Innovare Academic Sciences: E-Journals
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EVALUATION OF THE ANTIHYPERGLYCEMIC POTENTIAL OF GYMNEMA SYLVESTRE AND MOMORDICA CHARANTIA EXTRACTS IN ALLOXAN-INDUCED DIABETIC RATS: A PHARMACOLOGICAL APPROACH
No full textObjective: The aim of this study was to compare the antihyperglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of chemically standardized Gymnema sylvestre and Momordica charantia extracts in an alloxan-induced diabetic rat model.
Methods: Ethanolic extracts of G. sylvestre leaves and M. charantia fruits were prepared and standardized using high-performance thin-layer chromatography. Diabetes was induced using alloxan (150 mg/kg, i.p.) in Wistar rats. Animals were divided into five groups (n=6): Normal control, diabetic control, metformin (150 mg/kg), G. sylvestre (400 mg/kg), and M. charantia (400 mg/kg). Fasting blood glucose (FBGL), serum insulin, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), lipid profile, and body weight were evaluated at regular intervals for 21 days. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s test.
Results: Alloxan significantly increased FBGL and altered metabolic parameters. Treatment with G. sylvestre and M. charantia significantly reduced FBGL (p<0.01) and improved insulin levels, HbA1c, and lipid profile. G. sylvestre showed superior activity to M. charantia, achieving a 51.6% reduction in glucose levels and greater improvement in insulin and low-density lipoprotein levels. Metformin exhibited maximum activity across parameters.
Conclusion: Chemically standardized extracts of G. sylvestre and M. charantia possess significant antidiabetic potential, with G. sylvestre demonstrating comparatively stronger effects. These findings support their possible role as complementary agents in diabetes management
STRUCTURAL DIVERSIFICATION AND ECO-FRIENDLY SYNTHESIS OF PHENYTOIN ANALOGS
No full textPhenytoin is a traditional antiepileptic drug of the hydantoin class, universally employed for seizure control in generalized tonic–clonic and focal seizures. Although effective, phenytoin is plagued by limitations such as low aqueous solubility, dose-dependent pharmacokinetics, and toxicity following chronic administration. These limitations have prompted the synthesis of several hydantoin analogs to enhance therapeutic effects, pharmacokinetics, and drug selectivity. This review focuses on chemically modified phenytoin derivatives, prepared using methods such as N-substitution, para-aryl functionalization, and heterocyclic hybridization, among others. Structural alteration was examined in their literature-cited pharmacological activities. Classical and advanced synthetic methods like microwave-assisted synthesis, solvent-free grinding, ultrasound irradiation, and continuous flow chemistry were also assessed for efficacy, sustainability, and yield of the product. Derivatives including mephenytoin, fosphenytoin, Schiff bases, and hybrid molecules incorporating thiazole, quinazolinone, and imidazole showed improved anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer activity. PEGylation and prodrug formation (e.g., Fosphenytoin) improved delivery and solubility profiles. Modern green synthesis techniques, particularly microwave and solvent-free reactions, significantly reduce reaction times while minimizing the environmental footprint. These methods not only enhanced synthetic efficiency but also benefited sustainable medicinal chemistry practices. Structural modification of the phenytoin has given rise to derivatives possessing better pharmacological profiles and broader therapeutic uses. The incorporation of green and highly efficient synthesis routes presents an exciting avenue for future drug discovery. Phenytoin continues to be a useful template in the field of medicinal chemistry, with continued application in the design of safer, better anticonvulsant drugs
PHARMACOGNOSTICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF WITHANIA SOMNIFERA DUNAL ROOT FROM NORTHERN INDIA
No full textObjective: The present study aims to establish the pharmacognostical characterization and phytochemical standardization of Withania somnifera Dunal root collected from Northern India.
Methods: The root material was subjected to evaluation following the World Health Organization (WHO) and Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia protocols. Successive extractions were carried out using petroleum ether, chloroform, alcohol, hydro-alcohol (1:1), and water. Preliminary phytochemical profiling and TLC fingerprinting were performed on solvent extracts. Safety parameters including heavy metals, aflatoxins (AFs), microbial load, and pesticide residues were assessed using validated analytical methods. The combined results were used to establish reproducible pharmacognostical and phytochemical standards for Northern Indian root material.
Results: The root showed a characteristic grayish-yellow color, bitter taste, cylindrical morphology, and fibrous fracture. Microscopical examination revealed cork cells, parenchyma, xylem vessels, and abundant starch grains. The pharmacognostic analysis showed foreign matter (0.19±0.02%), swelling index (3.9±0.3 mL/g), bitterness value (2.9±0.4 units/g), total ash (6.6±0.1%), acid-insoluble ash (0.56±0.04%), water-soluble ash (1.7±0.2%), and moisture content (4.46± 0.04%), all within acceptable limits for crude herbal materials. Extractive values were found to be highest in hydro-alcoholic hot and successive extracts, 13.46±0.21% and 19.59±0.18%, respectively. However, cold extractive value was comparatively high inaqueous extract (9.7±0.1%), which is higher than extractive values reported in several earlier studies on W. somnifera from other Indian regions. Preliminary phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and steroids. TLC revealed distinct spots with retention factor (Rf) values ranging from 0.12 to 0.93. Total tannin content was 8.176 mg/g. Heavy metals, AFs, microbial contamination, and pesticide residues were all within WHO permissible limits ensuring sample safety.
Conclusion: The analytical findings establish a comprehensive pharmacognostical and phytochemical profile of W. somnifera root from Northern India. The comparatively high hydroalcoholic extractive values and complex TLC fingerprint of polar extracts represent useful diagnostic markers for this regional chemotype and support its safe inclusion in pharmacopeial monographs and quality control of herbal formulations
COMPREHENSIVE PHARMACOGNOSTIC AND PHYTOCHEMICAL PROFILING OF TABERNAEMONTANA ALTERNIFOLIA LEAVES: QUANTIFICATION OF PHENOLICS, ALKALOIDS, FLAVONOIDS, AND EVALUATION OF AFLATOXIN AND HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATION
No full textObjectives: The study aimed to establish pharmacognostic standards and quantify major bioactive constituents, phenolics, alkaloids, and flavonoids in the leaves of Tabernaemontana alternifolia (Apocynaceae).
Methods: Leaves were collected from the Ratnagiri region of Maharashtra, India, authenticated, and subjected to detailed macroscopic, microscopic, physicochemical, and phytochemical evaluations. Microscopy was used to identify diagnostic anatomical features, whereas physicochemical parameters such as ash values and extractive values were determined using standard procedures. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analyses were performed to assess the presence and levels of key metabolites. Heavy metal content was analyzed using atomic absorption spectroscopy, and aflatoxins were assessed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (MS)/MS.
Results: Microscopic examination revealed a dorsiventral leaf with bicollateral vascular bundles and abundant microsphenoidal calcium oxalate crystals. Physicochemical parameters included total ash (5.67±0.76% w/w), acid-insoluble ash (0.54±0.01% w/w), and water-soluble ash (3.21±0.04% w/w), confirming minimal inorganic contamination. Soxhlet extraction produced the highest extractive value (17.93±1.37% w/w). Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, proteins, and reducing sugars. Quantitative analysis showed notable levels of total phenolics (11.82 mg gallic acid equivalents/g), flavonoids (7.53 mg rutin equivalents/g), and alkaloids (4.0 mg atropine equivalents/g). Heavy metals (Cd, Pb, As, and Hg) were below detectable limits, and aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, and G2) were absent.
Conclusion: This study establishes key pharmacognostic and phytochemical benchmarks for T. alternifolia leaves. Soxhlet extraction yielded the highest extractive value, whereas quantitative analyses revealed appreciable levels of phenolics, flavonoids, and alkaloids, indicating notable bioactive potential. The absence of heavy metals and aflatoxins confirms material safety, supporting its standardization, quality control, and further pharmacological development
CEREBRAL PALSY: BRIDGING CLINICAL PRACTICE AND RESEARCH ADVANCES
No full textPermanent movement deficits as an outcome of non-progressive disruptions during the process of cerebral development are the hallmark of cerebral palsy (CP), a common developmental condition. Greater immaturity and lower birth weight are associated with a higher prevalence of CP. CP continues to be a leading cause of childhood disability globally, despite improvements in clinical care. The gap between discovery and application can be closed by combining state-of-the-art research with patient-centered clinical practice, offering new hope for improving the quality of life of individuals with cerebral palsy and their families. Recent advancements also demonstrate how Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to revolutionize CP management.-powered technologies are improving early diagnosis by using predictive modeling and sophisticated image analysis. Early treatments are made possible by machine learning algorithms that assist in detecting infants who are at risk even before clinical symptoms manifest. Children with cerebral palsy are benefitting from improved movement, communication, and rehabilitation results thanks to robotics and AI-based assistive technologies. The continuous attempts to connect clinical practice with new research are highlighted in this study. It discusses on early diagnosis, management techniques meant to improve patient outcomes, and the growing understanding of CP risk factors. The way that care is provided is changing as a result of recent scientific developments in fields including Neuron-protective medicines, regenerative medicine, and rehabilitation technology. Furthermore, more effective and customized treatment techniques are being made possible by AI applications in remote patient monitoring and individualized therapy planning
DEVELOPMENT AND ANALYSIS OF GALLIC ACID-INFUSED MICROCOMPOSITE GEL
No full textObjective: This study was to create and describe gallic acid-loaded microcomposite gels using a chitosan-alginate matrix system. The goal was to improve wound healing by improving drug delivery and controlled release.
Methods: We prepared microcomposite gels containing gallic acid using the ionic gelation method with varying drug amounts [0.5–2.0% w/w]. We formulated four different gallic acid microcomposite gels [GA-MCG-1 to GA-MCG-4] with 2% w/v chitosan, 1.5% w/v sodium alginate, and 2% w/v calcium chloride as the cross-linking agent. Comprehensive characterization was conducted using UV-Visible spectroscopy, FTIR analysis, particle size analysis, zeta potential measurements, rheological studies, and in vitro drug release studies with Franz diffusion cells.
Results: All formulations successfully encapsulated gallic acid, with particle sizes ranging from 198.4 to 287.3 nm and zeta potentials above+25 mV, indicating stable colloids. The optimized formulation, gallic acid microcomposite gel [GA-MCG-3 [1.5% gallic acid]], performed better than the others. It had a particle size of 245.6±12.4 nm, a zeta potential of+28.7±2.1 mV, and an encapsulation efficiency of 89.4±3.2%. FTIR analysis showed that hydrogen bonding helped encapsulate the substance without any chemical issues. All formulations had a skin-safe pH [6.2–6.5] and exhibited pseudoplastic rheology, making them easy to spread. In vitro drug release studies displayed biphasic patterns, with gallic acid microcomposite gel [GA-MCG-3] showing the best sustained release [78.2% over 24 h] following Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetics, indicating non-Fickian drug diffusion.
Conclusion: The newly developed microcomposite gel system with gallic acid demonstrates significant potential for enhancing wound healing. The optimized formulation, gallic acid microcomposite gel [GA-MCG-3], exhibits excellent physical and chemical properties, controlled drug release, and a stable profile, making it a suitable choice for topical wound healing therapy. Further in vivo and clinical studies are necessary to confirm its effectiveness
Effectiveness of Vedic Mathematics in Middle School Education: An Experimental Study
No full textMathematical proficiency is crucial for cognitive development and academic success, yet middle school students often struggle with arithmetic fluency, which can lead to anxiety and negative attitudes toward mathematics. Traditional teaching methods, which frequently emphasize procedural algorithms, may inadvertently increase cognitive load and exacerbate these challenges. This experimental study investigated the effectiveness of Vedic Mathematics techniques on academic achievement, computational speed, accuracy, and student attitudes. Using a single-group pre-test and post-test design, 30 middle school students from a government-aided school in Tamil Nadu, India, participated in a six-week intervention. Sessions were held for 45 minutes three times weekly, focusing on four Vedic sutras: Nikhilam Navatashcaramam Dashatah, Urdhva Tiryagbhyam, Ekadhikena Purvena, and Paravartya Yojayet. Data were collected using a Mathematics Achievement Test (α = 0.82), a Speed and Accuracy Worksheet (reliability = 0.80), and a Student Attitude Scale (α = 0.79). Results showed significant improvements across all measures. Mean achievement scores increased from 42.5 (SD = 6.2) to 68.4 (SD = 5.8), with a paired t-test indicating a statistically significant difference, t(29) = 14.62, p < .001, and a very large effect size (Cohen’s d = 2.67). Computational speed and accuracy also improved significantly, with mean gains of 11.3 and accuracy rising from 65% to 87%. Attitude scores increased by a mean of 14.30. These findings suggest that Vedic Mathematics techniques can serve as an effective supplementary instructional strategy, significantly enhancing both performance and positive attitudes toward mathematics in middle school education
HOUSING INFRASTRUCTURAL FACILITIES AND RENTAL VALUES IN OLEH, DELTA STATE, NIGERIA
No full text This study was designed to examine the impact of housing infrastructural facilities on rental value in Oleh, and to examine, if any, spatial variation in rental values and in-house facilities within the urban area. A questionnaire survey based on a random sampling technique was used to select samples for the study. The data were analyzed, using the analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Multiple Linear Regression. Thirty-six percent of households in Oleh had no functional water system toilet/bathroom. The findings indicate that there is a general low level of the provision of infrastructure in the urban area and there are no significant differences in rental values and in-house facilities between the residential zones. It found that wall-fence (perimeter fence) and provision of burglary-proof (protector) had the most significant impact on rental values. Therefore, it was recommended that since the residents of Oleh are security conscious, property developers should always endeavor to provide security-enhancing facilities, especially a wall fence around the house and that, there is a need for property developers to provide and improve on the quality of the in-house facilities, especially toilet/bathroom facilities
STUDY THE EFFECT OF CONJUGATED NOVEL ULTRASHORT ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDES IN COMBINATION WITH FARNESYL AGAINST RESISTANCE STRAINS OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA
No full textObjective: The objective of this study was to design and evaluate a novel ultrashort antimicrobial peptide, San-112003, structurally conjugated with a farnesyl chain, for its potential antibacterial activity against both antibiotic-susceptible and multi-drug-resistant (MDR) strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Given the rising threat of antimicrobial resistance and the limitations of conventional antibiotics, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are explored as a promising alternative. This study aimed to assess the efficacy, toxicity, and potential synergism of San-112003 with conventional antibiotics.
Methods: In this study, we designed and synthesized a novel ultrashort antimicrobial peptide, San-112003, which incorporates repeating tripeptide units (tryptophan–arginine–glycine) chemically conjugated to a farnesyl chain. This structural design enhances membrane targeting and antimicrobial potency. The antimicrobial efficacy of San-112003 was evaluated against both antibiotic-susceptible and MDR strains of P. aeruginosa. Hemolytic toxicity assays were conducted on human red blood cells, and synergy studies were performed in combination with conventional antibiotics, including gentamicin.
Results: San-112003 was successfully synthesized with 99% purity and correct molecular mass confirmation. The peptide showed low cytotoxicity in MTT assays across tested concentrations. It demonstrated potent bactericidal activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with MIC and MBC values of 0.5 µg/ml for the control strain and 2.5 µg/ml for the MDR strain. Hemolysis testing indicated minimal toxicity at concentrations relevant to antimicrobial activity. Synergy testing revealed the greatest enhancement in bacterial inhibition when combined with gentamicin, with FICI values of 0.075 for the control strain and 0.20 for the MDR strain. Additionally, the peptide–antibiotic combinations reduced bacterial biofilm viability more effectively than the peptide alone.
Conclusion: San-112003 is a promising AMP–farnesyl conjugate with potent activity against P. aeruginosa, including MDR strains. Its synergism with gentamicin and low hemolytic toxicity suggest that AMP–antibiotic combinations could serve as a valuable strategy against antibiotic resistance
DESIGN CHARACTERIZATION OPTIMIZATION OF LENALIDOMIDE-LOADED BOVINE SERUM ALBUMIN NANOPARTICLES FOR MYELOMA THERAPY
No full textObjective: The present investigation focuses on the formulation and optimization of lenalidomide (LD)-loaded bovine serum albumin (BSA) nanoparticles (NPs) using the desolvation method. Box-Behnken design (BBD) was implemented to optimize the formulation.
Methods: The desolvation technique was employed to synthesize BSA-NPs encapsulating LD and characterized by particle size analysis, zeta potential, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis.
Results: The findings confirmed that the uniform spherical NPs were formed below 200 nm. Particle size found in the range of 110.9±13.02 nm to 182.8±10.33 nm, entrapment efficiency (EE) found between 60.1±9.01% and 94.80±9.14% and zeta potential-15.3±0.21mV to-29.7 ±0.12mV. A sudden burst release of approximately 55.68% was observed within 4 h from optimized LD BSA NPs (Opt-LD-BSA-NPs), followed by a slower release over 24 h. In vitro, cytotoxicity assays demonstrated selective toxicity against U266 cancer cells. The Opt-LD-BSA-NPs exhibited a significantly lower half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 29.70%, indicating enhanced cytotoxic efficacy. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses indicated successful drug entrapment and a transition of LD from a crystalline to an amorphous form. The area under curve (AUC) for Opt-LD-BSA-NPs was found to be 22.47 µg/ml/hr, which is 3 times more than the pure LD suspension (6.3025 µg/ml/h). It revealed enhanced bioavailability.
Conclusion: These findings underscore the potential of BSA-based nanocarriers to enhance the solubility, stability, and therapeutic efficacy of hydrophobic anticancer agents, such as LD