Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (JEPH)
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Effect of Dapagliflozin in Lowering Risk of Heart Failure Severity: Meta-Analysis
Full text linkBackground: Heart failure is a progressive health problem with high mortality and morbidity rates in developed as well as developing countries including Indonesia. Dapagliflozin is one of the oral antidiabetic medicines of the class of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, used in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DMT2). Unlike other oral anti-diabetes that work to stimulate insulin secretion or increase insulin sensitivity, dapagliflozin works in the kidneys by competitively inhibiting the SGLT2 protein reversibly which serves in glucose reabsorption in the glomerulus thereby lowering blood sugar levels in T2DM patients. This study aimed to determine the estimated effect of dapagliflozin on the severity of heart failure patients.Subjects and Method: This study was a systematic review and meta-analysis with PICO. Population= Heart failure patients over 18 years old. Intervention= administration of dapagliflozin. Comparison= Placebo. Outcome= severity of Heart Failure. The articles used PRISMA flowchart guidelines. The article search process was conducted from 2019 to 2022 using databases from PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus with the search keywords Dapagliflozin, Heart Failure, and Placebo. The analysis was performed using RevMan 5.4 software.Results: A total of 8 articles from across 2 continents, America and Asia, reviewed in the meta-analysis, showed that administering Dapagliflozin could reduce the risk of heart failure severity by 0.99 units compared to without dapagliflozin, however, it was statistically insignificant (OR= 0.99; 95% CI= 0.92 to 1.06; p= 0.710).Conclusion: The administration of Dapagliflozin lowers the risk of heart failure severity and is statistically significant.
Keywords: dapagliflozin, heart failure, placebo
Correspondence: Andreza. Universitas Hasanuddin. Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan No.KM.10, Tamalanrea Indah, Kec. Tamalanrea, Makasar City, South Sulawesi. Email: [email protected]. Mobile: +625299015320
Effect of Vitamin D Deficiency on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis
Full text linkBackground: Gestational diabetes mellitus increases the risk of a number of short-term and long-term health problems in both mother and baby. Some evidence states that one of the causes of gestational diabetes mellitus is vitamin D deficiency. This study aimed to estimate the magnitude of the influence of vitamin D deficiency on the incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus, through a meta-analysis of previous primary studies.
Subjects and Method: This was a systematic review and meta-analysis with the following PICO, population: pregnant women, intervention: vitamin D deficiency, comparison: no vitamin D deficiency, outcome: gestational diabetes mellitus. The articles used in this study were obtained from four databases, namely PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and Springer Link, using the search keys "Vitamin D Deficiency"[Mesh] OR “Vitamin D Deficiency”[tw] AND "Diabetes, Gestational" [Mesh] OR “Gestational Diabetes Mellitus”[tw] OR “Gestational Diabetes”[tw]. The included article is a full-text cohort study design from 2018 to 2022 and reports the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) in a multivariate analysis. The selection of articles is done using PRISMA flow diagrams. Articles were analyzed using the Review Manager 5.3 application.
Results: A total of 9 cohort studies involving 42,972 pregnant women from the continents of Asia, Australia and Europe were used in the meta-analysis. Pregnant women with vitamin D deficiency had a risk of gestational diabetes mellitus 1.87 times compared to those without vitamin D deficiency (aOR= 1.87; 95% CI= 1.27 to 2.75; p= 0.002).
Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of developing gestational diabetes mellitus.
Keywords: vitamin D deficiency, gestational diabetes mellitus, pregnancy
Correspondence:Dian Handayani. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: [email protected]. Mobile: +6285876686231
Determinants of Duration of the First Birth Interval Using the Semi-parametric Survival Model in Uttar Pradesh, India: Evidence from NFHS
Full text linkBackground: First birth is an important phenomenon in women life. It not only affects the duration of the rest of birth intervals but also affects the reproductive pattern of women. The study aims to explore the determinants of the duration of the first birth interval.Subjects dan Method: The cross-sectional study data of 33,275 women married between the years 2005-2021 aged (15-49) years from Uttar Pradesh, were selected from NFHS-5 data. The NFHS-5 sample is a stratified two-stage sample. Socio-demographic, socio-economic and cultural factors were taken as independent variables. The dependent variable was the first birth interval variable. Data analysis was performed on SPSS version 23 software and R Programming language for graphical representation. Cox proportional hazard models were applied for analysis.Results: The mean age of women at first marriage was 19.4; SD=3.26 years and the mean age of women at first birth was 21.39; SD=3.24 years. The median duration of the first birth interval was22 months with an IQR of 14 until 32 months. Cox hazard proportional analysis revealed that religion, residence, (ever) fetal loss, age at first birth, heard family planning, and women or husband education were found to be statistically significant factors associated with the duration of the first birth interval (p<0.001).Conclusion: There is a need to change the mindset of people towards the concept of the use of family planning methods to increase the length of the birth interval, regardless of various factors. This would help to increase the duration of the birth interval, improve the health of women and children, as well as help reduce population growth.
Keywords: Uttar Pradesh, birth interval, semi-parametric, cox model, hazard plot.
Correspondence:Jai Kishun, Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences. Lucknow – 226014, India; email: [email protected]
Observation Study among Cured Cases of Pulmonary Tuberculosis: A Long-Term Study under the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program
Full text linkBackground: Tuberculosis is one of the leading causes of mortality in India. The Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program (RNTCP) is a robust public health system to deal with Tuberculosis (TB) in India. Unless the treated patient comes back to the system with signs and symptoms of TB due to relapse or reinfection, there is no mechanism of follow-up or any method to know the relapse rate in the population. This study aimed to analysed trends in relapse tuberculosis cases and describe their associations with socio-demographic and clinical factors.Subjects dan Method: In this prospective cohort study, 750 selected sample size who were declared “Cured” in four randomly selected TB units of Gwalior district were followed up for 1–5 years through home visits by trained staff with structured data collection forms. Data Collection was done between January 2022 to June 2022 and afterwards analyzed using Microsoft excel spreadsheet.Results: The mean age of the index cases was Mean= 30.53; SD= 14.24 years, and there were 39 females and 64 males. At early stage (1-to-2-year posttreatment follow-up of 248 index cases) 199 (80.2%) were healthy and working without any symptoms of TB. Symptoms of TB were present in 49 (19.8%) cases. The after 2-year posttreatment TB Symptoms were present in 54 (19.3%) cases.Conclusion: Long-term follow-up of cured, new smear-positive TB cases reinforce the effectiveness of anti-TB treatment under the RNTCP as assessed by improved health outcomes in more than two-thirds of cases and posttreatment survival of 80.72% of index cases. Further investigation needed to continue such follow-up for all TB cases treated under the RNTCP for effective end-TB strategy.
Keywords: tuberculosis treatment, follow-up, relapses, RNTCP
Correspondence: Ramniwas Mahore. Department Of Community Medicine. G R Medical College Gwalior 474009 Madhya Pradesh, India. Email: [email protected]. Mobile: 9425334365
Factors Associated with Prevalence of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder among Nurses Working in COVID-19 Isolation Centres, Lagos, Nigeria
Full text linkBackground: Nurses are at increased risk of developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) due to response of the body and mind to a threatening working environment as they care for COVID-19 patients in isolation centres. This study determined the prevalence of PTSD and examined the associated factors among nurses working in COVID-19 isolation centres.Subjects dan Method: The study was a cross-sectional design. Purposive method was used to select two isolation centres, while 75 nurses who participated in the study were selected using total enumeration sampling technique. A structured questionnaire with validity and reliability established was used to collect data which were screened, collated and analyzed with SPSS 27. The Fisher’s Exact Test and Multivariate logistic regressions were the inferential statistics used to test the level of significant at p<0.050 and 95% confidence interval. The dependent variable of this study is posttraumatic stress disorder while the independent variables included socio-demographic characteristics of the participants, psychological and working conditions factors.Results: The mean age of the participants was (Mean=37.60; SD=10.20). Percentage of nurses having mild to severe PTSD was 27.8%. Duration stayed in COVID-19 isolation centres by nurses was significantly associated with the PTSD (p=0.003). The age, gender, marital status, and education level of the nurses were not statistically significant associated with the PTSD (p>0.05). Nurses who felt their life was under threat by working in COVID-19 isolation centres were 4.2 times more likely to develop PTSD compared to nurses who did not (OR=4.22, 95% CI=3.57 to 12.60, p=0.001).Conclusion: Nurses suffered PTSD due to psychological and physical exhaustion during the care of COVID-19 patients in isolation centres. Support program is recommended for the affected nurses to improve their quality of life.
Keywords: COVID-19 isolation centres, nurses, PTSD, prevalence
Correspondence: Tajudeen Olusegun Rasheed. Department of Health, Safety and Environment Studies, Training and Research Institute, Economic and Financial Crimes Commission, Academy, Karu, Abuja, Nigeria. Email: [email protected]. Mobile: +2348038007373
Prevalence of Hand Hygiene and Its Risk to Hand Eczema: A Meta-Analysis
Full text linkBackground: Hand eczema is an inflammation of the skin that is limited to the hands and/or wrists. Since the pandemic began, washing hands is one of the actions that can be taken as an effort to prevent the spread of COVID-19. With the increasing frequency of hand washing by health workers during the pandemic, it is important to evaluate the risk of developing hand eczema in health personnel.Subjects and Method: Meta-analysis was carried out according to the PRISMA flow chart and the PICO model (Population: health workers, Intervention: high frequency of hand washing, Comparison: low frequency of hand washing, Outcome: Hand eczema). The databases used are Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Proquest, and Science Direct. Keywords used (hand hygiene) OR (frequency hand washing) AND (hand eczema). There were 17 cross-sectional studies published in 2018 to 2022 that met the inclusion criteria. Analysis was performed with Revman 5.3. Results: A meta-analysis was performed on 17 cross-sectional studies from China, Turkey, India, Thailand, Denmark, Sweden, Bulgaria and Ethiopia. The total sample size is 31,154. A meta-analysis of 10 cross-sectional studies concluded that hand hygiene with a frequency of 8 to 10 times per day has a 1.46 times the risk of having hand eczema compared to hand hygiene with a frequency of <8 times per day (aOR=1.46; 95% CI 1.46 to 1.80; p<0.001). A meta-analysis of 10 cross-sectional studies concluded that hand hygiene with a frequency of 15 to 20 times per day has a 1.58 times the risk of experiencing hand hygiene compared to a frequency of <15 times per day (aOR=1.58; 95% CI 1.43 to 1.74; p<0.001).Conclusion: The higher the frequency of hand hygiene, the higher the risk of hand eczema.
Keywords: hand hygiene, risk of hand eczema, health personnel
Correspondence:Lely Tri Pangesti. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Jawa Tengah. Email: [email protected]. Telepon: 082223360202
COVID-19 Impact on the Lives of Diverse Populations: A Descriptive and Analytical Cross-Sectional Study
Full text linkBackground: SARS-CoV-2 is a highly pathogenic and transmissible respiratory virus that causes the COVID-19 disease, that has affected both our physical and mental health leaving scarring lesions on both. Our objective was to assess the impact of this virus on the social behavioral status of individuals and the acceptance of its impact.Subjects dan Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted from June 2021 to September 2021, using a questionnaire to collect data from random international study participants. Descriptive and statistical analysis were run on SPSS Statistics with a p-value <0.050.Results: Results obtained found that most of the participants (78.3%) followed the procedures to prevent the infection, few (25.8%) of the them have been infected or have at least confirmed the infection with COVID-19 tests, but also few of these partakers (40.4%) have been vaccinated.Conclusion: The pandemic and its surrounding rumors about the virus or COVID-19 vaccines never fail to affect day-to-day life. The disease and its post-complications had/still surround many enigmas for our physical and mental health and the return to normal would be even harder.
Keywords: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Impact, Pandemic, Survey.
Correspondence: Ilyes Zatla. Laboratory of Microbiology applied to the Food industry, Biomedical and the Environment, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, Earth and Universe Sciences. Department of Biology. University of Tlemcen, Algeria. Email: [email protected]. Mobile: +213540315422
Meta-Analysis: Effects of Exposure to Tobacco Smoke and Malnutrition on the Risk of Pneumonia in Children
Full text linkBackground: Exposure to tobacco smoke (ETS) and poor nutritional status affect the risk of pneumonia in children. The purpose of this study was to analyze and estimate the effect of exposure to tobacco smoke and nutritional status in children on the risk of pneumonia.
Subjects and Method: The meta-analysis was carried out using the PRISMA flowchart and the PICO model. Population: children under five. Intervention: exposure to tobacco smoke and poor nutritional status. Comparison: no exposure to tobacco smoke and no malnutrition status. Outcome: Pneumonia. The online databases used are Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scient Direct with the keywords “Pneumonia” AND “Exposure to tobacco smoke” AND “Poor nutritional status” AND “Children under five years” AND “Multivariate” AND “Cross-sectional”. The inclusion criteria were full-text, cross-sectional study, and published in English. The data were analyzed by RevMan 5.3.
Results: A meta-analysis included 14 cross-sectional studies from Hong Kong, Nepal, Mongolia, Morocco, Uganda, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Egypt, and China. The total sample was 52,863 children under five. The results of the meta-analysis showed that exposure to tobacco smoke was 2.08 times more at risk of developing pneumonia than children under five who were not exposed (aOR=2.08; Cl 95%=1.30 to 3.32; p= 0.002). The presence of poor nutritional status is 2.00 times more at risk of experiencing pneumonia than children under five with no malnutrition status. (aOR=2.00; 95% Cl=1.31 to 3.06; p= 0.001).
Conclusion: Exposure to tobacco smoke and poor nutritional status in toddlers can increase the risk of pneumonia.
Keywords: exposure to tobacco smoke, poor nutritional status, children under five years pneumonia.
Correspondence:Atika Dwi Minawati. Master’s Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia. Email: [email protected]. Mobile: +625212613303
Effects of Overweight and Obesity on Hypertension in Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis
Full text linkBackground: Hypertension is currently starting to show a trend in prevalence that continues to increase at a younger age and is a major cause of premature death in the world. In adolescents, hypertension is more common who are overweight or obese. This study aims to examine the effect of overweight and obesity on the incidence of hypertension in adolescents using a meta-analysis.Subjects and Method: Meta-analysis was carried out using the PRISMA flow chart and the PICO model. Population: adolescents aged 10 to 19 years. Intervention: overweight and obesity. Comparison: normoweight. Outcome: hypertension). The databases used are PubMed, Science Direct, Springer Link, and Google Scholar with the keywords (hypertension OR "High Blood Pressure") AND "BMI Status" AND (adolescent OR teenager) AND "cross sectional". There were 9 cross-sectional studies published in 2012-2022 with odds ratio (OR) effect size that met the inclusion criteria. Analysis was performed with RevMan 5.3.Results: A meta-analysis was conducted on 9 articles with a cross-sectional study design originating from China, South Korea, India, Turkey, Tunisia, Lithuania and Poland involving 63,239 adolescents aged 10-19 years. The results of the meta-analysis showed that overweight adolescents were 2.44 times more likely to experience hypertension compared to normal weight adolescents (aOR= 2.44; 95%CI= 1.87 to 3.19; p<0.001), and obese adolescents were more likely to experience hypertension 4.53 times compared with normal weight adolescents (aOR= 4.53; 95% CI= 3.10 to 6.61; p<0.001).Conclusion: Being overweight and obese can increase the risk of developing hypertension in adolescents.
Keywords: overweight, obesity, hypertension, adolescents, meta-analysis
Correspondence: Nurussyifa Afiana Zaen. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: [email protected]. Mobile: +6287723131415
Vaccination in the Time Of COVID-19: Survey Study at the University of Tlemcen in the Spring of 2022
Full text linkBackground: The novel human coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 causing COVID-19 with symptoms ranging from the common cold to pneumonia, has been responsible for the current health crisis, it has spread rapidly at record speed leaving many deaths of different ages and different ethnicities, and in order to stop this propagation, scientists rushed to create several efficient vaccines against this virus, and despite being marketed in all countries of the world, opinions diverged between supporters and opponents. This prompted us to carry out this survey study on vaccination against COVID-19 at the University of Tlemcen, with the aim of exploring the perceptions and opinions of participants on vaccination and vaccines in general.
Subjects dan Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted over a two months period, using a questionnaire to collect data from Teachers and Students of the University of Tlemcen with a 382 calculated sample size, the survey was shared via email and social media networks. Variables of interest included exposure to the pathogen, the laboratory testing results, effectiveness and adherence to the preventive measures, while also monitoring the vaccine acceptance and hesitancy. Descriptive and statistical analysis were run on SPSS Statistics with a p-value <0.050.
Results: The majority of respondents for this study belonged to young people of the female gender (37.4%), despite the latter, men were the most vaccinated (53.4%), fortunately, most of them also acknowledge the association between prevention and vaccination (94.6%).
Conclusion: Vaccine reluctance is a huge problem in the face of a pandemic that is not yet over. Even with the availability of vaccines and vaccination campaigns, unexplained fear due to rumors and conspiracy theories on social media still wins over the public about the safety of these vaccines.
Keywords: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, investigation, vaccination, University of Tlemcen.
Correspondence:Ilyes Zatla. Laboratory of Microbiology applied to the Food industry, Biomedical and the Environment, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, Earth and Universe Sciences. Department of Biology. University of Tlemcen, Algeria. E-mail: [email protected]. Mobile: +213540315422