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The Borders of the Prison
No full textThis article examines how mobility, migration, and borders shape incarceration and the practice of imprisonment. The article traces the intersections of borders and imprisonment through three thematic intersections. In addition to a site of immobilization, the first section draws on recent research in carceral geography to examine how mobility and circulation define the practice of incarceration. In the following section, the article examines how migration and border control have been embedded into prison systems in the United States, United Kingdom, and Europe, suggesting that the jails and prisons have become critical sites for the definition of political membership. In the final section, the article traces the recent history of transnational prison outsourcing agreements, from Denmark’s arrangement with Kosovo to rent Glijan prison, to the United States’ efforts to remove non-citizens to El Salvador’s CECOT prison. On one hand, these efforts to externalize or export responsibility for imprisonment demonstrate how prisons have become a critical site for welfare nationalism. They also undermine basic tenets of the established legal and normative justifications of punishment
Systems Policy Analysis for Antimicrobial Resistance Targeted Action (SPAARTA): A Research Protocol
Get PDFBackground
The majority of countries (88%) have an Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) National Action Plan (NAP V.1.0), but many remain unimplemented, and lack funding for interventions. Intervention selection requires a systematic approach to explain and predict progress. Looking beyond AMR is important to ensure the capture of systemic factors at the country level, which can impede or accelerate success.
Aim
To provide innovative policy analysis to allow country comparison and refine targeted action, while developing and implementing NAPs (V.2.0).
Methods
Mixed-method multi-country case study of policies and implementation strategies to address AMR across One Health. Starting with 17 countries, the sample includes each WHO region and emerging economies.
This investigation of structures, processes, and outcomes has three components:
a. Textual analysis of peer-reviewed literature, policy documents, global, national and state level progress reports, validated by global and in-country experts. An all-language article search conducted for 2000-2024, using broad search terms: ‘Antimicrobial resistance policies’, ‘national action plan’, ‘surveillance’, ‘AMR systems’ supplemented by hand searches. Deductive analysis using multi-disciplinary frameworks including the Expert Consensus for Implementation Research (ERIC).
b. Longitudinal quantitative analysis assessing country contextual determinants and Antimicrobial Use (AMU) and AMR outcomes. Data from global health indicator repositories and international and national AMU and AMR surveillance networks are analysed using econometrics and machine learning approaches.
c. Interactive Tableau dashboard development to display insights from a & b to allow visualisation and comparison of case-country AMR intervention context and components.
Discussion
This protocol provides a systematic, transparent approach for countries to benchmark their own AMR strategies. The interactive dashboard will allow comparisons between country clusters by geography or economy, and enable rapid knowledge mobilisation among strategic and operational stakeholders including policy makers and planners. This protocol facilitates others to perform this structured assessment and nominate their country for the next wave of analysis
From clinical expertise to leadership capability: a challenge to generic and multidisciplinary leadership programmes in support of tailored leadership development
Get PDFBackground/Aim
This article challenges the dominance of multidisciplinary and often generic leadership development programmes in healthcare. Drawing on nearly a decade of experience with the Executive Masters in Medical Leadership (EMML) at Bayes Business School—a physician-only programme—we argue that profession-specific education is not just preferable but essential.
Methods
This paper reflects on our experience designing and delivering the EMML, combined with a review of evidence on physician personality traits, professional responsibilities, and the historical development of generic management education. We examine the theoretical and practical case for tailored leadership development that recognises professional differences.
Results
Physicians possess distinct personality traits, undergo uniquely extensive training, carry exceptional legal and professional responsibilities, and operate within a fundamentally different professional culture than other healthcare workers or general managers. We do not believe that this is adequately recognised in the National Health Service. Our experience and EMML learning outcomes data demonstrate that physician-only programmes create psychological safety, build lasting professional networks, and deliver learning outcomes that generic, multidisciplinary courses are unlikely to replicate.
Conclusion
Professional differences demand profession-specific education. The NHS champions diversity in race, gender and background. It is time to recognise cognitive, professional and situational diversity with equal vigour
At the brink of a paradigm shift in early cancer detection: Insights and directions for the modeling community
No full textMulticancer early detection (MCED) tests are more than a new class of blood‐based tests; they are complex medical innovations representing an integrated diagnostic platform combining molecular and computational technologies. They embody a paradigm shift in how to conceptualize, detect, and manage cancer—carrying the potential to improve outcomes and reduce disparities, yet also the risk of exacerbating them. Real‐world evidence remains limited, and existing evidence point to substantial heterogeneity even in standard‐of‐care screening practices—reflecting patterns of overuse and underuse, fluctuations, and practice variation—despite notable advances in cancer treatment and technology over time. Integrating complex medical innovations into equally complex health systems poses significant challenges, underscoring the urgent need for model‐based policy guidance to support their incorporation as a complement to population‐based screening within standard‐of‐care pathways. In this editorial, existing policy‐oriented dynamic simulation models on MCED tests are summarized, and insights on how modeling frameworks should evolve in parallel with the growing complexity of medical technologies are offered. Traditional approaches often rest on the implicit assumption that evidence reviews lead linearly to interpretation, policy, and adoption—without accounting for feedback between these stages. Evidence‐based guideline formation as a feedback process is revisited as is how modelers develop a suite of flexible models tailored to distinct policy questions. Models that coexist and evolve iteratively as new evidence emerges, thereby capturing the adaptive and evolving nature of the problem itself. Such an approach must transcend disciplinary silos, enabling the integration of diverse data sources and supporting innovative portfolio approaches with methodological flexibility
Informing a People-Centred Food Strategy for the London Borough of Hounslow
Get PDFThe London Borough of Hounslow (LBH) has co-developed a People-Centred Food Strategy in partnership with Hounslow residents and partners, facilitated by the Centre for Food Policy at City St George’s, University of London. The strategy outlines a vision for a local food system that enhances access to nutritious food for all residents, promotes community well-being, and contributes to climate resilience and economic prosperity.
Food systems are influenced by intersecting health, social, economic, and environmental factors. Hounslow’s food system faces several challenges, including high levels of childhood obesity, frequent food bank usage, and low-paid jobs alongside increasing housing costs and unhealthy everyday food settings. Growing inequalities, pressure on local services, and the climate crisis highlight the urgent need for ambition and action to develop fairer, healthier, and more sustainable food systems.
In developing this strategy, the perspectives of a wide range of residents, organisations, businesses, networks, and officers in the local authority have been harnessed. The excellent activities already in action by passionate people and professionals have been built upon and integrated into the strategy, highlighting important work already underway and where future action can be strategically targeted. The voices and stories of individuals and community groups across LBH have been incorporated throughout to ensure this strategy meets its aim of being by the people and for the people of Hounslow
AI beyond ChatGPT
Get PDFMore than two years since the release of GPT4 and following the recent underwhelming rollout of GPT5, the debate around the risks of AI has cooled off. Leading figures continue to disagree on what needs to be done: some claim that Big Tech is best placed to take care of AI safety, others argue in favor of open source, and others still call for immediate regulation of AI and social media. As society contemplates the impact of AI on everyday life — with hundreds of millions of users of large language models taking part in what feels like the world’s largest experiment-the technological innovations that led to GPT5 receive less and less attention. But the technology is central to the study of the risks and opportunities of AI. The opacity surrounding AI technology contributes to fears of an upcoming AI bubble burst. Without a clear understanding of the technology and Big Tech’s use of data, regulatory efforts are in the dark. In this opinion article in honor of Dov Gabbay’s 80th birthday, I seek to refocus attention on the achievements and limitations of AI technology. I argue that the emerging field of neurosymbolic AI can address the problems of current AI: lack of fairness, reliability, safety and energy efficiency. Geoffrey Hinton suggested recently that one should treat AI like mothers who are wired to want the best for their (less intel ligent) babies, the users of AI. The field of neurosymbolic AI has been concerned for many years about how to wire prior knowledge into neural networks. I will review progress on neurosymbolic AI towards achieving fairness, reliability and safety via such wiring of knowledge within a broader AI accountability ecosystem. I will also point out how the application of the neurosymbolic cycle, translating neural networks into logic and vice-versa, enables efficiency as an alternative to scaling-up. On a personal note, I thank Dov for allowing me to pursue my then unorthodox ideas in neurosymbolic AI when I was his PhD student more than 25 years ago. Dov would always offer the best advice on the role of logic in AI, ask the difficult question of the benefit that neural networks would bring to logic and, most importantly, be open to new ideas from adjacent fields and new research directions, a trait that many AI researchers require today
The Dynamic Impact of Macro Factors on the Performance of Blended Real Estate Equity Strategies
No full textThis article uses a small number of macro factors to model the performance of private US core real estate and associated blended strategies that incorporate listed and private non-core components. The macro factors selected are economic growth, real rate, expected inflation, the term structure, and credit spreads. Private real estate performance was de-smoothed using a nonlinear modeling approach that accounted for differing smoothing effects during identifiable regimes through market cycles. The estimated linear factor loadings are aligned with economic intuition and expectations, including real estate’s inflation hedging characteristics. Using threshold regression modeling to capture nonlinearities in the relationships, a smaller number of the factors were found to be of greater statistical significance. The impact of these factors is found to evolve over time, particularly during phases of market disruption. Although linear factor modeling remains the common approach to estimate risk–return exposures for asset allocation and portfolio risk management processes, the results suggest that these linear models should be adapted to consider these shifting relationships and resulting implications
Evaluation of Reduced Web Section (RWS) Connections Subjected to Cyclic Loading
Get PDFThis study investigates the performance of Reduced Web Section (RWS) connections subjected to cyclic loading, using finite element analysis (FEA) to assess their potential as a retrofit strategy for steel structures. RWS connections, which involve perforations in the beam web while preserving flange integrity, aim to enhance moment capacity and reduce out-of-plane instability. They also offer practical benefits such as retrofitting from below without floor demolition. Detailed FEA models were developed and validated against experimental data. A parametric study of 300 models (IPE270, IPE330, and IPE400 beams) evaluated key geometric parameters, including perforation diameter and its distance from the column face. Performance metrics such as yield moment (My), peak moment (Mm), yield (θy) and Ultimate (θu) rotations, and strength degradation were assessed. Results show that RWS connections can achieve drifts above 4% with less than 20% strength degradation, effectively mobilising plastic deformation away from joints into protected zones, improving seismic performance
Parental death in childhood and stock market participation: Cross-cultural insights
Get PDFThis paper examines cross-country differences in the relationship between traumatic experience in childhood and household stock market participation. We find that US households that experience the death of a parent during childhood are less likely to participate in the stock market. Conversely, experiencing parental death in childhood does not affect stockholdings in China. Further analyses show that the results can be partially explained by the cultural differences between the two countries. Specifically, due to China’s emphasis on collectivistic values, Chinese bereaved children are less sensitive to traumatic experience and more likely to receive financial support from in-group members that can “cushion” the adverse impact of parental death. We obtain similar conclusions out-of-sample when extending the analyses to Korean versus English households as well as to other European countries. Overall, our paper highlights novel interactions between personal experience and the cultural environment in shaping financial decision-making behavior
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