Aktuální otázky sociální politiky - teorie a praxe (E-Journal)
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Social aspects of the professionalization of midwives in Luxembourg (1800–1940)
No full textThis article proposes an open, interdisciplinary approach to understanding how women assisting at birth in Luxembourg in the late eighteenth century evolved to become specialised medical professionals in the early twentieth century. To do this, it is necessary to study the administrative organisation of training, recruitment policies and the form and content of the courses involved in the creation of a new health worker: the midwife. This individual often assumed the role of midwife, vaccinator, doctor of the poor or paediatric nurse.This article proposes an open, interdisciplinary approach to understanding how women assisting at birth in Luxembourg in the late eighteenth century evolved to become specialised medical professionals in the early twentieth century. To do this, it is necessary to study the administrative organisation of training, recruitment policies and the form and content of the courses involved in the creation of a new health worker: the midwife. This individual often assumed the role of midwife, vaccinator, doctor of the poor or paediatric nurse
Female Midwifery in the Czech Lands 1850–1950: A Career on the Decline
No full textAlthough midwives were incorporated into the administrative system governing the conditions of birth delivery, female midwifery became the target of verbal attacks from the leading authorities of scientific medicine. Physicians addressed midwives often with superior hostility. In professional medical journals, the opinion was repeatedly represented by articles accentuating the archaic element of midwives’ obstetric practice and, in particular, the lack of education and subsequent ability to absorb modern knowledge to improve obstetric practice. Professional discourse was constantly questioning the female midwives’ capabilities, which, together with constantly increasing number of female midwives, resulted in the lack of guaranteed financial support for female midwives’ professional practice. Thus, as a profession, midwifery mostly could not provide an opportunity in terms of economic and social independence.Although midwives were incorporated into the administrative system governing the conditions of birth delivery, female midwifery became the target of verbal attacks from the leading authorities of scientific medicine. Physicians addressed midwives often with superior hostility. In professional medical journals, the opinion was repeatedly represented by articles accentuating the archaic element of midwives’ obstetric practice and, in particular, the lack of education and subsequent ability to absorb modern knowledge to improve obstetric practice. Professional discourse was constantly questioning the female midwives’ capabilities, which, together with constantly increasing number of female midwives, resulted in the lack of guaranteed financial support for female midwives’ professional practice. Thus, as a profession, midwifery mostly could not provide an opportunity in terms of economic and social independence
Authors of the Literae Annuae from the Jesuit College in Telč in the 17th Century
No full textThe paper focuses on the annual reports (literae annuae) as a specific genre of Jesuit writing in an attempt to better understand the process of their creation. The possibilities to identify the authors of the texts were examined while analysing both the form and content of the annual reports from the Jesuit House of the Third Probation in Telč in the 17th century created as anonymous. Although the attribution of the text is possible, the analysis shows that the subject of the author and his individual (personal) input was not seen as relevant from the perspective of Jesuit ideals and the purpose for which the texts were produced, hence the “collective” nature of literae annuae authorship is evident in the texts.The paper focuses on the annual reports (literae annuae) as a specific genre of Jesuit writing in an attempt to better understand the process of their creation. The possibilities to identify the authors of the texts were examined while analysing both the form and content of the annual reports from the Jesuit House of the Third Probation in Telč in the 17th century created as anonymous. Although the attribution of the text is possible, the analysis shows that the subject of the author and his individual (personal) input was not seen as relevant from the perspective of Jesuit ideals and the purpose for which the texts were produced, hence the “collective” nature of literae annuae authorship is evident in the texts
Material Provision of the First and Second Generation of Protestant Preachers
No full textThe presented study deals with the matter of the material provision of the first and second generation of Protestant preachers following the issue of the Patent of Toleration. The first generation of preachers was, exclusively, of Hungarian origin, while the second one was represented by preachers coming from the domestic, Czech background. Solely the faithful were responsible for the livelihood of Protestant preachers. On the basis of comparison of both generations’ lists of contributions, assessment of the country’s economic situation and the strength of the then currency, we are able to find out what their financial state was. The first-generation preachers are traditionally viewed as poor pastors who, because of poverty, often changed church communities or abandoned the Czech provinces. The situation of the second-generation preachers is not known so well, however, usually a stable and secure position is attributed to them. Looking closer at both the generations, it is evident that in neither of them the financial state of preachers was definite and their material provision did not depend so much on the amount of service but on the broader economic and social aspects.The presented study deals with the matter of the material provision of the first and second generation of Protestant preachers following the issue of the Patent of Toleration. The first generation of preachers was, exclusively, of Hungarian origin, while the second one was represented by preachers coming from the domestic, Czech background. Solely the faithful were responsible for the livelihood of Protestant preachers. On the basis of comparison of both generations’ lists of contributions, assessment of the country’s economic situation and the strength of the then currency, we are able to find out what their financial state was. The first-generation preachers are traditionally viewed as poor pastors who, because of poverty, often changed church communities or abandoned the Czech provinces. The situation of the second-generation preachers is not known so well, however, usually a stable and secure position is attributed to them. Looking closer at both the generations, it is evident that in neither of them the financial state of preachers was definite and their material provision did not depend so much on the amount of service but on the broader economic and social aspects
DEVELOPMENT OF ALL FOUR-WHEEL STEERING SYSTEMS
No full textPříspěvek se zabývá rešerší v současné době velmi prosazovaným systémem řízení všech čtyř kol u silničních vozidel, a to zejména u osobních vozidel. Shrnuje historický vývoj jednotlivých systémů a popisuje jejich výhody a nevýhody z technického pohledu na konstrukční celek. Zaměřuje se i na systémy používané v současných automobilech, které jsou stále velice ojediněle zabudované do nově vyráběných vozidel.The paper deals with a search of the currently very popular system of all four wheels for road vehicles, especially for passenger cars. It summarizes the historical shift of individual systems and describes their advantages and disadvantages a technical point of view of the structural unit. It also focuses on systems used in today\u27s cars, which are still very rarely built into newly manufactured vehicles
MODELING OF THE INDENTATION INTO HARD AND BRITTLE MATERIALS
No full textTento článek se zabývá stručným popisem modelování indentace do tvrdých a křehkých materiálů, například skla, vrstveného skla nebo různých druhů keramiky pomocí metody konečných prvků. Vytvořený model je velmi užitečný jako podpora indentační zkoušky proto, že touto cestou získáme další materiálové charakteristiky, které je obtížné nebo dokonce nemožné získat experimentálně, ale také z důvodu odhalení zdrojů nepřesností měření. Dalším přínosem je možnost zkoumat odezvu nějaké neznámé kombinace vrstvených materiálů a posoudit tak vhodnost použití pro daný účel, aniž by bylo nutné vzorek předem vyrobit.This paper deals with a brief description of indentation modeling into hard and brittle materials, such as glass, laminated glass or various types of ceramics using the finite element method. The created model is very useful as a support for the indentation test because in this way we obtain other material characteristics that are difficult or even impossible to obtain experimentally, but also due to the detection of sources of measurement inaccuracies. Another benefit is the ability to investigate the response of an unknown combination of laminates and assess the suitability for use for a given purpose without the need to pre-fabricate the sample
USING DAQ TOOL FOR RESEARCH IN TRAFFIC-PSYCHOLOGY
No full textBezpečnosť cestnej premávky a s tým spojená ochrana ľudského života je cieľom v každej vyspelej krajine. Viac ako 90% dopravných nehôd po celom svete je spôsobených ľudskou chybou. Z toho vyplýva jednoznačná povinnosť zaoberať sa ľudskou psychikou a predovšetkým páchaním priestupkov vodičmi na cestách. Dopravno-psychologický výskum obsiahnutý v tomto článku bol realizovaný na vzorke takmer štyristo respondentov, pričom išlo o mladých vodičov vo veku 18 až 26 rokov. Na výskum bol použitý dotazník postojov vodiča, ktorého výsledky boli následne porovnávané so všeobecnými údajmi tiež zisťovanými v prieskume. Výsledky bolo v globále možné porovnávať aj so zahraničnými štúdiami, pretože dopravno-psychologický nástroj, ktorý bol využitý má presne stanovenú štruktúru a je možné ho použiť v akejkoľvek krajine. Cieľom výskumu bolo predovšetkým hľadanie štatistických podobností medzi výsledkami nástroja DAQ a uvedeným počtom a druhom dopravných priestupkov respondentov. Taktiež je cieľom porovnanie dosiahnutých výsledkov s inými štúdiami, ktoré získali dáta rovnakým nástrojom.Road safety and protection of human life on the road infrastructure is a goal in every developed country. More than 90% of road accidents worldwide are caused by human error. This implies a clear obligation to deal with the human psyche and, above all, committing offences on the road. The traffic-psychological research contained in this article was performed on a sample of almost four hundred respondents; young drivers aged 18 to 26 years. A questionnaire of the driver\u27s attitudes was used for the research, the results of which were subsequently compared with the general data also found in the survey. Globally, it was also possible to compare the results with foreign studies, because the traffic-psychological tool that was used has a precisely defined structure and can be used in any country. The aim of the research was primarily to find statistical similarities between the results of the DAQ tool and the stated number and type of traffic offences of the respondents. The aim is also to compare the own results with other studies that obtained data with the same tool
Melvillian Meditations in Charles Johnson’s “Executive Decision”
No full textRegardless of its philosophical para-text, an overt reading of Charles Johnson’s short story “Executive Decision” suggests very obvious ideological connotations. The story displays the racial pride and black agency along with the ideologically loaded either-or antithesis of a competition between a white woman and a black man within a protracted job interview. At one point, the story even lapses into a sociological exposé. However, Johnson’s intertextual pairing of the story with Melville’s “Bartleby the Scrivener” significantly enhances its allusive potential, thereby redeeming the formulaic template of racial melodrama which Johnson frequently criticizes. By casting the African American character as a stand-in for Bartleby, the story opens up its narrow concern (affirmative action) to the larger theme of redistributive justice and the dangers of self-entitlement. In an eclectic reading, the story can even signify on the scarcity of positive male African American role models in the public eye, a theme which Johnson is very much preoccupied with
The Past as a Multi-perspective Structure in Matthew Kneale’s English Passengers
No full textMatthew Kneale’s neo-Victorian novel English Passengers (2000) is underlain by contemporary, revisionist views of Victorian ideologies. In particular, by placing its action on board a ship headed towards Tasmania as well as in Tasmania itself, the novel examines colonial attitudes and relations between cultures. Accordingly, it has been analysed as a novel about national identity and imperial politics (Boccardi 2009). This article takes the novel’s form as the starting point for analysis. Told in twenty voices, with events developing on two temporal planes which continually intersect and eventually converge, English Passengers foregrounds the co-existence of multiple perspectives and the simultaneity of events in its representation of the past, and by doing so it disrupts the convention of narrative. The article argues that, rather than relying on linearity and causality, Kneale’s novel constructs an image of the past as a structure with many dimensions, in which temporal change depends on a variety of overlapping, conflicting or convergent points of view and attitudes. Ultimately, the discussion attempts to demonstrate that through its structure English Passengers, without being overtly metafictional or metahistorical, addresses the problem of representing the past
Death Has a Name: The Personification of Death in British Fantastic Fiction
No full textThe paper addresses the issue of the personification of death in British fantastic fiction based on an analysis of two novels, Pratchett’s Mort and Lee’s Death’s Master. Common features are located and discussed, drawing parallels between the two representations of death. These parallels are found on several levels, specifically the appearance and personality of death, purpose and origin, the realm of death, sexuality and gender, tiredness and the substitution of death