The Cancer Press (E-Journal, Nastaran Center for Cancer Prevention - NCCP)
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Androgen Receptor (AR) Based Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer Metastasis: A Biological Perspective
Get PDFAndrogen receptor (AR) is a nuclear transcription factor and a member of the steroid hormone receptor superfamily of genes, which is abundantly expressed in neuroendocrine and musculoskeletal tissues and the male genitourinary system. Neoplastic cells have to perpetuate the androgen receptor (AR)-mediated dynamics by a wide range of integrated pathways that crosstalk at various levels and it ensures the robust expression and activation of AR-mediated genes. There are multidirectional pathways opted for by the AR to meet the demands of a desperate cancer-prone environment. Interference with these histone demethylases with siRNA or pharmacological inhibitors leads to distinct changes in histone marks at AR target promoters. Several inhibitors such as CaMKII inhibitor have been found to have a broader effect on apoptosis than just their inhibition which also resulted in the inhibition of AR activity and induces p53-independent apoptosis, inhibits anti-apoptotic protein Mcl-1, upregulates pro-apoptotic protein PUMA and generates ROS.
Correlation of Heterozygote risk, Pathological risk and lifetime risk with Clinicopathologic Features in Iranian breast cancer patients
Get PDFBreast cancer is a prevalent malignancy among women worldwide and a principle reason of death in Iranian women. In current study, 64 Iranian women diagnosed with breast cancer and classified into four age groups (65 years) were analyzed for correlation between heterozygote risk and lifetime risk with clinicopathological features. Nine patients were also investigated for BRCA1 germline mutations. Our results indicated that people with hetrozygosity risk over 30% more likely to infect invasive ductal carcinoma and utilization of Cyrillic software for Iranian family would open new sights towards the prediction, prognosis and mutation detection
Dendritic Cells : Key to Cancer Immunotherapy
Get PDFImmunity is controlled by a network of professional antigen presenting cells (APCs), the most important of which are known as dendritic cells (DC). Dendritic cells are professional APCs that are designed to activate T cells toward various antigens, such as tumor-associated antigens, due to their potent co-stimulatory activity. They play a crucial role of constantly sampling the microenvironment for ‘danger signals’, which include inflammatory signals and pathogens. The availability of large numbers of DC, generated either from hematopoietic progenitor cells or monocytes, holds great promise in the development of cancer immunotherapy as well as the treatment of autoimmune diseases and suppressing several viruses. Accordingly, appropriately pulsed or transfected DC may be used for vaccination in the field of infectious diseases or tumor immunotherapy to induce antigen-specific T cell responses. Unlike infectious pathogens, tumors do not induce an effective inflammatory response suitable for optimal activation of DCs, and as a result the immune response is weak and ineffective. The primary purpose of vaccinating individuals with cancer is to overcome this flaw by channeling tumor antigens into DCs and providing the conditions for their optimal maturation into potent immunostimulatory APCs. This article will focus specifically on the use of DCs as vaccines for cancer immunotherapy. We will examine DC biology, preclinical and clinical studies and finally efforts to improve current vaccine formulations.
Using Boron Supplementation in Cancer Prevention and Treatment: A Review Article
Get PDFCancer is a multistage and multifactorial process in which genetic and environmental factors contribute to it. The results of the studies indicate the effective role of micronutrients, vitamins, and minerals in the treatment of malignancies. One of these elements, endorsed by the American Food and Drug Administration, is boron supplements. The present study reviews the role of boron supplementation in the prevention and treatment of cancer. At ISI, Pub Med, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Scopus, Iranmedex and Magiran databases, we examined 41 studies conducted in the years 1988-2018 regarding the effect of boron supplementation on cancer. The results showed that boron supplement is a useful and essential ingredient for humans with a daily intake of about 1-3 mg per day. Its rich diets have a significant reduction in the risk of developing a variety of cancers including prostate, breast, cervix and lung, liver, melanoma. The mechanisms by which boron may influence cancer is still unknown, but evidence suggests that boron has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Proposed mechanisms related to boron activity in cancer cells include inhibition of proteasezonin enzymatic activity, dehydrogenase, mRNA modification, and cell division and induction of apoptosis. Boron-containing compounds indicate promising effects for chemotherapy types of cancer. Its concluded that low levels of boron should be considered as a concern for health, and increasing the consumption of boron with its rich diets should be recognized as a rational and reasonable diet recommendation for the prevention and treatment of cancer, promotion of health and well-being.
Assessments the binding affinity of the corresponding ligands of tumor specific antigen of prostate cancer, opportunity for immunotoxin development
Get PDFProstate cancer is the third major cause of death in men worldwide after lung cancer, cardiovascular disease and is known in two decades. Since 1987, the first treatment for prostate cancer was initiated in the wake of the global health So far safer and effective methods to treat this life threatening condition is better. During the past two decades scientists to develop drugs targeted therapies in cancer research priorities were. These therapies primarily based on a specific antigen in tumor tissues will be deployed. Prostate cancer-specific antigens of the most valuable PSMA (Prostate specific membrane antigen) is. In this study, to evaluate the PSMA binding affinity ligands can be connected to evaluate and recommend the best ligand for use in targeted drugs .
Cancer statistics in Iran: Towards finding priority for prevention and treatment
Get PDFCancer is the third leading cause of death in Iran following coronary heart disease and accidents. According to the estimate report from GLOBOCAN 2012, the age-standardized incidence rate (ASR) of cancers was 134 and 120 per 100,000 among males and females, respectively. The estimated mortality rate for cancer was 90.4 and 72.2 per 100,000 for males and females, respectively that shows an increase of 25.4 and 31.1 percent compared to the latest report from National Death Registry (NDR) in 2004. The most common cancer among men and women was stomach cancer (20.6%) and breast cancer (28.1%), respectively and the most common childhood cancer was leukemia.Up-to-date and accurate cancer registry data could be one of the major determinants to control, classify, diagnose and even in the treatment of cancer cases. However, since 2009 no up-to-date formal reports from the National Cancer Registry (NCR) of Iran have been announced.Information from the cancer registries regarding different regions of Iran have been published in different articles. In this article, we collected all available data through literature review and further, visualize them in a way that could be more understandable. Additionally, we have provided the expected numbers of new cancer cases and deaths in 2008 and 2012 in Iran based on GLOBOCAN. Our survey revealed that there is an urgent need for a comprehensive cancer statistics registration to guide cancer policy-makers and researchers to make informed decisions that will improve health care.
Non-melanoma Skin Cancer: Mini Review
Get PDFNon-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) has been frequently found in Caucasians. Basically, this type of cancer is divided into two parts, i.e. (BCC and SCC). Mutation in gene PTCH1 is one of the molecular causes involved in the disease process that plays an important role in the Sonic hedgehog signaling pathway, but the factors involving in the creation of NMCS are the ones such as age, exposure to UV ray, positive family history, male gender, genetic predisposition as well as skin color (Caucasians). In the therapeutic terms, surgery is considered as the best treatment although Radiotherapy and Cryotherapy are also used to treat but surgery is the gold standard of treatment. Immune therapy is also a new method of treatment for NMCS. In this paper, we have provided the treatment methods and have suggested the best treatment method through multiple studies.
Epidemiological Perspective of Breast Cancer Risk Factors in Qazvin, Iran
Get PDFBreast cancer is uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells that occurs in different areas of the breast. Each year, some of breast cancer patients are diagnosed and some die, in Iran prevalence of breast cancer, which is 21% among all cancers in women, is the most common cancer in this gender. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the Epidemiological risk factors of breast cancer in Qazvin. This cross-sectional study was from 2010 to 2012 on women with and without risk of breast cancer in hospitals of Qazvin which was conducted by trained personnel with a standard questionnaire containing questions of risk factors of cancer, demographic factors and physiological factors. Then data were given to spss software and test analysis was performed with the logistic regression &chi-square test. The significant correlations between the breast cancer and factors, such as chronic hemorrhage (p≤./001), family history of breast cancer (p≤./000-), age (p=/003), weight (p = /001) economy and abortion, were observed. The results indicate prevalence of 46% of risk factors of breast cancer in women in Qazvin. New risk factors of breast cancer, such as breast pain, lymph node swelling, lack of breast feeding and incomplete milking, were mentioned, that were not discussed in any special study, which shows the urgent need of suitable health services and immediate screening for prevalence of this disease in Qazvin
Providing a Series of Specific Ligands of Cancerous Cells for Developing a New Generation of Immunotoxins
Get PDFoai:ojs.thecancerpress.com:article/12Different generations of the immunotoxins could be targeting cancerous cells by interactions between ligand and cell surface specific antigens. Therefore, identification and characterization of these types of ligands and corresponding antigens, which are constantly growing, would be a milestone step to design a novel generation of immunotoxins. Bearing in mind, a profile of cell surface specific antigens was collected, and then the expressions of them were measured via in silico program on several normal and cancerous tissues. Corresponding ligands of the selected antigens were then investigated by String, and validated through docking process. On the other hand, structural and functional characteristics as well as post-translational modifications of the ligands were examined. Finally, amino acids of ligands that are involved in interaction to antigens were determined. The results of this study led to introducing several antigens including Gp75, MAGEA3, APCs, PSA, and MSLN with high expression on the surface of some cancerous cells. Moreover, this investigation revealed HLA-A, ALDH3A2, MLANA, AR, CALB2, SILV, CALU, and GAGE1 as ligands with high affinity to one or more selected antigens. Meanwhile, ligand miniaturization led to design a new generation of ligands with 30 amino acid in length and limited in post-translational modification.Taken together, these results introduced a series of cell surface specific antigens which can use for cancer diagnosis, and provide a numerous of candidate ligands to develop a new generation of immunotoxins for targeting breast, prostate, ovary and melanoma cancer cells
CXCR4: A Potential Biomarker for Targeted Cancer Therapy in the Future
Get PDFCancer is known as the tsunami because it is the third leading cause of deaths in Iran. Almost all cancer cases have been diagnosed at the last stages and usually a patient loss the golden time due to the compatibility issues with chemo-therapy. Targeted therapy could be a gold standard therapeutic way to treat cancer at its best time