Europe’s Journal of Psychology (PsychOpen)
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Social Representations between Greeks and Jordanians: A comparative study
No full textThe present paper refers to a comparative study of Social Representations (SRs) for a sample of 1207 Greek and Jordanians primary school pupils (653 from Rethymnon city of Greece and 554 from Zarka city of Jordan). The data were collected through an open-ended questionnaire. Conceptually, three directions of images or social representations were formulated; positive, neutral and negative. The results clearly show that the direction of images for both samples was moved towards neutral SRs, as depicted by the quantity of statements. The study also revealed that the main source of information about their social representations to each other was the school for the Jordanian pupils and television for the Greek pupils
The Archetypal Female in Mythology and Religion: The Anima and the Mother of the Earth and Sky
No full textFor decades, Carl Gustav Jung treated many thousands of patients and explored many of the world’s mythologies and religions. His empirical and scholarly research led him to conclude that all humanity shares an instinct to produce images and concepts based on universal themes. These themes he termed archetypes, and the commonly shared instinct he called the Collective Unconscious. Of these many themes, two female archetypes, the anima and the mother, are explored in this two-part discussion. Part 1 (Relke, 2007) appeared in the last issue of Europe’s Journal of Psychology, and Part 2 appears below
Religion Psychology – A Perspective on Human Beliefs and Emotions
No full textFirst, we define the notion “Creator” as it is used in this article. From there, we discuss two important and contrary human beliefs. Next, we present the situation of people who deal with troubles. From analyzing the change in their feeling, we withdraw a psychological mechanism describing the struggle between two contrary beliefs and the role of this struggle in dealing with troubles. In fact, this struggle is separated by two basic notions of time in our mind: The Past and The Future. In addition, we discuss the mutual relationship between the troubles relating to the Past and the troubles relating to the Future. At last, we conclude about the importance of acknowledging and controlling these two contrary beliefs
The Archetypal Female in Mythology and Religion: The Anima and the Mother
No full textCarl Jung observed that myths and religions across cultures contain common themes and entities: for example, images of the mother, father, wife, husband, lover, fool, devil, shadow, hero, saviour, and many others. The stories woven from these beings, as gods, goddesses, semi-mortals, heroes, and demons, constitute the myths and religious stories of humankind. Carl Jung postulated that these myths about such archetypal entities constitute the ‘dreams’ of cultures, and that the stories and archetypes originate in the dreams and fantasies of individuals. This study explores, in two parts, two of these archetypal entities: the anima and the mother, and how they manifest as goddesses in the myths of various cultures and sometimes combine with each other. Part one describes the two archetypes, their characteristics and manifestations, and how they can be divided into three categories or realms: goddesses of the underworld, the earth, and the sky or celestial realm. It details the difference between the anima in male consciousness and the animus in female consciousness. Using a personal dream example and Jungian theory, it then demonstrates that the anima in dreams and mythology can be relevant to women as well as men. Focusing on the anima, it then explores the underworld – the myths and entities of this shadowy realm as an expression of the unconscious mind of the individual and whole cultures. Part two extends the exploration to the animas and mothers of the earth and sky, and how in these realms, the mother excels. While this exploration focuses mainly on the primary sources from Jung, world mythology, and personal experiences and intuitions, it also draws on the work of post-Jungian thinkers such as James Hillman, Ginette Paris, Marion Woodman, and Michael Vannoy Adams
Poor Physical Environment & Adjustment of Adolescents
No full textPresent investigation is to compare the adjustment pattern of adolescents living in physically deprived environment. Children who have insufficient fresh air to breath, open ground to play and healthy environmental surrounding are quite unable to promote social and psychological interaction and develop ultimately inferiority complex and a feeling of inadequacy in them
The Contact Work Primer
No full text"Much more than a primer … this is a superb practical introduction to Pre-Therapy and contact work that will be of value to all mental health professionals working with contact-impaired individuals"Mick Cooper Professor of Counselling, University of Strathclyd
Religious Sentiment as Peripheral: Cross-Cultural Study of Religious Orientation by Multidimensional Scaling
No full textThe relation between intrinsic and extrinsic orientations was studied in four samples of believing affiliates (Bosnian Muslims, Serbian Orthodox, Slovenian Catholics and US Protestants). By exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and by multidimensional scaling (MDS), differences in patterns of religious orientations were discerned in the various cultures. By EFA, in the two European settings a closeness between intrinsic (I) and extrinsic personal (EP) orientation was noted. Beside that extrinsic other (EO) items, indicating peripheral nature of the religious sentiment, appeared as a separate dimension. The CFA produced slight differences in this direction, still allowing for a four component finding. The two dimensional presentation in MDS also indicated a similarity in pattern of the dimensions of religious orientation. In all four cases a pattern in the distribution of items appears allowing for naming the vertical axis as indicating the variation between centrality and periphery, and the horizontal one as indicating the variation between social and personal dimensions in religious sentiment
Work Motivation Patterns Underlying Workaholism Components
No full textThis study examined motivation patterns associated with workaholism components (work involvement, feeling driven to work, joy in work) identified by Spence and Robbins (1992). Data were collected from 211 Norwegian journalists using anonymous self-report questionnaires. Two motivation patterns were considered: intrinsic and extrinsic. Journalists scoring higher on intrinsic motivations reported greater work involvement and greater work enjoyment; journalists scoring higher on extrinsic motivations reported lower work enjoyment. The motivation patterns were independent of levels of feeling driven to work because of internal needs
Emotional and instrumental aggressiveness and body weight loss
No full textViolence and aggressiveness are social concerns. Also, at a time of rising prevalence of obesity, many people tend to control their body weight through dieting. We analyzed the impact of weight loss on aggressiveness: 150 participants completed anonymously two questionnaires assessing their aggressiveness, age, sex, diet, recent body weight change, reasons of recent body weight changes, and perceived difficulties related to those changes. Results showed that participants who had deliberately lost weight reported higher aggressiveness than controls, but passive weight-losers did not. The raised aggressiveness was stronger for hostile aggression than for instrumental aggression. Such a rise is likely to be due to the discomfort associated with opposing body weight set-point