The Cancer Press (E-Journal, Nastaran Center for Cancer Prevention - NCCP)
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New Approaches to Colorectal Cancer Treatment; An Overview
Get PDFColorectal cancer (CRC) is the third major cause of cancer death globally, with about 694,000 deaths each year. Recent studies have shown that cancer stem cells (CSCs) play an important role in cancer relapse and metastasis. Inhibition of COX-2, Wnt / beta-catenin, HIF-1 alpha, K-Ras, NF-kβ, P53 signaling pathways and activation of TGF-β are amongst proposed strategies against colorectal cancer. Specific markers of CSCs including CD133, CD24, CD29, CD44 and Lgr5 are also of importance in diagnosis and monitoring of the disease. Therefore, the use of nanoparticles can be discussed in two different fields: 1. using nanoparticles in diagnosis and targeting CSCs, 2. targeting the cancer cells directly, where nanoparticles can affect the cell signaling pathways and expression patterns to prevent extension of tumor cells. In addition, nanoparticles can be used as the carriers for anti-cancer drugs and drug delivery, which in turn may enhance effectiveness of treatment. This review covers the novel signaling pathways in colorectal cancer and also gives a brief explanation about the role of some nanostructures that enhance treatment efficiency.
The Effect of Music Therapy on Psychological Signs and Pain in Women with Breast Cancer
Get PDFAnxity and depression, the most common psychological reactions are in women with breast cancer that deal with diagnosis, prognosis and treatment Options Caused in patient. Music Caused effective communication in the family and society, feel better, thought Deviation and thus reduce stress. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of music therapy on psychological signs in women with cancer of the breast. In this Review study, in the range of 2005 to 2015, complete search based on any of the keywords music therapy, anxity, depression , pain and breast Cancer in a variety of (pubmed،HIB, SID, Irandoc, iranmedex, goo gl scholare, sciencedirect( and sources and scientific literature and library related the issue of match And studied the paper was written. Studies show The positive effects of music therapy on anxity, depression (psychological signs) in patients with cancer of the breast So that after music therapy significantly reduced anxity and depression. Due to the simplicity and low cost, this method, Can be used as a non-pharmacological methods, non invaisive and complement with drug therapy and interventions to promote mental health in these patients.
MicroRNA-124 Overexpression in Associated with Lymph Node Metastasis in Breast Cancer
Get PDFBreast cancer as a heterogeneous sophisticated disease includes several group with discrete clinical consequences. The disease is the most prevalent malignancy after non-melanoma skin cancers and it is also considered as the second leading cause of death after lung cancer. In fact, breast cancer is account for 23% of all cancer cases and 14% of deaths from cancer. The major cause of breast cancer deaths is actually metastasis of the tumor. As a result, it is prominent to identify the disease mechanism and diagnose molecular tools in order to predict metastasis. The specimens were collected from 30 metastatic and 30 primary tumor tissues of breast cancer patients. After that, RNA extraction was accomplished by means of GeneAll kit and then was stored in -80 degrees. Then, cDNA synthesis was carried out by miscript II RT kit from Qiagenecompany. Finally, sybergreen Real Time PCR of all samples was done for miRNA124, miRNA130a and miRNA 16 as a reference by means of Pre-designed primers of Qiagene Company. The results of molecular expression study showed that the amount of miRNA 124 in metastatic tissues has approximately increased double of primary tumor tissues. It is also revealed that the amount of miRNA has similarly increased by about 1.7 times. According to recent results, it can be possible to regard molecule as a major cause of metastasis process in breast cancer.
The Effect of Biological Clock & Molecular Clock in Cancer
Get PDFNowadays change in lifestyle can most effect in our health, such as Insomnia & circadian rhythm changes. In this mini-review article, we focus on the circadian rhythm changes and cancer. Our study was shown to us, existence any changes in the circadian rhythm and biological clock leads to various changes in the levels of melatonin in the human body. Melatonin in Human cells, it is responsible for the adjustment of the circadian rhythm and produced in pineal glands. Disruption in levels of melatonin definitely related to cancers, such as ovary, uterus, prostate, endometrium, leukemia, breast cancer. Circadian rhythm controlled by 8 important and mainly genes that related to apoptosis, cell cycle, and checkpoint. Changes in this genes significantly related to cancers. Finally, these results are obtained that the change in the biological clock, causing a change in the molecular clock. Following the regular sleep pattern, a major role in human health.
An in silico Investigation on the Cell Surface Specific Antigens for Providing New Approaches of Cancer Therapy and Cancer Diagnosis
Get PDFAdvances in recombinant DNA technology, protein and metabolic engineering and in silico investigation have led to the use of cytotoxic products of microorganisms for anti-cancer drugs development based on targeting cell surface antigens of cancerous cells, which are known as immunotoxins. Therefore, understanding the structural and functional characteristics of these types of the antigens, while leading to present a new way for cancer diagnosis, provide us targets for immunotoxins designing. Considering, reported cancerous cell surface specific antigens of various tissues were gathered, and then corresponding nucleotide and protein sequences as well as 3D structures of them were derived from related databanks. Subsequently, several in silico programs were used for sequence, interaction, as well as expression characterization on normal and cancerous tissues. The results of this analysis lead to the disclosure cell surface specific antigens including PSMA, PSA, EPCAM, GPA33, EPHA3, IGFIR, AFP, CEA CAM 7, CEACAM5, CEA CAM3, CA15-3, NSE, HCG, MSLN, and MAGE4 with different expression on normal and cancerous tissues, and 27 key matching ligands. Among these antigens, MAGE4 showed high expression on the cell surface of 20 different of cancer tissues. Meanwhile, nucleotide and protein sequence analysis of the antigens and corresponding ligands lead to provide a series of therapeutic targets for immunotoxins designing as well as for cancer diagnosis, which ought to be more tested
Molecular Genetics in Breast Cancer: Signaling Pathways and Tumor Biology
Get PDFBreast cancer is one of the common cancers among the women in which many factors are involved including oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, different signaling pathways, epigenetic and environmental factors such as inflammation, immune system deficiency, genomic instability as well as Warburg effect that play an important role in the development and spread of cancer as well as cellular metabolism that intensifies the process. There are some evidence that cancer stem cells (CSCs) are responsible for tumor initiation, invasion, maintenance, heterogeneity, metastasis, and resistance to treatment. CSCs may be an important target for an effective treatment due to the fact that these cells are responsible for metastasis and resistance to treatment. Learning these various factors, we can take a great step towards better understanding of this type of cancer and help further to treatment of the disease so that, cancer cells become not resistant to chemotherapy and we can take the best possible outcome of our treatment, although breast cancer is very heterogeneous and is associated with many cases such as cell morphology, cell physiology, cell gene expression, metabolism, etc
Current Status of Cancer Research, Diagnosis and Therapy in Iran-2015:An Update
Get PDFThe burden of cancer is increasing rapidly during the last decade and it is expected that it will rise intensely in the future because of anticipated increased life expectancy and modern lifestyle. One of the first steps to control cancer is to collect data in the framework of cancer registries as well as conducting research in various cancer related areas, which could be achieved through establishment of cancer research network in Iran. The other important issue is not follow the early detection and prevention protocols and along treatment procedures. Considering the fact that cancer is the third leading cause of death in Iran, it is required that health system should try to meet the demands related to the diagnosis, treatment and palliative care of cancer patients. This review addresses the current status of research, diagnosis and therapy related to cancer in Iran
Strong Linkage Disequilibrium Between -670 A>G and -1377 G>A Polymorphisms in FAS Gene in Patients with Breast Cancer and Controls
Get PDFBreast cancer is the second cause of mortality in women. The etiology of breast cancer is multi factorial. Genetic factors play an important role in the etimology of breast cancer. The FAS gene, has a critical role in the tumor growth and metastasis. Gene polymorphisms including -1377 G>A and -670 A/G in FAS gene have shown to change the transcription activities of this gene. The FAS genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) in 115 breast cancer patients, 115 healthy controls, all female and selected from city of Mashhad in north-eastern part of Iran. BstuI and ScrfI were used as endonuclease enzymes to detect -1377G/A and -670A/G gene polymorphisms, respectively. GG, GA and AA genotype frequencies for FAS -1377 polymorphism in patients were 30.4%, 49.6% and 20%, whereas in healthy controls were 26.1%, 50.4% and 23.5%, respectively and there was no significant difference between case and controls (p=0.7).Additionally, genotype frequencies of FAS -670 AA, AG and GG in patient groups were 52.2%, 39.1% and 8.7% respectively . The result of genotype frequency in controls for FAS -670 AA, AG and GG was 47%, 41% and 10.4%, which Showed insignificant difference as compared with patients genotypes (p=0.78). These results showed that FAS−1377G/A and FAS -670 A/G gene polymorphisms had a strong linkage disequilibrium with p value <0.001. These results indicated the lack of association between FAS−1377G>A and FAS -670 A/G gene polymorphisms and risk of breast cancer. Moreover, a significant linkage disequilibrium was found betweenFAS−1377G/A and FAS -670 A/G gene polymorphisms in case and control groups
Critical Review on Probiotics and its Effect on Cancer
Get PDFProbiotics are defined as live microbial food ingredients that produce several beneficial effects to human health . The effects of probiotics may be classified in three modes of action. (i) Probiotics might be able to modulate the host’s defenses. (ii) Probiotics can also have a direct effect on other microorganisms, commensal and/or pathogenic ones. (iii) Finally, probiotic effects may be based on actions affecting microbial products like toxins, host products e.g. bile salts and food ingredients. All three modes of probiotic action are in all likelihood involved in infection defense, prevention of cancer and in stabilizing or reconstituting the physiological balance between the intestinal microbiota and its host. Numerous bacteria in and on its external parts protect the human body from harmful threats. Several animal studies have shown that supplementation with specific strains of lactic acid bacteria (probiotics) could prevent the establishment, growth, and metastasis of transplantable and chemically induced tumors. An inverse relationship between the consumption of fermented dairy products, containing lactobacilli or bifidobacteria (are the main probiotic groups) Pediococcus, Lactococcus, Bacillus, Shirota, Caseii, Lactis, Rhamnosus, Plantarum and yeasts and the incidence of colon, gastric cancer and breast cancer has also been reported in epidemiological and population based case-control studies. The effectiveness in the treatment of cancers is based on the restoration of the sensitivity of transformed cells to apoptotic signals. The anticancer activity through induction of apoptosis of cancer cells seems to be promising approach for use of some probiotic strains as a support therapy or disease prevention. A wealth of data implicates that special receptors have essential roles in tumor development. A wealth of evidence emerging from laboratory studies indicates anticancer activity of probiotics
The role of APC in Wnt/ β-Catenin Pathway In gastric Cancer
Get PDFMost of signaling pathways play a basic role in controlling of embryonic development and cell proliferation in adult tissues. In recent years, mutations that affected on components in most of these pathways have been linked to a type of human cancer. For example, APC (adenomatosis polyposis coli) is the first of critical gene that mutated in the development of colon cancer, as part of the Wnt signaling pathway is known. Cancer development associated with genetic and epigenetic modifications. Studies show that APC including genes that involved through these modifications in cancer, such as gastric cancer. APC is a tumor suppressor protein that regulates part of the Wnt signaling pathway. The protein binds to I²-Catenin, Axin (a scaffold protein) and Gsk3 (glycogen synthase kinase 3) in the cytoplasm and promoted I²-Catenin phosphorylation via Gsk3. phosphorylated I²-Catenin destroyed by the proteasome and thereby inhibits Wnt signaling pathway. On the other hand APC has a nuclear localization signal (NLS) and nuclear export signal (NES). If in the presence of Wnt signal, accumulates I²-Catenin in cytoplasm enters into nucleus, APC connected to accumulated I²-Catenin in nucleus through binding domains and with its shuttling activity translocated I²-Catenin between nucleus and cytoplasm; therefore regulated level and transcriptional activity of I²-catenin in nucleus. If binding region to I²-Catenin of APC genes is mutated, does not occur Wnt signaling inhibition and caused uncontrolled proliferation of cells that lead to cancer cells. In general APC downregulated Wnt signaling pathway and caused cell proliferation inhibition, which indicates the important role of this protein as a tumor suppressor. In addition, APC is one of the genes that are commonly in gastric cancer hypermethylated and APC promoter hypermethylated helps activation of Wnt middle that is associated with development of gastric adenoma. Above shows that the APC as a tumor suppressor plays an important role in Wnt/I²_Catenin signaling pathway. Mutations in this gene can cause gastric cancer, but removing this gene did not influence in incidence of gastric cancer also involved in the development its.