Innovare Academic Sciences: E-Journals
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EVALUATING THE THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY OF METFORMIN-BERBERINE LOADED NANOPARTICLES FOR THE TREATMENT OF TYPE 2 DIABETES-INDUCED ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE
No full textObjective: To develop and evaluate a novel drug delivery system (NDDS) of Metformin and Berberine-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (MBSLNPs) for neuroprotection in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) induced Alzheimer’s disease (AD) model.
Methods: MBSLNPs were prepared by hot homogenization and ultrasonication, characterized for particle size, zeta potential, drug loading, and FTIR (fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) compatibility. In vitro release kinetics were modeled, and in vivo efficacy was assessed in a combined streptozotocin (STZ) and amyloid-β (Aβ) rat model by performing behavioral, biochemical, and histopathological analyses. Safety of blank SLNs was evaluated in healthy rats.
Results: MBSLNPs exhibited a mean particle size of 102±5 nm, zeta potential of –29±3mV, and high drug loading, with no FTIR incompatibilities. Drug release followed first-order kinetics (R²=0.9955) with Fickian diffusion (n=0.43). In vivo, MBSLNPs significantly improved memory performance in Morris Water Maze and Y-Maze compared with free drug (p<0.01) and disease control (p<0.001). Oxidative stress markers like malondialdehyde (MDA), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were reduced, while antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione (GSH) increased significantly (p<0.01 vs. disease control). Pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, NF-κB) decreased markedly (p<0.001), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was normalized (p<0.01 vs. free drug) in addition to lower cortical and hippocampal Aβ-40/42 levels in MBSLNP-treated rats (p<0.001). Semi-quantitative histopathology showed significantly reduced neuronal loss and gliosis compared with both disease and free drug groups. Safety evaluation of blank SLNs revealed no significant changes in Serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), creatinine, or blood nitrogen (BUN).
Conclusion: MBSLNPs demonstrate superior neuroprotective and hepatoprotective efficacy over free drugs, suggesting their translational potential as a combined therapeutic strategy for AD with concurrent liver dysfunction. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) [26], blood glucose levels, and histological analysis of brain tissue
GREEN-SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES USING N. GLAUCA LEAVES EXTRACT: CHARACTERIZATION AND EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT, ANTIBACTERIAL AND CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITIES
No full textObjective: In this study, silver nanoparticles (NG-AgNPs) were synthesized and characterized using Nicotiana glauca (N. glauca) leaves extract and their antibacterial and anticancer properties were evaluated.
Methods: An Extract of N. glauca leaves was obtained via soxhlet and maceration techniques using water and ethanol as solvents, and the total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were determined. Water-maceration extract was used to synthesizeNG-AgNPs which were characterized using Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, particle size, zeta potential, polydispersity index (PDI), and stability. Antibacterial activity was tested against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and cytotoxicity was assessed in colorectal (HT-29), lung (A549), and breast (MCF-7) cancer cell lines using an MTT assay.
Results: NG-AgNPs displayed a UV-Vis peak at 440.50 nm, with an average size of 188–280 nm, zeta potential of-29.6 mV, and PDI of 0.216, indicating stability. They demonstrated superior antimicrobial activity with inhibition zones of 24.6 mm (S. aureus) and 20.6 mm (P. aeruginosa) and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values of 0.15 mg/ml and 0.5 mg/ml, respectively. Cytotoxicity studies revealed IC50 values of 2.517µg/ml (HT-29), 25.11 µg/ml (A549), and 24.53µg/ml (MCF-7), while showing no toxicity toward normal endothelial cells (EA. hy926), highlighting their selective cytotoxicity against cancer cells.
Conclusion: These results suggest that the prepared NG-AgNPs exhibit potent antibacterial and anticancer properties with enhanced efficacy compared to the crude extract, making them promising candidates for therapeutic applications
PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SOLID DISPERSION LOADED WITH SELEXIPAG AS MODEL DRUG
No full textObjective: The study aims to prepare solid dispersions of selexipag to enhance its aqueous solubility using two different techniques—solvent evaporation and kneading.
Methods: Twenty-seven solid dispersion (SD) formulations of selexipag were prepared using two different techniques, solvent evaporation (SE) and kneading (KN). Various hydrophilic carriers were employed, including urea, polyethylene glycol 4000 (PEG 4000), polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG 6000), poloxamer 188 (PXM 188), and poloxamer 407 (PXM 407), at drug-to-polymer ratios of 1:1, 1:3, and 1:5. The prepared formulations were evaluated for saturation solubility, drug content, percentage yield, and in vitro dissolution. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was performed to assess drug-polymer compatibility.
Results: The saturation solubility was enhanced by all prepared solid dispersion formulations. The pure selexipag exhibited a solubility of 1.5±0.04 µg/ml, whereas the optimized formulation (F2, PXM407:Selexipag 3:1) prepared by the solvent evaporation method showed a solubility of 25.9±0.2 µg/ml, representing approximately a 17-fold increase compared to the pure drug. The optimized formulation also demonstrated a faster dissolution rate, with 88% of the drug released within 30 min. FTIR results further confirmed drug-carrier compatibility; no additional peaks were observed in any of the binary systems, indicating the absence of chemical interaction between selexipag and the polymer.
Conclusion: Solid dispersion, particularly using poloxamer 407 via solvent evaporation, proved to be an effective and promising approach for enhancing the solubility, dissolution rate, and overall biopharmaceutical performance of selexipag
CONFERENCE ABSTRACT BOOK
No full text"International Conference
on
“From Molecule to Medicine: Drug development, Drug Delivery and Lifesaving Therapies
Organized By:
Galgotias College of Pharmacy, Galgotias Educational Institutions 1, Knowledge Park-II, Greater Noida – 201310, Indi
POLYMERIC SILVER NANOCARRIERS: INNOVATIVE DRUG DELIVERY STRATEGIES FOR ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE AND NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS
No full textAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder marked by amyloid-β plaque accumulation, tau hyperphosphorylation, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and progressive cognitive impairment. The clinical effectiveness of conventional therapies is limited due to poor brain bioavailability, rapid systemic clearance, and the restrictive nature of the blood–brain barrier (BBB), resulting mainly in symptomatic relief rather than disease modification. In this context, polymeric silver nanocarriers (PSNs) have emerged as a promising nanotherapeutic approach for targeted and controlled drug delivery to the central nervous system. By integrating the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of silver nanoparticles with the biocompatibility, stability, and controlled release characteristics of polymeric matrices such as PLGA, PEG, and chitosan, PSNs enable enhanced drug encapsulation, sustained release, and efficient BBB penetration through surface functionalization and receptor-mediated transport mechanisms. Preclinical in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate that PSNs can effectively reduce amyloid-β aggregation, inhibit tau pathology, attenuate oxidative stress, and suppress neuroinflammatory responses, leading to improved neuronal survival and cognitive outcomes. Alternative delivery strategies, including intranasal and nose-to-brain routes, further improve therapeutic efficiency while minimizing systemic toxicity. Although challenges related to long-term safety, neurotoxicity, scalability, and regulatory approval remain, polymeric silver nanocarriers represent a versatile and multifunctional platform with significant potential for advancing disease-modifying therapies in Alzheimer’s disease
EFFICACY OF PCSK9 INHIBITORS IN ADDITION TO BACKGROUND STATIN THERAPY COMPARED WITH PLACEBO IN ACHIEVING LDL-C TARGETS IN ADULTS WITH HYPERLIPIDAEMIA: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS OF RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS
No full textObjective: To evaluate the effect of Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors, compared with placebo, when added to background statin therapy, on the proportion of adults with hyperlipidaemia achieving low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)<1.8 mmol/l or ≥50% reduction from baseline.
Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar (2015–2025) identified randomized controlled trials (RCTs) enrolling adults (≥18 y) with hyperlipidaemia on background statin therapy. Eligible trials compared any PCSK9 inhibitor to placebo, reporting binary outcomes for LDL-C target attainment. Data extraction and risk of bias assessment followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Random-effects meta-analysis was performed to calculate pooled risk ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Heterogeneity (I²), publication bias, and sensitivity analysis were conducted.
Results: Five RCTs (n>50,000 participants) were included. PCSK9 inhibitors significantly increased the likelihood of achieving LDL-C targets versus placebo (pooled RR = 2.57, 95% CI: 2.52–2.63). Individual study RRs ranged from 1.89 to 31.37. Heterogeneity was high (I² = 99.86%), largely influenced by one outlier study; removal of this trial reduced I² to 61.39%. All studies had low risk of bias, and no evidence of publication bias was detected. The GRADE certainty of evidence was rated as moderate, downgraded for inconsistency.
Conclusion: Adding PCSK9 inhibitors to statin therapy substantially improves LDL-C target attainment in high-risk hyperlipidaemia patients, representing a potent adjunctive strategy when conventional lipid-lowering approaches are insufficient
ROLE OF SPHENOPALATINE GANGLION BLOCK IN REDUCING PERIOPERATIVE OPIOID CONSUMPTION IN TONGUE CANCER SURGERY: A CLINICAL CASE SERIES
No full textObjective: To determine the time interval for first rescue analgesia that is intravenous diclofenac in the post-anaesthesia care unit and assess its impact on perioperative fentanyl consumption.
Methods: This case series evaluated sphenopalatine ganglion block (SPGB) as an adjunct to general anaesthesia in seven patients with carcinoma of the tongue who underwent elective surgery. The ultrasound-guided SPGB via suprazygomatic approach using 4 ml of 0.5% bupivacaine was performed after administering general anaesthesia to the patient.
Results: SPGB was successfully performed within 5–6 min and was associated with 200–260ug perioperative fentanyl and 2.0–3.1µg/kg/min nitro-glycerine use. Hemodynamic remained stable, blood loss was 140–180 ml, and the surgical field improved. Postoperatively, pain scores (VAS<3) were maintained for 22–24 h, with delayed need for rescue analgesia, effectively managed with intravenous diclofenac. No major complications were observed.
Conclusion: These findings suggest that SPGB is a simple, safe, and effective component of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) in oral cancer surgery, reducing opioid consumption and improving surgical and postoperative outcomes
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF CNS DEPRESSIVE ACTIVITY OF CHLORPHENIRAMINE MALEATE AND EBASTINE IN WISTAR RATS USING ROTARAD AND PHOTOACTOMETER
No full textObjective: Allergic conditions are commonly treated with Antihistamines. Though the first-generation H1 antihistamines like Chlorpheniramine Maleate (CPM) are effective, they can cause sedation because of its blood-brain barrier crossing capacity leading to central nervous system (CNS) depression. But Ebastine, a 2nd-generation H1 antihistamine, is considered to be a non-sedating drug because of its limited CNS penetration. Hence, evaluating the CNS effects of these drugs is crucial for guiding safe and rational clinical practice. Aim of this study was to compare the CNS depressant effects of Chlorpheniramine Maleate and Ebastine in Wistar rats using Rotarod and Photoactometer behavioral models.
Methods: This was a prospective cross-sectional study conducted at Department of Pharmacology, Government Villupuram Medical College and Hospital, Villupuram, Tamilnadu, India between January to June 2025. Eighteen adult Wistar rats were randomly assigned into three groups, with 6 rats in each group viz, Group 1: Control rats receiving Normal saline, Group 2: rats receiving CPM and Group 3: rats receiving Ebastine. CNS activity was assessed 60 min after drug administration. Motor coordination was measured using the Rotarod test and locomotor activity was assessed using a digital photoactometer. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test.
Results: Chlorpheniramine Maleate significantly reduced the fall-off time on the Rotarod (71.6±7.8 sec) and decreased locomotor activity (124.2±14.8 counts), indicating CNS depression (p<0.01). Ebastine-treated rats showed no significant difference in either parameter compared to the control group (fall-off time: 139.7±12.6 sec; locomotor activity: 284.4±19.2 counts).
Conclusion: Chlorpheniramine Maleate produces significant CNS depressant activity while Ebastine does not impair motor coordination or spontaneous activity in rats. These findings support the evidence that Ebastine as a non-sedating antihistamine and favor its use in clinical practice where sedation is undesirable
ROLE OF DEFLAZACORT AS AN ADJUVANT TO TAMSULOSIN IN ENHANCING EXPULSION OF MIDDLE AND LOWER URETERIC CALCULI: A PROSPECTIVE COMPARATIVE STUDY
No full textObjective: Ureteric calculi constitute a significant proportion of urolithiasis cases and commonly present with acute colicky pain, urinary symptoms, and recurrent morbidity. Medical expulsive therapy (MET) using α-blockers such as tamsulosin is widely practiced; however, adjunctive corticosteroids may further facilitate stone passage by reducing ureteric edema and inflammation. This study evaluates the effectiveness of combining deflazacort with tamsulosin versus tamsulosin monotherapy in enhancing expulsion of middle and lower ureteric stones.
Methods: This prospective comparative study was conducted at People’s Hospital, Bhopal, from November 2022 to March 2024. A total of 170 eligible patients with unilateral middle or lower ureteric calculi (4–8 mm) were randomized into two groups: group A received tamsulosin 0.4 mg daily plus deflazacort (6 mg twice daily for 2 w, tapered to 6 mg once daily for 2 more weeks), and group B received tamsulosin monotherapy. Patients were followed for up to 4 w, with serial assessment of stone expulsion, analgesic requirement, and adverse events. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS v26, with p<0.05 considered significant.
Results: Stone expulsion at 3 w was significantly higher in Group A compared to Group B (23.5% vs. 7.1%; p<0.01). By 4 w, expulsion rates further increased to 88.2% versus 52.9%, respectively (p<0.01). The overall treatment success rate was markedly superior in Group A (90.4%) compared to Group B (56.1%; p<0.01). Analgesic requirements were significantly lower with combination therapy (mean 4.59 vs. 6.38 doses; p<0.01). Adverse events were mild and comparable between groups.
Conclusion: Deflazacort as an adjunct to tamsulosin significantly enhances stone expulsion rates, accelerates clearance, and reduces analgesic use without increasing adverse effects. Combined MET is a safe and effective strategy for middle and lower ureteric calculi
DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION OF EXTRAPULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF FNAC, ZN STAINING, AND CB-NAAT TECHNIQUES
No full textObjective: To evaluate and compare the diagnostic efficacy of Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC), Ziehl–Neelsen (ZN) staining, and Cartridge-Based Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (CBNAAT) in the diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB).
Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted on clinically suspected EPTB cases. FNAC smears were examined cytologically, ZN staining was performed for acid-fast bacilli, and CBNAAT was used for molecular detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance.
Results: FNAC showed high sensitivity and rapid diagnostic utility, especially in resource-limited settings. ZN staining demonstrated very high sensitivity and strong rule-out value, but lower specificity. CBNAAT exhibited the highest specificity and reliably identified rifampicin resistance, making it the most effective confirmatory test. Higher EPTB incidence was observed among females.
Conclusion: A tiered approach-initial screening with FNAC or ZN staining followed by CBNAAT confirmation—provides accurate, feasible, and cost-effective EPTB diagnosis