European Journals of Social Sciences Studies
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JOHN LOCKE: PHYSICAL EDUCATION AS EDUCATION THROUGH MOVEMENT
Full text linkWhile John Locke’s significant contributions to liberal political thought and empiricist epistemology are well recognized, his views on physical education are less explored. The central research question addressed here is: What constitutes the ideal model of physical education according to Locke, and how does it contribute to moral development? Using the historical analysis method, this study aims to reconstruct Locke’s concept of physical education by synthesizing his key educational writings, particularly. The findings indicate that, for Locke, physical education is not merely a practice focused on physical health; rather, it serves a deeper purpose. He emphasizes that cultivating habits through physical training fosters self-control, moderation, and the ability to subordinate impulses to reason—qualities essential for virtuous citizenship in a liberal state. Furthermore, the study reveals that Locke’s ideal model of physical education is that of education through movement. Article visualizations
ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF TOURISM RISKS ON TOURISTS' INTENTION TO RETURN TO CAN THO CITY, VIETNAM
Full text linkThis study analyzed primary data collected from interviews with 125 domestic tourists to evaluate the impacts of tourism-related risks on tourists’ intention to return (return intention) to Can Tho City, Vietnam. Based on the findings, the study proposed solutions to mitigate and manage these risks. The analysis revealed that tourism activities in Can Tho City were influenced by five groups of risk factors: safety risks, service-related risks, human-related risks, cultural–social risks, and environmental risks. In addition, the study carried practical significance for policy-making in sustainable tourism development in Can Tho. As a result, greater investment and attention from stakeholders involved in tourism were needed to promptly prevent, respond to, and adapt to potential risks. The proposed solutions were expected to contribute positively as a long-term strategy, aiming to build a safe, friendly, and sustainable tourism environment. This, in turn, could strengthen the foundation for local development and enhance the destination’s competitiveness both regionally and internationally. Article visualizations
APPLYING HO CHI MINH'S THOUGHT ON EDUCATION IN THE RENOVATION PERIOD IN VIETNAM TODAY
Full text linkVietnam is experiencing 40 years of national renovation and more than 10 years of implementing Resolution 29 of the Party Central Committee on fundamental and comprehensive innovation of education and training (Resolution 29). Higher education has made remarkable progress in terms of scale, types of schools, and diversified training forms. The education sector is constantly developing in both quantity and quality. However, besides great achievements, Vietnam's current education system still faces many difficulties and challenges. Higher education lags behind other countries in the region and the world; development is not commensurate with requirements and tasks, and has not met the learning needs of the people. With the ongoing difficulties, Vietnam should innovate education. Especially in the current context of integration, Vietnam should deeply and comprehensively study Ho Chi Minh's thought on education to serve as the basis, ideological foundation, and methodology for outlining a strategy for educational development in the future. In this spirit, the article studies the issue of applying Ho Chi Minh's Thought on Education in the current period of innovation to apply to Vietnam's education. Article visualizations
DIGITALISATION AND LABOUR STANDARDS IN FREE TRADE AGREEMENTS: THE CURRENT LANDSCAPE AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR VIETNAM
Full text linkDigital transformation in the labour sector encompasses the integration of digital technologies into every facet of work and employment services. By automating routine tasks, streamlining operational processes and enabling real-time, data-driven workforce management, digital transformation delivers measurable gains in efficiency, cost reduction and organizational agility. This process also gives rise to several significant risks, including the pervasive collection and processing of employee data, which can lead to privacy infringements, increased surveillance and potential data breaches, alongside the emergence of novel employment models such as platform work, gig assignments and remote arrangements, which may exacerbate job insecurity and displace traditional roles; moreover, the rapid pace of technological change creates an urgent need for continuous upskilling in digital competencies. Within the expanding digital economy, labour-related digital transformation serves primarily as an enabling mechanism for more effective implementation of the labour provisions found in modern free-trade agreements (FTAs). However, the digital transformation index cannot, in itself, constitute a labour standard. The mere deployment of technology does not guarantee respect for fundamental worker rights (fair remuneration, safe working conditions or adequate social protection). A review of selected new-generation FTAs reveals significant lacunae: the absence of binding legal frameworks for digital technical standards; a lack of detailed personal-data protection rules specifically tailored to workers; insufficient regulation of platform-based and remote work modalities; and no clear commitments to vocational reskilling or digital-skills training. To address these shortcomings and harness the full potential of digital transformation, this paper offers recommendations that the Government of Vietnam can adopt to close the regulatory gaps in existing FTAs and promote a more equitable, resilient, and future-ready labour market in the digital age. Article visualizations
SECURING TOMORROW’S LEADERS OF AN INSTITUTIONAL SAFETY NET FOR STUDENTS’ PROTECTION IN SOCIAL MEDIA RECRUITMENT TO TERRORISM: THE CASE OF STATE UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES IN DAVAO REGION, PHILIPPINES
Full text linkThis policy research investigates the awareness levels of students in State Universities and Colleges (SUCs) within Davao Region on the risk of social media recruitment into terrorism. With the increase of digital reliance during the COVID-19 pandemic, the rise of cyber threats and extremist exploitation through online platforms, this study explores the need for institutional safety nets that protect students from digital radicalization. Utilising a mixed-methods approach, this study employed descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis, and inferential tests to examine the socio-demographic profile of students and identify key protective dimensions. Results revealed two major components: (1) Institutional Safeguarding Frameworks for Heightened Awareness and Information Sensitivity, (2) Global Knowledge Synthesis for Holistic Mitigation. Further, findings underscore significant differences in perception based on gender, year level, and type of gadget use, among female, first-year students and those students engaged in school organizations, expressing higher awareness levels. Through this, the study recommends urgency for policy reforms, institutional frameworks and global strategies tailored to equip SUCs with proactive measures against cyberterrorism recruitment and thereby reinforcing the digital resilience and safety of the students. Article visualizations
FACTORS INFLUENCING BRAND IMAGE, RETENTION AND TRAVEL MOTIVATION OF MATI CITY AS INDIGENOUS PEOPLE’S DESTINATION
Full text linkThis study investigated the level of factors affecting brand image, retention, and travel motivation on the recognized indigenous people’s destination, the significant difference in terms of profile, and the significant effect of brand image on tourist retention and travel motivation. The data were obtained from 400 respondents. The results determined a very high level of perceived quality, brand awareness, brand loyalty, and brand satisfaction factors that affect brand image. The service quality, physical surroundings, customer satisfaction, and loyalty show very high factors that affect tourist retention. The travel motivation is highly associated with the indicators of cultural experience, social contact, adventure, relaxation, and novelty seeking. There’s a significant difference between brand image, tourists' retention, and travel motivation in terms of age, location and economic status, while no significant difference in terms of gender. Moreover, brand image significantly impacts both tourist retention and travel motivation. This study has concluded that brand image significantly affects tourist retention and travel motivation. A well-established brand image raises familiarity with the destination, increases trust and loyalty, and boosts the likelihood of tourists returning for more. Article visualizations
AN EXAMINATION OF THE EMPLOYMENT OF CASUALS: THE LEGAL IMPLICATIONS FOR ORGANISATIONS
Full text linkSince the economic recession in Ghana in the 1980s, coupled with the universities turning out a huge number of graduates and the inability of the formal sector to absorb all of them, most institutions and organisations employ casual workers to execute their businesses. This could also be attributed to the shift from the manufacturing sector to the service sector and the spread of information technology. The variations generated a new economy that needed tact in the workplace because they caused a reduction in permanent employment relations, hence an increase in casual work. This study, therefore, examines the lawful repercussions of institutions and organisations keeping casual workers beyond the stipulated six months and these organisations’ willingness to regularise casual employees' appointments. This study was guided by the Labour Laws, the Labour Regulations 2007 (LI 1833), and the 1992 Constitution of Ghana. The study is exploratory and has revealed that, owing to the poor economic conditions in Ghana, coupled with the fact that a public institution must obtain financial clearance from the Controller and Accountant General’s Department before it employs, jobs are hard to find. Workers are therefore compelled to take up casual jobs to meet their daily needs. The study recommends that employers and owners of organisations be cautious about keeping casual workers beyond the designated six months of continuous work. Article visualizations
A CRITICAL EVALUATION OF TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION AFFECTING ISLAMIC FINANCE, GOVERNANCE, AND EDUCATION IN BANGLADESH
Full text linkTechnological innovation is transforming Islamic finance, government, and education worldwide; Bangladesh presents opportunities and challenges for the transformation process. The article analyses closely how blockchain, artificial intelligence, and FinTech affect Bangladeshi Islamic institutions. Although new Islamic financial products like mobile banking and blockchain payments have improved financial inclusion, their broad use is hampered by regulatory risk and Shariah compliance. In governance, transparency via blockchain and fatwa issuing by artificial intelligence guarantee efficiency but generate ethical and academic challenges on legitimacy and jurisdiction to adjudicate. Internet-based learning platforms and AI-powered tutoring in Islamic studies improve access but are resisted based on standardization of curriculum and theological purity concerns. This research brings to the spotlight that Bangladesh, though progressing towards a technologically integrated Islamic model, lags behind Malaysia and the UAE because of regulatory gaps, technological infrastructure deficit, and reluctance against AI-driven administration. The research proposes sweeping regulatory reforms, higher digital literacy, and active engagement of Islamic scholars with technological integration. Future research must consider Islamic finance developments in the long run during the era of digitalization and the ethical implications of AI in religious decision-making. JEL: G21, O33, M15, E42 Article visualizations
JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU'S THOUGHT ON POLITICAL ETHICS AND ITS MEANING
Full text linkAs one of the most influential philosophers of the 18th century, Rousseau's goal, expressed in many of his works, was to find a way to build a moral social community, a just order that would gradually eliminate selfishness and division among the present human beings. "Rousseau maintained the belief that human beings in society were selfish and hopelessly divided - even among themselves, and his desire was to put an end to this condition, to channel their instincts, aggression, and competition into a social harmony". The goal of "re-establishing" society was shared by many philosophers, but according to Rousseau, it could not be achieved if it was left to the institutions of law or government. Rousseau requires that the natural self must be replaced by the collective self, the individual will by the common will and political goals are inseparable from morality. The goal of the social contract, according to J.J. Rousseau, is that people living in a good social order will become a “more virtuous” entity, not simply “better”. Rousseau’s thoughts on political morality have had a particularly great influence on the French Revolution. Up to now, in the context of a world with many conflicts, wars and riots, J.J. Rousseau's thoughts on political ethics suggest many valuable issues, especially when applied to political practice. That is the motivation for the author to study Rousseau's political ethics. Article visualizations
ANALYSIS OF PRIMARY EDUCATION IN REFUGEE CAMPS: CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS IN DADAAB REFUGEE CAMP, GARISSA COUNTY, KENYA
Full text linkThis is a conceptual paper which analyses the challenges and prospects of primary education in Dadaab Refugee Camp, Garissa County, Kenya, one of the world’s largest and longest-standing refugee settlements. Whereas education is a fundamental right and pathway to empowerment, refugee children in Dadaab face major barriers, including overcrowded classrooms, inadequate infrastructure, teacher shortages, limited learning materials, and chronic underfunding. Despite Kenya’s commitment to international frameworks such as the Global Compact on Refugees (GCR), the Comprehensive Refugee Response Framework (CRRF), and the 2021 Refugee Act, policy gaps and weak implementation continue to limit access and quality. It is by Human Capital Theory and the Capabilities Approach, which frames education as both an economic investment and a rights-based strategy for creating and enhancing opportunities. Leveraging on scholarly work, policy documents, and institutional reports, it highlights structural, socio-economic, and governance constraints shaping refugee education. Emerging issues include Kenya’s transition to the Competency-Based Curriculum (CBC), the recognition and accreditation of refugee teachers, and the potential of digital learning innovations. While challenges remain acute, opportunities lie in curriculum reforms, sustainable financing, teacher professional development, and stronger partnerships. Strengthening refugee education is both a humanitarian obligation and a developmental imperative, fostering self-reliance, social stability, and long-term resilience for displaced and host communities. Article visualizations