27227 research outputs found
Sort by
Responses to Outcome Disclosure: People Asymmetrically Disclose or Hide Their Outcomes to Protect Others’ Emotions
No full textThis paper examines how what people disclose about their successes or failures depends on what others have disclosed. We propose that these decisions are guided less by self-focused motives and more by a concern for how one’s words will affect the other person’s emotions. Across nine studies (N = 8,229, including preregistered experiments, 2,216 self-written responses, and 473 real conversation dyads), we find that responders are consistently more likely to disclose matching outcomes (e.g., failures in response to failures) than non-matching ones (e.g., failures in response to successes), but with two asymmetries not predicted by prior theories. First, responders are more likely to disclose matching failures (failures in response to failures) than matching successes (successes in response to successes). Second, when experiencing non-matching outcomes, responders are more likely to disclose failures in response to successes than they are to disclose successes in response to failures. These patterns reflect other-focused attempts to comfort those who have failed and avoid exacerbating their distress. Beyond whether they disclosed, responders also adjusted how they disclosed, for instance, softening success disclosures in response to failures with consolation or apologies. These effects generalized across domains (e.g., health, career, financial), across relationships varying in closeness and status, and emerged in choices between pre-written responses, self-generated responses, and live conversations involving actual interpersonal disclosures. Disclosure decisions were moderated by factors such as liking and domain relevance. By demonstrating that responders’ outcome disclosures are systematically shaped by concern for the wellbeing of others, this work reframes disclosure as an intended conversational tool for protecting others’ emotions rather than managing self-presentation
The Utility and Robustness of Sentence Repetition as a Marker of Developmental Language Disorder: An Analysis of SCALES Project Data
Full text linkPurpose: This study examined the diagnostic power and robustness of sentence repetition (SR) in distinguishing monolingual English-speaking children with developmental language disorder (DLD) from typically developing (TD) children, using a large-scale secondary analysis of the Surrey Communication and Language in Education Study (SCALES) dataset (Norbury, 2022). We evaluated SR’s effectiveness across different scoring methods in age-matched groups across three different time-points.
Method: A total of 407 children were included. Bayesian beta regression models compared SR performance between groups across four scoring methods. SR’s diagnostic accuracy was assessed using area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios.
Results: Children with DLD consistently performed less accurately than TD peers on SR tasks, with differences persisting across ages five to 11 and across all scoring methods. AUC values indicated good to excellent discriminative ability, especially in younger groups, though sensitivity and specificity fell below clinical thresholds.
Conclusions: These findings support SR’s diagnostic potential as a reliable language measure. SR may serve as a valuable tool due to its ease of use and scoring flexibility, though additional assessments are recommended for comprehensive language evaluation
Finding maximal closed substrings
No full textA string is closed if it has length 1 or has a nonempty border without internal occurrences. In this paper, we introduce the notion of a maximal closed substring (MCS), which is an occurrence of a closed substring that cannot be extended to the left nor to the right by one character into a longer closed substring. MCSs with exponent at least 2 are commonly called runs; those with exponent smaller than 2, instead, are particular cases of maximal gapped repeats. We provide an algorithm that, given a string of length n, locates all MCSs the string contains in O(nlogn) time
Refining visual field trend progression criteria in glaucoma: impact of significance thresholds and test frequency
No full textPurpose: To assess the stability of visual field (VF) progression events and to evaluate strategies to reduce false-positive (FP) progression.
Design: Retrospective study.
Subjects: Two thousand one hundred thirty-three eyes of 2133 patients with 12 consecutive VF tests from five National Health Service glaucoma clinics.
Methods: A progression event was defined as a negative slope and P value < 0.05. False-positive progression events (“reversions”) were defined as events where the P value fell below 0.05 at ≥ 1 visit and subsequently rose above 0.05 at a later time point. The impact of stricter probability thresholds (P < 0.02, 0.01 and 0.005) and event assessment at later visits on FP progression was evaluated.
Main Outcome Measures: Frequency of FP progression events.
Results: Four hundred fifty-seven (21.4%) eyes had at least one reversion at the P < 0.05 threshold, for a median interval of 2 visits. The mean rate of change at the time of apparent progression was –1.05 dB/year (95% confidence interval –1.19 to –0.92 dB/year). The proportions of eyes with FP progression events were significantly lower at stricter probability thresholds (13.7%, 9.9%, and 7.7% at P < 0.02, < 0.01, and < 0.005, respectively; P < 0.001). Using stricter thresholds conferred significantly lower hazards of FP progression (hazard ratio 0.60 for P < 0.02, 0.42 for P < 0.01, and 0.38 for P < 0.005; all P < 0.001).
Conclusions: A substantial proportion of apparent progression at the established P < 0.05 threshold may be falsely positive. Using stricter probability thresholds and initiating event detection at later visits may improve progression specificity in clinical practice.
Financial Disclosure(s): Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article
Advancing glaucoma progression detection: Simulated evaluation of 24-2 and 10-2 visual field testing strategies using real-world data
Full text linkObjective/Purpose: To evaluate whether alternating 24–2 and 10–2 visual field (VF) testing improves overall glaucoma progression detection compared with 24–2 or 10–2 alone, and to determine whether this enhances detection within the macular region, using simulated series derived from real-world data.
Design: Retrospective, observational simulation study.
Subjects, Participants, and/or Controls: Retrospective VF data from 426 eyes were used for simulations.
Methods, Intervention, or Testing: Pointwise slopes were estimated from 24–2 and 10–2 VFs using hierarchical modelling with location-level random intercepts/slopes. Eye-specific residuals formed noise templates. These were combined with estimated slopes to simulate 426 dense VF series (every 3-months), representing stable (slope=0) and progressing eyes. Four strategies were created and tested over 24-months: (A) simultaneous 24–2 and 10–2 at every visit, (B) 24–2 alone, (C) 10–2 alone and (D) alternating 24–2 and 10–2. Progression was determined using hierarchical modeling and strategy detection (hit) rate was assessed via cluster-adjusted ROC analyses, reporting sensitivity at 95% specificity and partial AUCs.
Results: At 12-months, sensitivity at 95% specificity was 79%, 67%, 67% and 63% (A–D); corresponding partial AUCs were 0.033 (A) and 0.025 (B–D). A had a significantly higher AUC than B, C, and D at 12-months (p < 0.001 each). B exceeded C at 12 months (p = 0.015), while D and B did not differ (p = 0.570) and D exceeded C (p = 0.016). By 24-months, sensitivities converged for A and B (87% each), with 79% (C) and 80% (D). Similar results were seen in 244 eyes defined as early-stage glaucoma at baseline. For 284 eyes defined as macular progressors at 12-months, B detected 80% and D 81% of eyes identified by 10–2.
Conclusions: Alternating 24–2 and 10–2 testing provided no clear benefit over 24–2 alone, which remained robust for progression detection. Simultaneous testing is optimal but not clinically practical
Changes in Intrinsic Activity of the Primary Somatosensory Cortex Causally Explain Differences in Emotion Perception in Autism
Full text linkAutism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is characterized by certain difficulties in emotion‐related processing. Recent research using electroencephalography (EEG) to measure somatosensory evoked potentials during emotion perception has shown reduced embodiment of emotional expressions in autistic compared to neurotypical individuals, independently from differences in visual processing. However, the underlying neural dynamics are not clear. In this study, we use Dynamic Causal Modeling (DCM) on EEG data to investigate whether reduced embodiment during emotion processing in ASD individuals is caused by changes in intrinsic connectivity within the somatosensory cortex, or by top‐down modulatory effects from higher‐order frontal areas. We constructed a model involving the primary and secondary right somatosensory cortex, the right supplementary motor area and the right inferior frontal gyrus, and tested effective connectivity during emotion or gender discrimination tasks in two groups of ASD and typically developing (TD) participants (
n
= 38, male and female, 2 females). Our results reveal that task‐related differences in electrocortical activity between the emotion and gender tasks are causally explained by changes in intrinsic activity within the right primary somatosensory cortex (rS1) in both TD and ASD. Importantly, these intrinsic changes in rS1 are significantly different between TD and ASD groups and individual task‐related changes in rS1 significantly correlate with alexithymia traits. Our study provides novel evidence on the neural dynamics underlying difficulties in emotion processing in ASD individuals, highlighting that differential intrinsic activations of the rS1 are causally involved in such difficulties, and suggests that they are mediated by alexithymia
Mechanism and control method of anti-collapse resistance of novel bolted endplate joints
No full textIn this paper, a novel end-plate joint was proposed, which was designed to implement the three-stage control concept against progressive collapse. It delays the collapse process by presetting friction force, special-shaped bolt hole and adding composite cushion at the bottom of bolt hole. The anti-collapse mechanism and control strategy of the structure under the influence of multiple factors were studied by means of beam-column subassembly test and numerical and theoretical analysis. The results show that the initial stiffness of the load-displacement curve of the new bolted joint subassembly is small, but the yield plateau is long and the failure load is large. The curve has obvious three-stage characteristics, and the catenary mechanism is fully developed. That is, the collapse process of the structure was divided into three stages: “small impact”, “medium impact” and “large impact”. On this basis, the corresponding three-stage anti-collapse control strategy was proposed and verified by finite element model. During the “small impact” stage, mainly based on the reasonable initial stiffness requirements, the friction coefficient is changed through the coating of the steel plate, meanwhile the bolt preload is adjusted to determine the preset friction force of the joint, so as to meet the “small impact immovable” requirement. During the “midium impact” stage, the preset extrusion force is mainly determined by changing the ratio of the “jammed diameter” to the bolt diameter based on the reasonable slip distance and the reasonable extrusion force, so as to meet the requirement that the “midium impact stuck”. In the stage of “final impact”, the preset structure's ability to resist progressive collapse is determined by changing the performance of the composite cushion at the bottom of the bolt hole, according to the requirements of reasonable progressive collapse resistance of the structure, so as to realize the requirements of “final impact non-collapse” or delay the process of progressive collapse of the structure. The results of substructure model test and finite element analysis show that the proposed three-stage anti-continuous collapse control strategy was easy to implement, and the mechanism and capacity of anti-continuous collapse were improved obviously, which has a good research and application prospect
Race and class in the Cold War: Chatham House and the Board of Race Relations
No full textThis chapter, though focused on a specific Chatham House initiative on ‘race relations’, provides a lens to analyse a number of matters that help understand Chatham House more broadly as a think tank and political actor, with its major networks, activities, and influence. This includes close relations with the policy world (especially the Foreign Office and Colonial Office), shaping élite opinion (through links with the major newspapers, BBC, universities, etc.), and unofficial diplomacy (such as British Commonwealth Relations conferences, among others, including Chatham House’s dominion, ‘new’ Commonwealth, and American think tank counterparts). Chatham House and its allies also helped establish the new academic field of ‘race relations’ via the Rhodes chair of race relations at Oxford, for example, as well as through links with SOAS, LSE, and Bristol, among others. This chapter therefore enables exploration of Chatham House’s linkages with Britain’s post-1945 strategies for continued world influence. Race helps provide one lens that unifies and illuminates key aspects of British strategy in the Cold War, though the issue of race was recognised as independent of Cold War competition, and highlights in turn the closeness of Chatham House’s governing intellectual concepts to those of the British foreign and colonial policy establishment. Chatham House was highly integrated into that establishment, as well as being embedded in a transnational ‘Anglosphere’ network that included its US cousin (the Council on Foreign Relations), their Australian, New Zealand, Canadian, and South African counterparts, and links with the India, Ceylon, and Pakistan institutes of international affairs modelled on Chatham House
UC-PUAL: A universally consistent classifier of positive-unlabelled data
Full text linkPositive-unlabelled (PU) learning is a challenging task in pattern recognition, as there are only labelled-positive instances and unlabelled instances available for the training of a classifier. The task becomes even harder when the PU data show an underlying trifurcate pattern that positive instances roughly distribute on both sides of ground-truth negative instances. To address this issue, we propose a universally consistent PU classifier with asymmetric loss (UC-PUAL) on positive instances. We also propose two three-block algorithms for non-convex optimisation to enable UC-PUAL to obtain linear and kernel-induced non-linear decision boundaries, respectively. Theoretical and experimental results verify the superiority of UC-PUAL. The code for UC-PUAL is available at https://github.com/tkks22123/UC-PUAL
A Criminal Law or Constitutional Law Question? Choosing Common Law or Statutory Offences to Prosecute Criminal Behaviour
No full textIn two recent cases (R. v Stockli and others [2017] EWCA Crim 1410; [2018] 1 W.L.R. 5609 and R. v Brown (James Hugh) [2022] EWCA Crim 6; [2022] 1 Cr. App. R. 18) the Court of Appeal rejected arguments by the defendant that his prosecution for the common law crime of public nuisance was unlawful because he should have been charged with a statutory offence which penalised his behaviour. The Court of Appeal addressed this argument as an abuse of process issue and asserted that it was applying the reasoning of the House of Lords in R. v Rimmington and Goldstein ([2005] UKHL 63; [2006] 1 A.C. 459). This paper suggests that the judgments in Stockli and Brown are misconceived, in broad terms by failing to recognise that the question raised by Rimmington is one predominantly of constitutional law rather than criminal procedure, and more narrowly by misrepresenting Rimmington as an abuse of process authority
Access Repository Dashboard
Do you manage Open Research Online? Become a CORE Member to access insider analytics, issue reports and manage access to outputs from your repository in the CORE Repository Dashboard! 👇