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A One-seat Ride Coverage Ratio Using Administrative Origin Destination Data
No full textMuch remains to be known about the geographic areas in regions that are well (or poorly) served by one-seat transit - direct service where users do not need to conduct transfers. We describe geographic access to one-seat service, by advancing the framework of a spatial coverage ration for transit when accounting for commuter flows as reflected in administrative origin-destination data. Our methodology integrates relatively simple spatial approaches with open data, allowing transit providers to modulate thresholds for one-seat service. In doing so, operators can develop new priority areas for intervention and line adaptation
Hiroshima Museums: Atomic Artifacts on the Seventy-fifth Anniversary
No full textThis chapter examines the ways the staggering volume of tangible, physical things held by two authoritative Hiroshima museums have accrued meaning and value in the context of changing hibakusha testimonial practices, local community engagement, the global nuclear regime, geopolitical changes, and memory discourses, as well as how museum practice has changed over the seventy-five years since the bomb. Both located in Hiroshima’s Peace Park beneath the hypocentre, the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum and the Hiroshima National Peace Memorial Hall for Atomic Bomb Victims are responsible for hundreds of thousands of artefacts relating to the bombing and its aftermath. This chapter employs the concepts of evidence, visible damage, museum practice, nuclear history, and chronological history to explore the ways that the shifting values of artefacts are linked to the missions and museum practices of those institutions. The seventy-fifth anniversary also saw a grassroots movement advocating for a reinterpretation of museum artefacts in relation to atomic bomb buildings (hibaku tatemono) in Hiroshima
How the new fed municipal bond facility capped municipal-treasury yield spreads in the Covid-19 recession
No full textFor over two centuries, the municipal (muni) bond market has been a source of systemic risk, which returned early in the Covid-19 downturn when borrowing from securities markets became costly for many private and public entities, and some found it difficult to borrow at all. Indeed, just before the Fed announced its unprecedented intervention into the muni market, spreads of muni over Treasury yields rose in line with the unemployment rate and appeared headed to levels not seen since the Great Depression, when real municipal gross investment plunged 35 percent below 1929 levels. To prevent such a calamity, the Fed created the Municipal Liquidity Facility (MLF) to purchase newly issued, (near) investment-grade state and local government bonds at ratings-based interest rate spreads over the safe OIS benchmark yield. In general, these spreads were initially about 100 basis points above average spreads under more normal market conditions and were later lowered by 50 basis points in August 2020. Despite a modest take-up, our study documents the MLF prevented muni spreads from rising much above those margins (plus a modest 10 basis point fee) and limited the extent to which interest rate spreads could have amplified the impact of the Covid pandemic. To establish the MLF the Fed needed Treasury indemnification against default losses. There were concerns about whether the creation of the MLF could induce moral hazard among borrowers and could undermine the efficiency of the bond market if the facility had lasted too long. Partly for this reason and because the muni market had settled down by yearend 2020, the Treasury terminated the MLF at that time. Future assessments of these downside aspects will help answer the question whether the program\u27s benefits addressed here exceeded its costs
Passionate Encounters, Public Healing Medieval Urban Bathhouses in Northern France
No full textThis article focuses on the resurgence of urban bathhouses (called estuves in French after the stoves that heated them) between the thirteenth and sixteenth centuries in Paris and other northern French-speaking cities. Popular and widespread institutions, bath-houses contributed to both individual well-being and civic health in cities across the king-dom. Using medical treatises, trial records, literary sources, and archival documentation, the article argues that bathhouses encouraged sociability, brought disparate groups together, and were in fact essential to the circulation and well-being of people in medieval cities as places of emotional community
What Should We Do Differently in STAT 101?
No full textThe introductory statistics course has gotten better over the years, but there are many content areas in STAT 101 that should be reconsidered