Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (JEPH)
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Meta-Analysis the Effects of Rotavirus Vaccine, Exclusive Breastfeeding, and Maternal Education on Diarrhea in Children Under Five
Get PDFBackground: Diarrhea is an infectious disease that can cause death in children under five years. Diarrheal disease is a disease with the highest mortality and morbidity after pneumonia. The purpose of this study was to analyze and estimate the effect of rotavirus vaccine, exclusive breastfeeding, and mother's education level on the incidence of diarrhea in toddlers, with a meta-analysis based on previously conducted primary studies.
Subjects and Method: This article was prepared using a systematic review and meta-analytic study. This research was conducted using the PICO model. Meta-analytic studies were conducted by searching for articles from databases in electronic form using PubMed, Google Scholar, Sciencedirect, and Springer Link. Article searches were conducted from 1-28 February 2023. The keywords used were “Vacinnation” OR “Exclusive breastfeeding” OR “Educational Mother” OR “Infection” OR “Diarrhea Childhood”. The inclusion criteria for this study were complete articles using cross-sectional research, published years from 2013-2022. Analysis of the articles used RevMan 5.3 software.
Results: A total of 24 cross-sectional studies from Africa and Asia were selected for systematic review and meta-analysis. The results of the meta-analysis showed that not given rotavirus vaccine had a 3.60 times the risk of experiencing diarrhea compared to those given rotavirus vaccine (aOR= 3.60; 95% CI= 2.31 to 5.64; p<0.001), not given exclusive breastfeeding had a risk of experiencing diarrhea 3.28 times compared with those who were given exclusive breastfeeding (aOR= 3.28; 95% CI= 2.24 to 4.80; p<0.001), and children who had mothers with low education levels had a 2.08 times higher risk of experiencing diarrhea compared to children who had mothers with low education levels which is higher (aOR= 2.08; 95% CI= 1.71 to 2.54; p<0.001).
Conclusion: Not being given the rotavirus vaccine, not being given exclusive breastfeeding, and the mother's low education level are at risk of increasing the incidence of diarrhea in toddlers.
Keywords: rotavirus vaccine, exclusive breastfeeding, mother's level of education, child diarrhea
Correspondence: Genn Andrean Pratama. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: [email protected]. Mobile: +6282278467441
Meta-Analysis: Drug Side Effect, Smoking, Alcohol Consumptions and Their Relationships with Drug Taking Adherence in Tuberkulosis Patients
Get PDFBackground: Inappropriate tuberculosis treatment is a major determinant of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR) TB, which is related to patient adherence to treatment. There are several factors that affect MDR-TB such as drug side effects, smoking and alcohol consumption. The aim is to estimate the magnitude of the effect of drug side effects on tuberculosis treatment adherence, based on the results of a number of similar primary studies.Subjects and Method: This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis research. Article search was carried out based on the eligibility criteria of the PICO model including: P= Tuberculosis patient; I= drug side effects, smoking and alcohol consumption; C= no drug side effects, no smoking and no alcohol consumption; O= Tuberculosis treatment adherence. Articles were collected from Google scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, and Springerlink. Keywords using “drug side effects” OR “tobacco smoking” OR “alcohol consumption” OR “tuberculosis” AND “medication adherence” AND “cross sectional” AND “adjusted odds ratio”. Inclusion criteria in this study included articles with a cross-sectional study design, the relationship size used was the adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR), articles published in the 2009 to 2022 range. Selected articles were tested for eligibility using CEBM and analyzed using the PRISMA diagram and the Review Manager 5.3 application.Results: 14 Cross-sectional studies were selected for the meta-analysis of 8 studies with 2,045 TB patients showed that drug side effects reduced TB treatment adherence by 0.26 times than no drug side effects (aOR= 0.26; 95% CI= 0.14 to 0.49; p< 0.001). 7 studies with 2,966 TB patients showed that alcohol consumption decreased TB treatment adherence by 0.61 times than not consuming alcohol (aOR= 0.61; 95% CI= 0.32 to 1.16; p= 0.130). Study 6 with 1,748 TB patients showed that smoking decreased TB treatment adherence by 0.86 times than non-smokers (aOR= 0.86; 95% CI= 0.17 to 4.37; p= 0.850).Conclusion: Side effects of drugs, alcohol, and smoking reduce treatment adherence in tuberculosis patients.
Keywords: drug side effects, alcohol consumption, smoking, treatment adherence
Correspondence: Aem Ismail. Master’s Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: [email protected]. Mobile: +6282133114822
Effects of Social Support, Perceived Threat, and Witnessing Death on the Risk of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Meta-Analysis
Get PDFBackground: Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that can develop after exposure to horrific events and experience a series of reactions after repeated trauma, stress, and scary thoughts. The risk of PTSD is influenced by several factors such as social support, perceived threat, and witnessing death. The purpose of this study was to estimate the effect of social support, perceived threat, and witnessing death on the risk of PTSD using a meta-analysis of primary studies conducted by previous authors.
Subjects and Method: This was a systematic review and meta-analytic study. This study used the PICO model. The meta-analytic study was carried out by searching for articles from databases in electronic form using Google scholar, PubMed, and Elsevier. An article search was conducted from 1 to 28 February 2023. The keywords used were “Post-traumatic Stress Disorder” OR “PTSD” AND “Social Support” AND “Witnessing death” AND “Perceiving threat” AND “Multivariate” AND “Cross-Sectional”. The inclusion criteria for this study were complete articles using cross-sectional research, published in 2013-2023. Analysis of the articles in this study used RevMan 5.3 software.
Results: A total of 22 cross-sectional studies from North America, South America, Europe, Africa and Asia were selected for thi study. Social support has a lower risk of experiencing PTSD by 0.38 times compared to people who do not receive social support (aOR=0.38; 95% CI= 0.18 to 0.77; p= 0.007). People with perceived threats have a risk of experiencing PTSD by 2.29 times compared to people without perceived threats (aOR= 2.29; 95% CI= 1.58 to 3.33; p<0.001). People who witness death have a risk of experiencing PTSD by 1.63 times compared to people who do not witness death (aOR= 1.63; 95% CI= 1.23 to 2.15; p<0.006).
Conclusion: Social support can significantly reduce the risk of PTSD. Perceived threat and witnessing death can significantly increase the risk of PTSD.
Keywords: PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder, social support, perceived threat, witnessing death
Correspondence: Fatimah Hasna Karima. Masters Program in Public Health. Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: [email protected]. Mobile: +6281215184110
Relationships between Sedentary Lifestyle and Body Mass Index in Students in Pandemic COVID-19
Get PDFBackground: Students during the Covid-19 pandemic were very close to a sedentary lifestyle because of online learning patterns. This results in an increase in body mass index (BMI) due to lack of physical activity and energy burnt. The aim of this research was to find out the relationship between sedentary lifestyle and body mass index of female students during the Covid-19 pandemic.
Subjects dan Method: The research method uses a quantitative analytic observational design, with a cross sectional approach. The population in this study were 110 students of the Midwifery Study Program, Faculty of Medicine, Sebelas Maret University. Sampling using the Slovin formula as many as 85 respondents with a confidence level of 95%. The research dependent variable is the body mass index of female students during the Covid-19 pandemic and the independent variable is sedentary lifestyle. The data collection method is to use the BMI questionnaire and the Adolescent Sedentary Activity Questionnaire (ASAQ). Data analysis used Somer's test.
Results: The results showed that 61.2% of students were included in the less sedentary lifestyle classification, while 56.5% of students had a normal body mass index. The results of bivariate analysis with Somer's correlation test obtained a p-value of 0.045 and a gamma coefficient value of 0.38.
Conclusion: The conclusion is that there is a relationship between sedentary lifestyle and body mass index in undergraduate students of Applied Midwifery, Faculty of Medicine, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta. The correlation strength is moderate. It is hoped that individuals and communities can motivate themselves to carry out physical activities such as regular sports and educational institutions can facilitate learning methods that can involve physical activity in both online and offline learning.
Keywords: nutrition status, sedentary lifestyle, student
Correspondence: Noviyati Rahardjo Putri. Midwifery Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: [email protected]. Mobile: +6285742944794
Effect of Exercise on Quality of Sleep in COVID-19 Patients: A Meta-Analysis
Get PDFBackground: Coronavirus occurs because the virus lowers the body immune, which can lead to several things such as decreased sleep quality. Gymnastics is one exercise that can improve sleep quality, gymnastics can also reduce stress levels and anxiety. This study aims to discover the effect of gymnastics on sleep quality in COVID-19 patients.
Subjects and Method: It was a systematic review and meta-analysis of primary studies. Article searches were conducted based on PICO model eligibility criteria. Population: COVID-19 patients. Intervention: administration of gymnastic intervention. Comparison: no gymnastics intervention. Outcome: improved sleep quality. Article search was conducted through journal databases including Google Scholar, MEDLINE/PubMed, Science Direct, Hindawi, BMC, Europe PMC, and Springer Link using search keywords: "gymnastic", "sleep quality", "gymnastic effect", "exercise", "exercise effect", "COVID-19", "randomized controlled trial", "gymnastic randomized controlled trial", "sleep quality -randomized controlled trial", AND "sleep quality on covid 19". The inclusion criteria used in this study were full paper articles with a Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT), with Odds Ratio (OR) for the effect size. The screened eligible articles were analyzed using RevMan 5.3.
Results: This meta-analysis included 9 articles from China, India, South Korea, South America, North America, and Brazil. Good sleep quality increased with gymnastics in COVID-19 patients (aOR= 1.19; 95% CI= 1.14 to 1.24; p<0.001). There was an overestimate publication bias.
Conclusion: The administration of gymnastics interventions to COVID-19 patients has a statisti-cally significant effect on improving sleep quality.
Keywords: COVID-19, gymnastics, meta-analysis, sleep quality.
Correspondence:Septyandi Ramadhan. Master’s Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: [email protected]. Mobile: +6281936553398
Meta-Analysis the Effects of Social Isolation and Loneliness on Cardiovascular Disease and Death in Elderly
Get PDFBackground: The impact of social isolation and loneliness on health and well-being is recognized globally as a public health problem. Social isolation can be experienced at any age, especially the elderly. This study aims to analyze and estimate the influence of social isolation and loneliness on cardiovascular disease and death in the elderly.Subjects and Method: The meta-analysis was carried out according to the PRISMA flow chart and the PICO model. P: Elderly, I: Social isolation and loneliness, C: Not social isolation and not lonely, O: Cardiovascular disease and death. Search for articles in this study through databases that include PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct and Scopus with keywords "social isolation" AND "loneliness" AND "cardiovascular disease" AND "elderly". “Social isolation” AND “loneliness” AND “mortality” AND “elderly”. Full paper article with cohort design, adjusted Hazard Ratio for effect size, research outcome are cardiovascular disease and death. Analysis was performed using Revman 5.3.Results: There were 18 articles with cohort designs originating from America, Finland, Canada, Tai-wan, Australia, the United States, Japan, Denmark, Amsterdam, England, Sweden, Jerusalem, Europe with a total of 1,375,816 research samples. A meta-analysis of 13 cohort studies concluded that seniors who were socially isolated had a 1.23 times the risk of developing cardiovascular disease compared to those who were not socially isolated, and the effect was statistically significant (aHR= 1.23; 95% CI= 1.10 to 1.38; p= 0.003). In addition, the elderly who are socially isolated have a risk of dying 1.16 times compared to those who are not socially isolated, and this effect is statistically significant (aHR= 1.16; 95% CI= 1.07 to 1.21; p= 0.003). A meta-analysis of 13 cohort studies concluded that lonely elderly people had a 1.10 times greater risk of developing cardiovascular disease compared to lonely people, and the effect was statistically significant (aHR= 1.10; 95% CI= 1.01 to 1.20; p= 0.003). In addition, lonely elderly people have a risk of dying 1.19 times compared to being lonely, and the effect is statistically significant (aHR= 1.19; 95% CI= 1.02 to 1.39; p= 0.002).Conclusion: Social isolation and loneliness increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and death in elderly.
Keywords: social isolation, loneliness, cardiovascular, death, elderly.
Correspondence:Ayu Novita Wulandari. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta, Jawa Tengah. Email: [email protected]. Mobile: +6282281301325
A Meta-Analisis of Correlation between Diarrhea and Stunting in Children Under Five
Get PDFBackground: Diarrhea is an infectious disease that can cause children to experience appetite disturbances, resulting in reduced nutritional intake, while the nutrients consumed also fail to be properly absorbed by the body. If this condition is not balanced with appropriate food intake, it can have an impact on cognitive development disorders and height growth, namely stunting. This study aimed to determine whether there was a relationship between a history of diarrhea and the incidence of stunting in toddlers, through a meta-analysis of primary studies conducted by previous authors.Subjects and Method: This study was conducted using a systematic review and meta-analysis with PICO namely, Population: under five, Intervention; diarrhea, comparison: no diarrhea, outcome: stunting. By searching for articles in 2 databases, namely PubMed and Google Scholar, which were published from 2017 to 2022, following keywords "Diarrhea" AND "Stunting" AND "adjusted Odds Ratio" OR "aOR". The included article is a full-text cross-sectional study design for 2017-2022 and reports the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) in multivariate analysis. Articles were selected using prism flow with inclusion criteria, namely, and data analysis using the Review Manager 5.3 application.Results: In total there were 9 articles using a cross-sectional study design with a total sample of 69,549 children under five from Ethiopia, Uganda, Indonesia, Pakistan which had been carried out systematic review and meta-analysis. The data that has been processed shows that toddlers with a history of diarrhea have a risk of experiencing stunting 1.21 times compared to toddlers without a history of diarrhea (aOR= 1.57; 95% CI= 1.20 to 2.05; p< 0.001).Conclusion: Toddlers with a history of diarrhea have a risk of experiencing stunting compared to toddlers without a history of diarrhea.
Keywords: diarrhea, stunting, toddlers
Correspondence:Reza Ramadhana Tahta Firmansyah, Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Jawa Tengah. Email: [email protected]. Mobile: +6282228390930
Meta Analysis – Effect of Occupational Noise on the Risk of Hypertension and Noise Induced Hearing Loss in Industrial Workers
Get PDFBackground: Noise is defined as sound intensity that is unwanted and can pose risks to health and safety at work, such as the risk of hypertension and noise-induced hearing loss. This study aims to analyze the effect of occupational noise on the risk of hypertension and noise induced hearing loss in industrial workers.Subjects and Method: A systematic review and meta-analysis was carried out using the PRISMA guidelines and the PICO model. Population: industrial workers. Intervention: occupational noise exposure ≥85 dB. Comparison: occupational noise exposure <85 dB. Outcome: hypertension and noise induced hearing loss. Articles are collected from PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Schoolar. The keywords used “occupational noise and hypertension” OR “occupational noise and hearing loss” AND “occupational noise” OR “hypertension” AND “hearing loss” AND “cross sectional study”. A total of 13 articles met the inclusion criteria, namely primary full text paper, cross-sectional study design, with a relationship size adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR), labor research subjects, interventions in the form of exposure to noise ≥85 dB and outcomes in the form of hypertension and noise induced hearing loss for meta-analyses were then assessed using RevMan 5.3.Results: Meta-analysis included 13 cross sectional studies from China, Brazil, Ethiopia, Jordan, South Africa, Thailand, Kuwait, and Pakistan. Occupational noise ≥85 dB significantly increased the risk of hypertension (aOR= 2.07; 95% CI= 1.31 to 3.26; p= 0.002) and hearing loss (aOR= 1.97; 95% CI= 1.36 to 2.85; p= 0.003) than occupational noise <85 dB.Conclusion: Occupational noise ≥85 dB increases the risk of hypertension and hearing loss in industrial workers.
Keywords: occupational noise, hypertension, hearing loss, workers
Correspondence:Ila Izzatus Salamah. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: [email protected]. Mobile: +62858868132490
Effects of Physical Activity, Fruit and Vegetables Intake, and Alcohol Consumption on Overweight or Obesity: Meta-Analysis
Get PDFBackground: Overweight or obesity is a public health problem worldwide which is increasing both in the general population and in people with chronic diseases. Overall both children and adults are vulnerable to overweight or obesity. This study aims to examine the effect of physical activity, consumption of vegetables and alcohol on overweight or obesity using a meta-analysis.Subjects and Method: Meta-analysis was carried out using the PRISMA flowchart and the PICO model. Population: age 6 to 64 years. Intervention: low physical activity, low vegetable and fruit consumption, and high alcohol. Comparison: high physical activity, high vegetable and fruit consumption, and alcohol low. Outcome: overweight or obese. The databases used are Google Scholar, PubMed, and Proquest with keywords (Overweight OR Obesity OR "BMI Status") AND (“Physical Activity” OR Exercise OR Sport OR Inactive) AND (Vegetable AND Fruit) AND Alcohol AND "Cross Sectional" AND aOR. There were 22 cross-sectional studies published in 2012-2022 that met the inclusion criteria. Analysis was performed with RevMan 5.3.Results: A meta-analysis was conducted on 22 articles with a cross-sectional study design originating from Indonesia, Ghana, Arab Emirates, Texas, Ethiopia, Uganda, Botswana, Congo, Bahir Dar, North Western, Toronto, Zambia, Cameroon and Tanzania involving 91,031 ages 6-64 years. The results of the meta-analysis showed that someone with low physical activity had a risk of being overweight or obese 1.35 times compared to high physical activity (aOR= 1.35; 95% CI= 1.09 to 1.68; p<0.001), someone with high consumption of vegetables and fruit have a risk of experiencing overweight or obesity 1.40 times compared to high consumption of vegetables and fruits (aOR= 1.40; 95%CI= 0.94 to 2.08; p<0.001), and someone with high alcohol has a risk of experiencing overweight or obesity 1.47 times compared low alcohol (aOR= 1.47; 95% CI= 1.31 to 1.65; p<0.001).Conclusion: Low vegetable and fruit consumption, high alcohol consumption and low physical activity can increase the risk of being overweight or obese.
Keywords: social support, self-efficacy, social cognitive theory, hypertension, medication adherence
Correspondence: Dena Tri Solehaini. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: [email protected]. Mobile: +6282329210977
Predictors of Positivity Yield among Index Contacts in Harare and Matabeleland South Provinces, Zimbabwe, 2022
Get PDFBackground: Zimbabwe’s Index Testing programme has failed to achieve targets since its inception in 2017. We determined the index testing implementation modalities to identify and recommend effective contact elicitation, tracking and testing modalities to enhance positivity yield.Subjects dan Method: This study conducted a cross-sectional study on 50 multistage selected health facilities. Dependent variables were all clients, (≥15 years) diagnosed with HIV in 2021, whilst independent variables were contact tracking. The study instrument of variable measure was cascade analysis to identify tracing modalities against yield. Quantitative data were summarized as proportions, odds ratios, and adjusted odds ratios at a 5% significance level.Results: Of 6,308 index cases identified, females constituted 53.9% (n=3,401 and 67.6% (n=4,265) were retests. Index testing was offered to 66.4% (n=4,190), accepted by 93.1% (n=3,899) and the elicitation rate was 1:1.3 (n=5,080). A positivity yield of 27.5% (n=1,736) was achieved from 78.6% (n= 3,991) contacts. Mixed method tracking yielded 46.7% (n=349) positivity from a testing rate of 99.5% (n=748) in an urban setup, with 41.4% (n=1,243) preferring health worker referrals. As high as 202 contacts were not tested following elicitation through client referrals. In a rural setup, client referrals accounted for 53.1%, (n=1,103) yet 122 of these were not tested. The highest positivity yield was obtained from health worker referrals at 65.6% (n=196). Being male (aOR=3.09; 95%CI= 2.74 to 3.49), first tester (aOR=1.65; 95%CI= 1.43 to 1.91), anonymous tracking (aOR=8.46; 95%CI:3.37 to 22.75) and testing contacts within 7 days of elicitation (aOR=2.78; 95%CI=2.44 to 3.18) were identified as high predictors of positivity yield among index contacts.Conclusion: The identified high positivity yield among men, first-time testers and contacts tested within 7 days of elicitation may inform index testing focussing to improve program performance. Implementation fidelity and differentiated contact referrals were recommended to mitigate attritions at each stage of the index cascade to yield the best results on index contact tracing and testing.
Keywords: targeted testing, HIV testing services, index contact tracing and testing, index testing cascade
Correspondence:Hamufare Dumisani Mugauri. Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Primary Healthcare Sciences, New Health Sciences Building, Parirenyatwa Complex, Mazowe Road, Harare, Zimbabwe. Email: [email protected]. Mobile: +263772314894