. Critics argue that it contradicts the val-ues and principles of the Rule of Law and Justice, which should align with its noble purpose—to safeguard religious freedom, provide legal certainty, maintain religious harmony, and define the role of the gov-ernment and society in resolving issues related to places of worship.
H. Reference Lists : 18 Books + 18 Regulations
I. 1st Supervisor Lecture : Lonna Yohanes Lengkong, S.H., M.H.
2nd Supervisor Lecture : Pdt. Dr Marudut P. Silitonga, S.Th., S.H., M.H
Analisis Pengujian Statis Motor Matic 110 cc Menjadi Motor Listrik 2 KW
Full text linkElectric motorbike conversion is one of the right solutions to reduce carbon
emissions, an alternative energy to replace depleting fossil fuels, reduce the impact
of congestion, and the expensive price of electric motorbikes. For this reason,
information is needed regarding proper planning, design, and calculation of
operational activities related to efficiency, cost, safety, energy saving, quality, and
maintenance. The planning of an electric motorbike using a 2 kW 72 Volt 20 Ah
BLCD motor, a 72 V 500-Watt controller, and a 72 V 20 Ah Gesits li-NCM battery,
conducted static testing for one hour against speed variations of 30, 50, and 70
km/hour. This study shows that, the electric motorbike at the highest speed of 70 km
/h the battery temperature is stable at 37.9 °C below 45 °C in the package, power
1,472.91 Watt, current 20.58 A, voltage 71.57 Volts, torque 4.5 Nm, battery
consumption 39.8%, charging time 1.59 hours and costs incurred of Rp 645.82.
Electric motorbikes have better value in terms of features, energy usage, running
costs, and battery temperature than combustion motors.
Keywords: Electric Motor Conversion, Torque, Battery Temperatur
Dampak Putusan MK 83/PUU-XXI/2023 Terhadap Pemeriksaan Bukti Permulaan Menurut UU Nomor 7 Tahun 2021
Full text linkPenelitian ini membahas dampak Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor
83/PUU-XXI/2023 terhadap pemeriksaan bukti permulaan dalam sistem
perpajakan Indonesia. Putusan ini membatasi kewenangan Direktorat Jenderal
Pajak dalam melakukan pemeriksaan bukti permulaan dengan melarang
tindakan upaya paksa seperti penyitaan dan penggeledahan tanpa izin
pengadilan. Pembatasan ini menimbulkan perdebatan mengenai efektivitas
penegakan hukum pajak, khususnya dalam mendeteksi dan menindak
pelanggaran perpajakan yang berpotensi merugikan pendapatan negara. Oleh
karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis implikasi hukum dari
putusan tersebut serta bagaimana pengaruhnya terhadap kewenangan
Direktorat Jenderal Pajak dalam menegakkan hukum perpajakan.
Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normatif
dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan kasus. Studi ini
menelaah peraturan perundang-undangan terkait, putusan pengadilan, serta
teori hukum yang relevan guna memahami sejauh mana Putusan Mahkamah
Konstitusi tersebut berdampak pada sistem pemeriksaan bukti permulaan.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pembatasan kewenangan ini dapat
melemahkan efektivitas penegakan hukum perpajakan, mengingat tindakan
pemeriksaan bukti permulaan merupakan tahapan penting dalam mengungkap
dugaan tindak pidana pajak. Di sisi lain, putusan ini juga meningkatkan
perlindungan hak wajib pajak dengan mencegah potensi penyalahgunaan
kewenangan oleh aparat pajak.
Berdasarkan temuan penelitian, disimpulkan bahwa diperlukan
keseimbangan antara perlindungan hak wajib pajak dan efektivitas penegakan
hukum perpajakan. Pemerintah perlu merumuskan kebijakan yang lebih
komprehensif dalam mengatur prosedur pemeriksaan bukti permulaan agar
tetap memberikan ruang bagi fiskus dalam menindak pelanggaran pajak tanpa
melanggar prinsip-prinsip hak asasi manusia. Dengan pengaturan yang lebih
jelas, kepastian hukum bagi wajib pajak dan otoritas perpajakan dapat terjaga,
sehingga penegakan hukum perpajakan tetap berjalan optimal tanpa
menghambat proses pemulihan kerugian negara akibat tindak pidana
perpajakan. Kata Kunci : Mahkamah Konstitusi, Pemeriksaan Bukti Permulaan, Kepastian Hukum, Hak Wajib Pajak / This study examines the impact of Constitutional Court Decision
Number 83/PUU-XXI/2023 on preliminary evidence examination in
Indonesia’s tax system. The ruling restricts the Directorate General of Taxes’
authority to conduct preliminary evidence examinations by prohibiting
coercive actions such as seizures and searches without court approval. This
limitation has sparked debates regarding the effectiveness of tax law
enforcement, particularly in detecting and prosecuting tax violations that may
harm state revenue. Therefore, this research aims to analyze the legal
implications of the ruling and its influence on the Directorate General of Taxes'
authority in enforcing tax laws.
This study employs a normative legal research method with a statutory
and case approach. It examines relevant legislation, court decisions, and legal
theories to assess the extent to which the Constitutional Court ruling affects
the preliminary evidence examination system. The findings indicate that the
restriction of authority may weaken tax law enforcement effectiveness, as
preliminary evidence examination is a crucial step in uncovering suspected tax
crimes. On the other hand, the decision enhances taxpayer rights protection by
preventing potential abuse of power by tax authorities.
Based on the research findings, it is concluded that a balance is needed
between protecting taxpayer rights and ensuring effective tax law enforcement.
The government must formulate a more comprehensive policy to regulate the
procedures for preliminary evidence examination, allowing tax authorities to
take action against tax violations while respecting human rights principles.
With clearer regulations, legal certainty for both taxpayers and tax authorities
can be maintained, ensuring optimal tax law enforcement without hindering
the recovery of state losses due to tax crimes. Keyword : Constitutional Court Decision (MK), Preliminary Evidence Examination, Legal Certainty, Taxpayer Right
URGENSI PENGATURAN ACARA PENYITAAN UNTUK PEMULIHAN KERUGIAN PADA PENDAPATAN NEGARA DALAM UNDANG-UNDANG KUP
Full text linkPenelitian ini membahas urgensi pengaturan acara penyitaan dalam
pemulihan kerugian pendapatan negara berdasarkan Undang-Undang
Ketentuan Umum dan Tata Cara Perpajakan (UU KUP). Dalam sistem
perpajakan Indonesia, penyitaan aset Wajib Pajak yang melanggar ketentuan
perpajakan merupakan salah satu langkah penegakan hukum guna memastikan
pembayaran pajak yang terutang. Namun, hingga saat ini, mekanisme
penyitaan dalam konteks perpajakan belum memiliki pengaturan yang
komprehensif dan tegas dalam UU KUP, sehingga berpotensi menimbulkan
ketidakpastian hukum serta kendala dalam upaya pemulihan kerugian negara
akibat pelanggaran pajak. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk
mengkaji perlunya pengaturan khusus mengenai prosedur penyitaan dalam
hukum perpajakan serta dampaknya terhadap efektivitas pemulihan kerugian
negara.
Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normatif
dengan pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan
konseptual. Analisis dilakukan terhadap ketentuan hukum yang mengatur
penyitaan dalam berbagai regulasi, termasuk hukum perpajakan dan hukum
acara pidana, untuk menilai kesesuaian dan kekurangan dalam UU KUP. Hasil
penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ketiadaan pengaturan acara penyitaan yang
rinci dalam UU KUP dapat menghambat proses pemulihan kerugian negara
karena tidak adanya pedoman yang jelas mengenai tahapan, pihak yang
berwenang, serta perlindungan hukum bagi Wajib Pajak yang dikenai tindakan
penyitaan. Selain itu, perbandingan dengan sistem perpajakan di beberapa
negara lain menunjukkan bahwa regulasi yang lebih sistematis dan tegas
mengenai penyitaan dapat meningkatkan kepastian hukum serta efektivitas
dalam penegakan pajak. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, disimpulkan bahwa pengaturan yang
lebih jelas dan terperinci mengenai prosedur penyitaan dalam UU KUP sangat
diperlukan untuk mengoptimalkan pemulihan kerugian negara akibat
pelanggaran pajak. Regulasi yang lebih tegas dapat memperkuat otoritas fiskus
dalam menindak pelanggaran pajak tanpa mengabaikan prinsip keadilan bagi
Wajib Pajak. Oleh karena itu, pembentukan aturan khusus dalam UU KUP
mengenai mekanisme penyitaan, baik dari segi prosedural maupun
kelembagaan, menjadi langkah strategis untuk meningkatkan efektivitas sistem
perpajakan serta menjaga keseimbangan antara kepastian hukum dan
perlindungan hak Wajib Pajak. Kata Kunci : penyitaan, pemulihan kerugian negara, UU KUP, penegakan hukum perpajakan, kepastian hukum / This study examines the urgency of regulating seizure procedures for
recovering state revenue losses under the General Provisions and Tax
Procedures Law (UU KUP). In Indonesia’s taxation system, the seizure of
taxpayer assets due to tax violations is a legal enforcement measure to ensure
tax obligations are met. However, the current UU KUP lacks comprehensive
and explicit provisions on seizure procedures, potentially causing legal
uncertainty and obstacles in recovering state losses from tax violations.
Therefore, this study aims to analyze the necessity of specific regulations
governing seizure procedures in tax law and their impact on the effectiveness
of state revenue recovery.
This research employs a normative legal approach by analyzing
legislation and conceptual frameworks. The study examines existing seizure
regulations within tax law and criminal procedural law to assess the adequacy
and shortcomings of the UU KUP. Findings indicate that the absence of
detailed seizure procedures in the UU KUP hinders the recovery of state losses
due to unclear guidelines regarding the stages, authorities, and legal
protection for taxpayers subject to seizure. Additionally, a comparative
analysis with tax systems in other countries suggests that a more structured
and explicit legal framework on seizure can enhance legal certainty and the
effectiveness of tax enforcement.
The study concludes that a clearer and more detailed legal framework
on seizure procedures in the UU KUP is essential to optimize the recovery of
state losses from tax violations. Strengthened regulations can enhance the
authority of tax authorities in enforcing compliance while ensuring fairness for
taxpayers. Therefore, establishing specific legal provisions in the UU KUP
regarding seizure mechanisms—both procedurally and institutionally—is a
strategic step to improve tax enforcement effectiveness while balancing legal
certainty and taxpayer rights. Keyword : seizure, state revenue recovery, UU KUP, tax law enforcement, legal certainty
The Characteristics and Prognosis of Relapsed Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Full text linkRelapsed Pulmonary Tuberculosis is a condition of patients infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis who have received complete OAT treatment and are declared cured but are re-infected. Based on WHO (World Health Organization) data in 2014, there were 7,840 cases of relapsed pulmonary tuberculosis in Indonesia. This study aims to determine the characteristics and prognosis of relapsed pulmonary tuberculosis patients at the Kramat Jati District Health Centre for the 2021-2022 period. This study uses medical record data with a retrospective descriptive method. In this study, data results were obtained on patients with Relapse Pulmonary Tuberculosis who were treated at the Kramat Jati District Health Center in the period 2021-2022, as many as 34 patients whose criteria met the inclusion criteria. The data obtained were data in the form of age, gender, type of pulmonary tuberculosis diagnosis, occupation or status, previous treatment history, anti-tuberculin drug guidelines, prognosis, which can be used as variables in this study. The data analysis used in this study is using descriptive statistical data methods with frequency analysis. The results showed that patients aged 21-40 years were (32.4%). Male gender (67.6%), bacteriological confirmed diagnosis type (94.1%). Type of employment or other status (58.8%), previous treatment history of relapse patients (61.8%), category 2 OAT guideline patients (82.4%). The prognosis of relapsed pulmonary tuberculosis patients tended to be good (27%). This study concludes that the prognosis of relapsed pulmonary tuberculosis patients with complete treatment category 2 tends to be good.
Keywords: oat category 2, prognosis, relapsed pulmonary tuberculosi
Rationality of Prescription of Antibiotics in Patients with Acute Upper Respiratory Tract Infection
Full text linkAcute upper respiratory tract infection is an infectious disease caused by microorganisms, one of which is bacteria, so antibiotics are given. Rational use of antibiotics can provide benefits for recovery and does not cause harm that can cause problems or threats to the health of sufferers. Inappropriate administration of antibiotics can hurt patients, one of which is antibiotic resistance. Objective to obtain an overview of the rationality of antibiotic prescription in patients with acute upper respiratory tract infections at the Baun Health Center, Kupang Regency in 2020. This study was conducted using non-experimental research that is descriptive by taking medical record data retrospectively. Sampling was carried out using the non-probability sampling technique and the purposive sampling type, namely determining the sample based on certain considerations where the sample must meet the inclusion criteria, the number of cases of acute upper respiratory tract infections in 2020 was 226 cases. Data collection using secondary data, namely data obtained from medical records of patients with acute upper respiratory tract infections in 2020 at the Baun Health Center, Kupang Regency. The data obtained will be analyzed descriptively quantitatively, including: the percentage of rational and irrational antibiotic prescriptions, the frequency of types of antibiotics used. Acute upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) in Baun Health Center mostly occurred in the 20–44 years age group (32.7%) and were more often experienced by women (59.3%), with the most common diagnosis being rhinosinusitis (48.2%); The most commonly used antibiotic was amoxicillin monotherapy, given to 89.4% of patients; The use of antibiotics showed 100% accuracy of indication and patient, 90.3% accuracy of drug, 65% accuracy of dose, and 55.3% rationality of use. Most in the 20–44 years age group (28.3%) and women (39.3%). Acute upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) at the Baun Health Center, Kupang Regency, occurred most in the 20–44 years age group and were more often experienced by women, with rhinosinusitis as the most common diagnosis. Antibiotic use was dominated by amoxicillin monotherapy. Evaluation of the appropriateness of antibiotic use showed quite good results in terms of indications, patient selection, and type of drug, but there were still shortcomings in the appropriateness of dosage and overall rationality of use. The rationality of treatment was most often found in the 20–44 years age group and in female patients.
Keywords: acute upper respiratory tract infection, antibiotics, correct dose, correct drug, correct indicatio
