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Information for Conversation Generation: Proposals Utilising Knowledge Graphs
Get PDFLLMs are frequently used tools for conversational generation. Without additional information LLMs can generate lower quality responses due to lacking relevant content and hallucinations, as well as the perception of poor emotional capability, and an inability to maintain a consistent character. Knowledge graphs are commonly used forms of external knowledge and may provide solutions to these challenges. This paper introduces three proposals, utilizing knowledge graphs to enhance LLM generation. Firstly, dynamic knowledge graph embeddings and recommendation could allow for the integration of new information and the selection of relevant knowledge for response generation. Secondly, storing entities with emotional values as additional features may provide knowledge that is better emotionally aligned with the user input. Thirdly, integrating character information through narrative bubbles would maintain character consistency, as well as introducing a structure that would readily incorporate new information
Delegation of learning from multiple sources of information
Get PDFA principal delegates a decision to a biased expert. Before taking the decision, the expert may undertake incremental learning about the unknown binary state from two alternative information sources. There are no transfers but the principal retains the right to terminate the expert’s learning to take the decision herself. The right to terminate learning benefits the principal when the preferences of the principal and the expert are sufficiently misaligned but may be detrimental when the preferences are sufficiently closely aligned
Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) and Physical Health in England: Gender Stratified Analyses of a Probability Sample Survey
Get PDFBackground: Gender differences in the health impacts of different forms of intimate partner violence (IPV) are understudied. The long-term effects of IPV on specific physical health conditions are also under-researched in comparison to effects on general health and mental health.
Objectives: To examine gender differences in the association between IPV and specific physical health conditions, accounting for differences in the types and number of types of IPV experienced.
Design: We used data from the 2014 Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey, a cross-sectional survey using a stratified, multistage random sampling design to cover the household population of England aged 16 years and older.
Methods: Descriptive and multivariable regression analyses of 4,120 women and 2,764 men who had ever had a partner. Lifetime IPV by types (physical, sexual, psychological, and economic), any lifetime and recent IPV, number of IPV types experienced and multiple chronic health conditions experienced over the past 12-months were included in the analyses.
Results: Gender differences were observed in both the prevalence of IPV and associated health conditions. Women were more likely to experience any type and a higher number of IPV types than men. Women’s exposure to any lifetime and 12-month IPV were significantly associated with an increased likelihood of reporting 12 and 11 conditions respectively, while men’s exposure to any lifetime and 12-month IPV were significantly associated with 4 and 1 conditions respectively. Specific IPV types had varied health impacts, particularly among women. A cumulative association was evident for women but not for men.
Conclusion: Healthcare systems need to be mobilised to address IPV as a priority health issue for the female population. Our findings highlight the need for gender-informed approaches in IPV intervention strategies and healthcare provision, emphasising the development of IPV-responsive healthcare systems and comprehensive IPV curricula in medical and health training
Experiences and perspectives of UK speech and language therapists on telehealth assessment with people living with post‐stroke aphasia
Get PDFBackground
Stroke care in the UK was significantly affected by the COVID‐19 pandemic, with many services switching to telehealth. Post‐pandemic, a UK survey of speech and language therapists (SLTs) working with people with aphasia (PWA) showed the vast majority planned to continue to use telehealth alongside in‐person intervention. Telehealth is considered a cost‐effective and feasible method of service delivery; however, there is limited evidence to support its use in the assessment of people with post‐stroke aphasia.
Aims
To investigate what barriers and facilitators SLTs experience when administering telehealth assessments to PWA and to explore SLTs’ perspectives on what makes for a positive patient experience.
Methods & Procedures
Focus groups (dyadic/triadic) were conducted via videoconferencing. Transcripts were analysed using framework analysis. Inclusion criteria for participants were SLTs working in the UK with PWA, with experience of using telehealth assessment.
Outcomes & Results
A total of 14 SLTs participated across six groups. Seven themes were identified: assessment; technology; factors specific to PWA; factors specific to family, carers and their environment; factors specific to SLTs; benefits of telehealth assessment; and what telehealth would look like in an ideal world. Facilitators to telehealth assessment included good internet connectivity, access to a helper, adapted assessments, preparation and training PWA to use telehealth platforms. Barriers included reduced control over the environment, having a cognitive impairment, aphasia severity, low beliefs in competence using technology and challenges with managing the emotional needs of PWA during telehealth assessment. A strong therapeutic relationship, offering choice and flexibility in assessment administration, promoted a positive patient experience.
Conclusions & Implications
This study provides new insights into the current use of telehealth assessment with PWA by SLTs in the UK. Barriers and facilitators identified can support the implementation of telehealth assessment in SLT services. Providing a positive patient experience when using telehealth assessment is important to SLTs, with patient choice a key factor. Further research is indicated to increase the range of standardized assessments for telehealth assessment and investigate the efficacy of a hybrid model approach to service delivery
From the “Desk Set” to “Doraemon”: A comparative analysis on the sociotechnical imaginaries of artificial intelligence in news work
Get PDFArtificial intelligence has become increasingly pervasive throughout the entire news cycle. In response to this trend, this paper explores journalists’ sociotechnical imaginaries concerning the integration of AI in news production, focusing on their perceptions of AI’s opportunities and ethical challenges. The study also examines the influence of diverse media and discourse cultures on these perceptions by conducting problem-centered interviews with journalists from China, Japan, Switzerland, and the UK. Through an inductive thematic analysis of the interviews, the results reveal that journalists across these four countries acknowledge the potential advantages of AI in journalism, such as enhanced efficiency and improved data analysis. However, their expectations regarding human-machine collaboration in news work vary according to cultural contexts. Furthermore, the findings highlight that the interviewed journalists advocate for the design and implementation of AI systems to adhere to ethical standards
Opposition electoral strategies against democratic backsliding: the United for Hungary coalition and its 2022 primaries
Get PDFHow do opposition actors react to democratic backsliding? Using interviews with party elites and nationally representative survey data, this article explores the motivations behind the formation of the six-party “United for Hungary” coalition and the selection of candidates through primaries open to the whole Hungarian electorate, in the run-up of the 2022 general elections. We find that democratic erosion is at the core of opposition parties’ decision to run under the United for Hungary banner and one of the most important drivers of individuals’ participation in the United for Hungary primaries. Our interviews with opposition party elites show that the decision to run in a coalition was guided by pragmatic reasons originating in the electoral constraints they face after years of democratic backsliding in Hungary. Furthermore, participation in the primaries and electoral support for the coalition is associated with pro-democratic attitudes, dissatisfaction with democracy and experiences of non-electoral participation. Based on our analysis, we argue that democratic erosion leads opposition parties in two directions. First, they are encouraged to run together in ideologically diverse coalitions. Second, they are more likely to incorporate social movement-like characteristics. Furthermore, we argue that these changes go in line with the preferences of their electorates
Education for a liveable future: a study of three environmental education programmes that seek to bring about change
Get PDFBarriers and Enablers to Accessing a Young Adult Peer Support Group for Proton Beam Therapy Patients
Get PDFThere is consensus among health care professionals that the needs of young adults (YAs) are poorly met. A service evaluation was performed, using semi-structured interviews to explore how YAs (n = 9) perceive peer support. Findings highlighted the importance of peer support in enhancing the patient experience by fostering meaningful connections and offering opportunities to serve as positive role models to others. Many YAs feel disconnected from their friends, making peer support a valuable source of normality. Participants expressed a preference for weekly 45-60-minute sessions and highlighted the importance of effective promotion and relevant discussion topics to encourage engagement
Identification of High-Speed Moving Loads using Weakened Modal Shape Functions Conceptualised by Dynamic Influence Line
Get PDFIdentification of moving loads is an inverse problem which is important for the lifespan evaluation of bridges. One of the challenging features is to overcome the ill-conditions commonly involved in the inverse problems. In this paper, the ill-conditions are significantly degraded using weakened modal shape functions conceptualised by the dynamic influence line. Employing the main concept of Muller-Breslau’s principle, a surrogate beam is developed by eliminating the required reaction. It is replaced by a dynamic load proportional to the modal shape functions of the surrogate beam; not those of the original beam. In this condition, the main source of singularities is eliminated. Consequently, the results obtained by the proposed method provide smooth curves that fit well to the exact solutions without any extra fluctuations which harden the load identification. The results obtained from the case studies show that the loads identified by the proposed method agree well with the exact solutions, although only the first shape function of the surrogate beam was involved
The Role of Orthoptists in Refraction
Get PDFPurpose: In 2022, the General Optical Council initiated a call for evidence concerning the Opticians Act. This consultation aimed to gather input and evidence relevant to potential modifications to the Opticians Act. One piece of research that was commissioned aimed to investigate the role of orthoptists in refraction.
Method: We invited a range of eye care practitioners to participate in an online virtual focus group. Focus group discussions were audio-recorded, transcribed, and thematically analysed.
Results: Two focus group discussions involving sixteen eye care professionals were completed. Findings confirm some orthoptists are already performing refraction tasks within the hospital eye service, primarily with young children using cycloplegic retinoscopy. Participants indicated that, at present, orthoptists refract on behalf of ophthalmologists who issue spectacle prescriptions based on the findings of the orthoptist’s refraction. Potential benefits of orthoptists undertaking refraction responsibilities were discussed including the ability to conduct retinoscopy in hospital paediatric clinics where services are in high demand and there is often a shortage of refraction appointments. This shift could lead to decreased NHS waiting times, fewer patient appointments, improved clinical decision-making, and facilitate the assessment of accommodative dysfunction. Overall, the group were positive towards orthoptists conducting refractions and issuing optical prescriptions but with specific conditions: limited to hospital settings, necessitating adequate postgraduate training, supervision by a hospital eye service consultant, and regular ocular health assessments.
Conclusion: This study assessed the involvement of orthoptists in present and prospective refraction services, including their potential to legally issue optical prescriptions. The research outlined both the potential benefits and mitigating strategies to address concerns if orthoptists could issue optical prescriptions
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