Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (JEPH)
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Is Social Capital Associated with Hypertension in Adults Visiting Integrated Health Posts for the Elderly?
Full text linkBackground: Social capital has been shown to play an important role in influencing an individual's health, including the incidence of hypertension in adulthood. Adults with hypertension who usually receive services at elderly posyandu with high strata are less likely to develop hypertension than posyandu with low strata. This study aims to determine the relationship between social capital and hypertension in adults in elderly posyandu.Subjects and Method: This study is an observational analytical study with a cross-sectional approach conducted in 25 Posyandu Elderly from May 2024 to July 2024 A total of 200 adult research subjects were selected using stratified random sampling and simple random sampling. The independent variable in this study is social capital and the dependent variable is hypertension. Data collection was carried out using a questionnaire. The analysis test in this study is a multilevel model double logistic regression analysis test conducted using the STATA 13 model.Results: Each increase in one unit of the social capital score will be followed by a decrease in systolic blood pressure of 0.94 mmHg (b= -0.94; 95% CI = -1.48 to -0.40; p= 0.001) and a decrease in systolic blood pressure of 0.32 mmHg (b= -0.32; 95% CI = -0.56 to -0.08; p= 0.008). Each one-year increase in age will be followed by an increase in systolic blood pressure of 0.43 mmHg (b = 0.43; 95% CI = 0.16 to 0.70; p = 0.002) and an increase in diastolic blood pressure of 0.14 mmHg (b = 0.02; 95% CI = 0.26 to 0.70; p = 0.018). There was no difference in systolic blood pressure between men and women (b= -2.84; 95% CI = -8.04 to 2.36; p= 0.284).Conclusion: Individuals who have good social capital lower the risk of hypertension. Increasing age and gender of women increases the risk of hypertension
Multilevel Analysis of Factors Affecting Depression Risk among the Elderly: Loneliness, Living Status, Physical Activity, Age, Gender, and Education
Full text linkBackground: There is still a high prevalence of depression in the elderly which is affected by loneliness, low physical activity, gender, last education, and residence status. Elderly people who live alone or have lost a life partner are more prone to depression. Although family support and public health services such as Posyandu are expected to protect against the risk of depression, there have not been many studies that have examined in depth the influence of Posyandu as a contextual factor in reducing the risk of depression in the elderly. This study aims to analyze the influence of these factors and the role of Posyandu in reducing the risk of depression.Subjects and Method: This study used a cross-sectional design conducted in 25 Posyandu Elderly in Grogol District, Sukoharjo Regency from August to September 2024. A total of 204 elderly respon-dents aged 60 years and above were selected using Stratified Random Sampling. The dependent variable in this study was depression collected using the PHQ-9 questionnaire, and loneliness was assessed by the UCLA Loneliness Scale. Other independent variables such as physical activity, gender, education, and life status were collected through structured interviews. Multilevel linear regression analysis is used to analyze the relationship between these factors and the risk of depression, taking into account the individual and contextual levels (Posyandu).Results: The average age of the respondents was 66.27 years old (Mean = 66.26, SD = 5.16), with 79.41% of them being female. Loneliness was significantly associated with an increased risk of depression (b= 0.05; CI 95%= 0.07 to 0.10; p=0.024), while living with family reduces the risk of depression (b= -6.33; CI 95%= -8.26 to -4.40; p<0.001). Physical activity did not show a significant association with depression. Gender, education level, and age are also not significant predictors of depression. Contextual speaking, posyandu has no effect as a contextual variable on the variable of depression in the Grogol sub-district (ICC=2.64%).Conclusion: Loneliness is a significant risk factor for depression in the elderly while living with family also reduces the risk of depression in the elderly
Effects of Social Network, Social Trust, and Social Participation on Depression: A Meta-Analysis
Full text linkBackground: An estimated 3.8% of the population is depressed, including 5% of adults (4% in men and 6% in women), and 5.7% of adults over the age of 60. Around 280 million people in the world are depressed (World Health Organization, 2023). Depression not only impairs functional abilities, lowers the quality of life, and increases the mortality rate of the elderly, but also poses a heavy economic burden on the elderly themselves, the community, and the health care system. This study aims to determine the effects of social network, social trust, and social participation on depression.Subjects and Method: The meta-analysis study was carried out according to the PRISMA flowchart and the PICO model. Population: adults. Intervention: high social network, high social trust, and high social participation. Comparison: low social network, low social trust, and low social participation. Outcome: Depression. The basic data used involves Google Scholar, PubMed, BMC, Science-Direct, and Springer Link. Multivariate analysis criteria that attach aOR values. Data analysis using the Review Manager 5.3 application.Results: Seven primary studies were used to analyze trust with depression. Adults with high trust may lower depression 0.80 times compared with low trust (OR= 0.80; 95% CI = 0.76 to 0.83); p<0.001). Five primary studies were used to analyze social participants with depression. Adults with high social participation may reduce depression by 0.81 times compared to low social participants (OR= 0.81; 95% CI= 0.75 to 0.88; p<0.001). Four primary studies were used to analyze social networks with depression. Adults with high social networks may reduce depression by 0.62 times compared with low social networks (OR= 0.62; 95% CI= 0.57 to 0.68; p<0.001).Conclusion: Social networks, social trust, and social participation reduce depression in adults
Factors Affecting Mortality in People Living with HIV with Antiretroviral Therapy: A Meta-Analysis
Full text linkBackground: TB is the leading cause of death among people living with HIV. In 2020, an estimated 214,000 people living with HIV died from TB. People with AIDS have a severely damaged immune system. They are increasingly suffering from severe diseases, called opportunistic infections (OI). This study aims to analyze and estimate the influence of gender, TB Coinfection, Opportunistic Infection on mortality in ODHIV with Antiretroviral Therapy.Subjects and Method: Systematic review and meta-analysis using PRISMA flowchart and the PICO model. Population: ODHIV with ART. Intervention: Women, Co-infected TB, Opportunistic Infections. Comparison: Male, no co-infected TB, no Opportunistic Infection. Outcome: Mortality Article search using Google Scholar, PubMed and Science Direct databases. The keywods used include "HAART" or "HIV" or "HIV/AIDS" and "Gender" and "TB Coinfections" or "TB" and "Opportunistic Infections" and "Mortality" and "Antiretroviral Treatment". The 17 included articles are fulltext in English with a cohort design study from 2008 to 2023 and report on the Hazard Ratio in a multivariate analysis. Data analysis using the RevMan 5.3 application.Results: A total of 17 cohort studies involving 23,651 research subjects from Vietnam, China, Japan, Ethiopia, and South Africa. The data collected showed that female ODHIV had a mortality risk of 0.7 times compared to male ODHIV (aHR= 0.70; CI 95%=0.60 to 0.79; p<0.001). In ODHIV with coinfected TB has a mortality risk of 1.86 times compared to ODHIV without coinfected TB (aHR= 1.89; CI 95%=1.36 to 2.61; p<0.001). ODHIV with Opportunistic Infection has a 1.90-fold risk of mortality compared to ODHIV without Opportunistic Infection (aHR= 1.90; CI 95%=1.50 to 2.42; p<0.001).Conclusion: Female gender decreases the risk of mortality, while TB coinfection and Opportunistic infection increase the risk of mortality in ODHIV with Antiretroviral Therapy
Meta-Analysis: Effects of Smoking, Alcohol Consumption, and Low Physical Activity on Osteoporosis in Adults
Full text linkBackground: Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease characterized by low mineral bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue. This study aims to analyze the effect of smoking, alcohol consumption, and low physical activity on osteoporosis in adults.Subjects and Method: This was a meta-analysis study using the PICO format. Population: Adults, Intervention: Smoking, Alcohol Consumption, Low Physical Activity, Comparison: No Smoking, No Alcohol Consumption, High Physical Activity, Outcome: Osteoporosis. Articles were searched using online databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct. The search for articles using the keywords "Smoking" OR "Tobacco" AND "Alcohol consumption" OR "Drinking" AND "Physical activity" OR "Exercise" AND "Osteoporosis" OR "Bone mineral density" AND "Cross-sectional". The inclusion criteria for articles used were articles published in 2013-2023. Articles were filtered using PRISMA flow diagrams and analysis was conducted using RevMan 5.4.Results: The meta-analysis used 15 articles with cross-sectional studies from Ireland, Nepal, Taiwan, South Korea, China, Iran, America, Brazil, India, Congo, and Thailand with a total sample of 111,478 samples. The risk of osteoporosis increased with smoking (aOR= 1.49; CI 95%= 1.04 to 2.16; p= 0.030), alcohol consumption (aOR= 1.04; CI 95%= 0.84 to 1.30; p = 0.690), and low physical activity (aOR= 1.17; CI 95%= 0.92 to 1.48; p= 0.210).Conclusion: Smoking, alcohol consumption, and low physical activity increase the risk of osteoporosis in adults.
Keywords: smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, osteoporosis
Effects of Hypertension, Diabetes Mellitus, and Gender on Post Stroke Cognitive Impairment: Meta-Analysis
Full text linkBackground: Post-stroke cognitive impairment is a serious problem that is often faced by indivi-duals who have experienced a stroke. This study aims to determine and estimate the effects of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and gender on post-stroke cognitive impairment through meta-analysis of primary research conducted by previous researchers.Subjects and Method: This was a meta-analysis study using the PICO model which includes; P: post-stroke patients. I: hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and women. C: normotensive, without diabetes mellitus, and men. O: post-stroke cognitive impairment. A systematic search for primary studies was carried out in the PubMed database which was published from 2014 to 2023. The keywords used to search for primary studies were "Hypertension" AND "Diabetes Mellitus" AND "Post Stroke Cognitive Impairment". The inclusion criteria for the articles searched were primary studies with cross-sectional and cohort studies from 2014-2023 and reporting aOR values. Primary studies were selected using the PRISMA diagram and relevant primary studies were analyzed using Review Manager 5.3.Results: There were 18 primary studies with cross-sectional and cohort study designs. The total sample obtained through a systematic review and meta-analysis was 9,103 post-stroke patients from France, China, Singapore, the Netherlands, Egypt, Ethiopia, and Uganda. The results of the analysis showed that hypertension increased the risk 1.56 times (aOR= 1.56; 95% CI= 1.11 to 2.19; p= 0.010) and diabetes mellitus increased the risk 1.58 times (aOR= 1.58; 95% CI= 1.23 to 2.05; p< 0.001) post-stroke cognitive impairment compared to people without hypertension and diabetes. Meanwhile, the female gender increases the risk of post-stroke cognitive impairment by 1.28 times (aOR= 1.28; 95% CI=1.16 to 1.42; p<0.001). The data is statistically significant.Conclusion: hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and female gender increase the risk of post-stroke cognitive impairment.
Keywords: Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, women, post-stroke cognitive disorder
Effect Of Coffee Drinking Habit to Blood Pressure and Hemoglobin Levels on Women of Childbearing Age
Full text linkBackground: Tenggerese people, especially women, have a habit of drinking coffee, and it has become a daily habit. Coffee is often associated with risk factors for diseases in the community such as anemia and hypertension. This study aims to determine the effect of coffee drinking quantity (1-2 cups, 3-4 cups, and ≥ 5 cups of coffee per day) on hemoglobin levels and blood pressure.
Subjects and Method: A quantitative study with a cross-sectional study design was done. This study population was women of reproductive age (15 to 49 years) in Ngadipuro Hamlet, Tengger, East Java, Indonesia. The independent variable of this study is the of daily coffee drinking per cup and the dependent variable of this study is the hemoglobin levels in women of childbearing age. The study instrument used was a questionnaire to screen for those who were a daily coffee drinker and a blood hemoglobin rapid test kit was used to measure the level of hemoglobin.The number of samples in this study was 193 respondents which was chosen using the random sampling technique. Analysis of the quantity of coffee drinking on hemoglobin levels by the Annova test while on blood pressure by the Kruskal Wallis test through SPSS software.
Results: The result showed that the quantity of coffee per day on hemoglobin levels had a significance p<0.001. While the quantity of coffee per day on blood pressure had a significance p=0.361.
Conclusion: It can be concluded that drinking 1-2 cups of coffee, 3-4 cups, and ≥ 5 cups of coffee daily simultaneously affects hemoglobin levels. In this case, the more quantity of coffee per day, the lower the hemoglobin level. However, the quantity of coffee had no significant effect on blood pressure.
The Effect of Yoga Exercise on Reducing Blood Pressure among Elderly with Hypertension
Full text linkBackground: Hypertension is a silent killer with no symptoms. One of the non-pharmacological treatments used is yoga exercises. This study aims to determine yoga exercise on reducing blood pressure among elderly with hypertension.Subjects and Method: This study is a one-group pre and post-test conducted at the Tohudan Colomadu Karanganyar Elderly Posyandu from March to April 2024. A total of 19 elderly people aged 50 to 70 years were selected using purposive sampling. The dependent variable in this study was a decrease in blood pressure. The independent variable in this study was yoga gymnastics. The study was conducted by measuring blood pressure before and after yoga exercises using a sphygmomanometer. The collected blood pressure data was analyzed using SPSS.Results: Average systolic blood clearance (Mean= 148.53; SD=6.62) and diastolic blood pressure (Mean= 93.26; SD= 2.05) before the intervention was higher than systolic blood pressure (Mean= 141.53; SD= 7.32) and diastolic blood pressure (Mean= 87.37; SD=2.29) after the intervention, and the results were statistically significant (p=<0.001).Conclusion: Systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure before intervention were higher than systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure after intervention
The Effect of Sleep Disorders on Anxiety and Depression in Health Workers: A Meta-Analysis
Full text linkBackground: Sleep disorders are a clinical condition when a person frequently experiences problems or decreased sleep quality that can lead to anxiety and depression. The purpose of this meta-analysis is to estimate and analyze the magnitude of the influence of sleep disorders on anxiety and depression in health workers based on the results of previous similar primary studies.Subjects and Method: Meta-analysis was performed on a primary study with a cross-sectional design. The research with the PICO format is as follows. Q: Health workers. I: Sleep disturbances < 8 hours per day; C: No sleep disturbances (Enough sleep > 8 hours per day). O: Anxiety and depression. The meta-analysis study was conducted by searching for articles from databases in electronic form using Google schoolar and Pubmed. This study was conducted by researchers in November 2023 by searching and selecting research data online conducted by previous primary data researchers in Pubmed and google scholar with a research period of 2016-2023. The keywords used in the primary data search were "Mental health" OR "Anxiety" OR "Depression" AND "Sleep disturbance" AND "Health worker" OR "Healthcare". The inclusion criteria for this study are complete articles using Cross-sectional research, published years from 2013-2023. The analysis of the articles in this study uses RevMan 5.3 software.Results: The meta-analysis in this study included 7 cross-sectional studies from Hong Kong, China, Bangladesh, Saudi Arabia, the United States, and Turkey. The total sample size is 5,267 samples. The risk of anxiety caused by sleep disturbances in health workers was 1.6 times compared to health workers who did not experience sleep disturbances (aOR=1.67; CI 95%=1.05 to 2.45; p= 0.030). the risk of depression caused by sleep disturbances in health workers was 1.32 times compared to health workers who did not experience sleep disturbances (aOR=1.32; CI 95%=0.81 to 2.15; p= 0.270).Conclusion: Sleep disorders increase the risk of anxiety and depression in health workers
Mental Illness Among Women Attending A National Mental Health Referral Center in Kenya: Unpacking Predisposing Factors and Interventions
Full text linkBackground: Mental illness is an escalating global public health menace that affects women disproportionately. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and factors contributing to mental illness among Kenyan women alongside the interventions explored to manage the conditions.Subjects and Method: This was a mixed-method study comprising retrospective case series analysis of 285 inpatient records of women seeking mental health services at a national referral center in Nairobi, Kenya, and key informant interviews involving mental health service providers, from January 2022 to June 2022. The Variables of this study were sociodemographic data. Information was collected on socioeconomic factors, mental illness profiles, and mental illness interventions. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 23 and thematic analysis.Results: Bipolar mood disorder (42%), schizophrenia (33%), and psychosis (25%) were the most prevalent mental conditions. While strained relationships (38%), financial challenges (35%), death of a loved one (29%), and substance abuse (27%) frequently contributed to mental illness, psychotherapy, and psychoeducation were pivotal in patient management. Poor government funding hindered in-service training initiatives as well as training and recruitment of community health workers, contributing to the unavailability of free counseling services. Despite these hurdles, the hospital explored alternative means to ensure access to mental healthcare including offering admission fees waivers, implementing repatriation programs, and subsidizing the costs of medications for psychotic patients.Conclusion: This study highlights the complex factors affecting women’s mental health in Kenya and rallies for increased support towards holistic mental healthcare interventions for this vulnerable population. Improving mental health literacy to reduce stigma associated with mental illness, and addressing financial, as well as hospital-related administrative barriers, can enhance access to mental health care