Innovare Academic Sciences: E-Journals
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EFFECT OF FAMOTIDINE ON HYPOGLYCAEMIC ACTIVITY OF GLIBENCLAMIDE
No full textObjective: To study the effect of famotidine (H2 receptor antagonist) in combination with Glibenclamide on the blood sugar level in rabbits.
Methods: Six albino rabbits were taken for the study. Glibenclamide was administrated to each rabbit as a single drug therapy on day 1, while was co-administrated with Famotidine to each rabbit as a combinational drug therapy on day 7. Famotidine was administrated to each rabbit from day 2 to day 6 as a single drug therapy. Blood sugar levels were estimated on day 1 and on day 7 at 0, 1, 2, 4, and 6 h.
Results: The mean blood sugar level readings at 0, 1, 2, 4 and 6 h on day 1 were 91.1, 79.7, 70.6, 61.8 and 66.5 mg% and on day 7 were 91.1, 78.5, 69.6, 60.6 and 64.9 mg%, respectively. When blood sugar level on day 1 and 7 were compared, there was. no significant change in any of the readings after co-administration of Glibenclamide and Famotidine.
Conclusion: Famotidine did not produce any significant reduction in Blood sugar level when it was co-administered with glibenclamid
QUALITY OF SLEEP AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMATOLOGY AND SUICIDALITY IN UNIPOLAR DEPRESSION
No full textObjective: To evaluate the relationship between sleep quality, depressive symptomatology, and suicidality among patients with unipolar depression.
Methods: This hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Psychiatry, Burdwan Medical College and Hospital, West Bengal. Fifty patients aged 18–60 y, fulfilling ICD-11 criteria for Major Depressive Disorder, were recruited by simple random sampling. Clinical assessment included the Sleep Quality Scale (SQS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Columbia–Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. Correlations were determined through Pearson’s product-moment and Spearman’s rank-order tests, with p<0.05 considered significant.
Results: The majority of participants were aged 30–39 y (44%), and females comprised 62% of the cohort. The mean SQS score was 5.2±1.1, indicating moderate sleep impairment. A strong positive correlation was found between SQS and BDI scores (r = 0.792, p<0.001), signifying that poor sleep quality was associated with greater depressive severity. Moreover, sleep quality correlated significantly with both suicidal ideation (r = 0.61, p = 0.02) and suicidal behavior (r = 0.48, p = 0.01), suggesting that deteriorating sleep quality contributes to increased suicide risk.
Conclusion: The study underscores that impaired sleep quality is intrinsically linked with depressive symptom severity and suicidality in unipolar depression. Routine evaluation and management of sleep disturbances may serve as a vital clinical strategy to improve treatment outcomes and reduce suicide vulnerability in this population
AN ETIOLOGICAL, CLINICAL PROFILE AND OUTCOME OF PATIENT WITH ACUTE FEBRILE ILLNESS IN TERTIARY CARE CENTRE
No full textObjective: Acute Febrile Illness (AFI) represents a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge, especially in tropical regions where diverse infectious agents coexist. Prompt identification of etiology is essential to mitigate complications such as encephalopathy, shock, and multiorgan failure. We aimed to identify clinical features and classify the etiologies of AFI among adult patients admitted to a tertiary care hospital and assess their outcomes.
Methods: This hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2023 to April 2025 at Gandhi Medical College and Hamidia Hospital, Bhopal. Adults (18–60 years) presenting with fever<2 w duration were enrolled. Patients underwent comprehensive clinical evaluation and diagnostic investigations, including serological, microbiological, and radiological tests. Outcomes were recorded as recovery with/without diagnosis or death.
Results: Among 319 patients, most were aged 21–30 years (31.9%) and male (60.5%). Common symptoms included myalgia, headache, malaise, and gastrointestinal complaints. The most frequent etiologies were dengue (26.6%), pneumonia (20.1%), and viral hepatitis A (10.3%). Neurological involvement was observed in meningitis cases (9.4%), with viral meningoencephalitis being the most prevalent subtype. Overall recovery was 90.3%, with 5.6% mortality-predominantly in pneumonia and undiagnosed viral fever cases. Etiology was significantly associated with patient outcomes (p=0.0001).
Conclusion: Dengue and pneumonia were leading causes of AFI. Rapid diagnosis and management are critical, especially for CNS and respiratory involvement. Strengthening diagnostic infrastructure and early intervention strategies may reduce AFI-related mortality in resource-limited settings
LIMITED DEVOLVED FEDERAL SYSTEM AS POSSIBLE OPTION: UNDERSTANDING THE TRENDS AND PROCESS OF CONSTITUTION MAKING IN SOUTH SUDAN
No full text South Sudan is a young nation that has been plagued by conflict and instability since gaining independence in 2011. To address the root causes of this instability, it is crucial to consider different options for governance structures, including devolution of power to regional governments. This paper argues for the implementation of a limited devolved federal system in South Sudan as a possible solution to the country’s governance challenges. A limited devolved federal system would involve decentralizing power to regional governments while still maintaining a strong central government. This system would allow for greater autonomy and decision-making power at the regional level, which could help address issues of marginalization and inequality that have fueled conflict in the country. At the same time, a limited devolved federal system would ensure that the central government retains control over key areas such as defense and foreign policy, thereby preventing the fragmentation of the country. To successfully implement a limited devolved federal system in South Sudan, it is important to engage in inclusive and participatory dialogue with all stakeholders, including government officials, rebel groups, civil society organizations, and marginalized communities. This process should be guided by principles of transparency, accountability, and respect for human rights to build trust and consensus among diverse groups. While the road to implementing a limited devolved federal system in South Sudan may be fraught with challenges, the potential benefits of this governance structure are significant. By devolving power to regional governments, South Sudan could potentially reduce conflict, improve service delivery, and promote stability and development across the country. Ultimately, a limited devolved federal system offers a promising option for South Sudan to address its governance challenges and build a more inclusive and sustainable future for all its citizens
DEVELOPMENT AND MECHANICAL EVALUATION OF POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE-COATED POLYLACTIC ACID MICRONEEDLES AS A POTENTIAL PLATFORM FOR SOLVENT-FREE PARTICULATE DELIVERY
No full textObjectives: Transdermal drug delivery offers a promising alternative to conventional administration methods but remains limited by the stratum corneum’s barrier function. Microneedles (MNs) have emerged as a minimally invasive strategy to overcome this barrier. However, effective attachment and delivery of particulate drugs using polymeric MNs pose fabrication and performance challenges. This study aimed to develop and characterize a novel polylactic acid (PLA) MN system coated with a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) layer optimized for enhanced physical adhesion and potential solvent-free attachment of particulate materials.
Methods: PLA MN arrays were fabricated using thermal molding with a PDMS mold, followed by ozone treatment to improve surface adhesion. A PDMS40 elastomer layer was uniformly applied and cured to form an adhesive coating. Drug particles were attached by simple pressing. Comprehensive mechanical tests including axial compression, transverse shear, bending resistance, repeated insertion durability, and poke tests were conducted to assess mechanical robustness and functional performance. Base plate tensile, flexural, compressive, and fatigue properties were also evaluated.
Results: The PDMS-coated PLA MN showed excellent mechanical strength, with an average axial fracture force of 0.18±0.03 N per needle, providing a safe margin for skin penetration. The MNs exhibited high resistance to bending and shear forces and maintained structural integrity after repeated insertions, with no observed breakage or retention in the skin simulant. Poke tests confirmed >98% insertion efficiency through an 8-layer Parafilm M model with an average penetration depth of ~450 μm. Base plates demonstrated robust tensile (18 megapascals [MPa]), flexural (120 MPa), compressive (15 N), and fatigue resistance, retaining over 95% flexibility after 1,000 cycles.
Conclusion: The developed PDMS-coated PLA MNs demonstrated reliable mechanical performance and effective solvent-free particle attachment and delivery. This approach provides a practical and scalable platform for particulate transdermal delivery, paving the way for next-generation, patient-friendly drug delivery systems
SYNTHESIS AND EVALUATION OF ANTITUBERCULAR ACTIVITY OF 1, 3, 4-OXADIAZOLE DERIVATIVES
No full textObjective: The present study aimed to design, synthesize, and evaluate two novel series of 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives for their antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv, supported by molecular docking and absorption, bio-distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) predictions to identify potential lead molecules.
Methods: Two series of oxadiazole derivatives2-(3-phenoxybenzylideneamino)-5-(4-substituted phenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazoles (Series 1a-1e) and N-[5- (4-substituted phenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]-5-oxo-1-phenylpyrrolidine-3-carboxamides (Series2a-2e)were synthesized and structurally confirmed using melting point analysis, Ultraviolet-Visible, IR, ¹H-NMR, and mass spectrometry. Antitubercular activity was assessed using the Alamar Blue Assay against M. tuberculosis H37Rv, with isoniazid (INH) as the standard. Molecular docking studies were performed against Enoyl-Acyl Carrier Protein Reductase (InhA), and ADME properties were predicted using an online computational server.
Results: Docking studies indicated strong binding affinities for compounds 1e and 2c, with docking scores of −10.7 and −10.5, respectively, suggesting potent interaction with InhA. ADME analysis showed that most derivatives possessed favorable drug-like properties, although compounds 1c and 1d exhibited Lipinski’s rule violations. Biological screening revealed that compound 2b demonstrated the most significant antitubercular activity, with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 1.6 μg/mL compared with the standard drug INH.
Conclusion: The synthesized oxadiazole derivatives exhibited moderate to strong antitubercular activity, supported by promising docking scores and acceptable ADME properties. These findings identify derivatives such as 2b as potential leads for further optimization and development of novel antitubercular agents
GC-MS PROFILING AND ANTIDIABETIC EVALUATION OF DATURA METEL: AN IN VITRO STUDY
No full textObjectives: The aim of this work was to identify different bioactive molecules reported in the leaf and seed extracts of the selected plant Datura metel using bioanalytical techniques such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and to assess the efficacy of the extracts for their antidiabetic properties.
Methods: Shimadzu GC-MS QP 2010 was used on plant extracts through a standard protocol for phytochemical analysis. For the in vitro antidiabetic analysis, an α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory assay was performed, in addition to total phenol assay, total flavonoid assay, and hydroxyl radical scavenging assay.
Results: A total of 48 compounds in leaves and 46 compounds in seeds were identified through GC-MS analysis. The important bioactive compounds are dibutyl phthalate, neophytadiene, campesterol, 3,4-divanillyltetrahydrofuran, aposcopolamine, (Z)-18-octadec-9-enolide, scopolamine, and 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol in leaf and seed extracts. The D. metel leaves (DM-L) had a high α-amylase inhibition (IC50=53.26 μg/mL), followed by D. metel seed (DM-S) (IC50=54.129 μg/mL) with respect to the standard acarbose (IC50=65.46 μg/mL), and this demonstrates its strong antidiabetic properties. In the same manner, the inhibition of α-glucosidase had an IC50 of 77.73 μg/mL in DM-L and 115.96 μg/mL in DM-S, as opposed to 42.98 μg/mL in acarbose.
Conclusion: In general, these findings demonstrate that D. metel extracts, particularly the leaf extract, have a high antidiabetic potential because it have a great α-amylase inhibitory effect and antioxidant activity, suggesting the use of plant extracts as hypoglycemic agents, and in pharmacological or non-pharmacological approaches for diabetes. The reported phytochemicals are associated with different biological activities, namely, anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and others
DESIGN, SYNTHESIS, AND ANTIMYCOBACTERIAL EVALUATION OF NOVEL PYRROLE-OXADIAZOLE MOLECULAR HYBRID AGAINST MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS
No full textObjective: To enhance the potency of susceptible Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and create novel derivatives for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis with a molecular hybrid of pyrrole with oxadiazole.
Methods: A number of pyrrole-ligated oxadiazole molecular hybrid derivatives have been developed and produced in response to the bioisosteric similarities between isoniazid and pyrazinamide. Fourier transform infrared spectral data, mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance were used to identify the target chemicals. The toxicity of the chosen ligands was assessed using human dermal fibroblast cell lines, and the in vitro Microplate Blue Alamar assay for antitubercular action of all the prepared compounds against the strain MTB H37Rv was assessed.
Results: Every developed drug exhibited MTB inhibition, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging from 3.12 to 50 μM. OP3 was the most effective MTB inhibitor among the drugs evaluated (MIC=3.12 μM).
Conclusion: The current study’s findings indicate that the majority of the synthesized compounds exhibit an adequate range of molecular characteristics and are sensitive to MTB
PHARMACEUTICAL EQUIVALENCE ASSESSMENT OF YEMENI AND NON-YEMENI METFORMIN TABLETS MARKETED IN YEMEN
No full textObjectives: This study aimed to evaluate the pharmaceutical equivalence of Yemeni and Non-Yemeni metformin tablets marketed in Yemen by assessing key quality control parameters.
Methods: Both official USP and unofficial pharmacopeial tests were performed to assess weight uniformity, thickness, friability, hardness, disintegration, and dissolution. All experiments were conducted in triplicate, and results were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Statistical comparisons between the two formulations were performed using Student’s independent t-test, with significance set at p < 0.05.
Results: Both formulations met USP specifications for weight, thickness, friability, disintegration, and dissolution. The hardness of Non-Yemeni tablets (19.2 ± 2.3 kg/cm²) was significantly higher than Yemeni tablets (11.6 ± 2.4 kg/cm²; p < 0.05), and both exceeded the recommended range for immediate-release tablets (4–8 kg/cm²). Disintegration times were within the pharmacopeial limit of 15 minutes, with Yemeni tablets disintegrating faster than Non-Yemeni tablets (p < 0.05). Dissolution efficiency was satisfactory for both products (>90%).
Conclusion: Both Yemeni and Non-Yemeni metformin tablets met USP quality standards across all evaluated parameters, confirming the pharmaceutical equivalence of Yemeni-manufactured and Non-Yemeni sourced metformin tablets
DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF A PATIENT INFORMATION LEAFLET FOR TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS PATIENTS
No full textObjectives: This study aimed to develop and evaluate the patient information leaflets (PILs) for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients.
Methods: The PILs were prepared in English by referring to primary, secondary, and tertiary resources. Readability of the PIL was assessed using the Flesch reading ease (FRE) test, Flesch–Kincaid grade level (FKGL), and user readability methods. User opinion on PILs content and design was obtained from T2DM patients (n=40). The Baker Able Leaflet Design (BALD) method was used to assess the layout and design characteristics of the PILs.
Results: The FRE and FKGL readability scores were 62.9 and 6.6, respectively. The BALD criteria scores for English and Nepali PILs were 29 and 25, respectively. The overall user testing readability mean scores were significantly improved from 47.5 to 97.25. 90% of T2DM patients rated the PILs as good design and content. Most of them were housewife female patients (mean age 57.725) with a primary level of education and belonged to the upper-lower class of socioeconomic status.
Conclusion: The developed PILs met the standard criteria for easy reading and comprehension. The majority of them had a good opinion on the content and design of the PILs