Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (JEPH)
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Meta-Analysis the Effect of Protected Well and Measles Vaccination on Stunting in Children Under Five
No full textBackground: Stunting is a condition where children's growth fails (body and brain growth) due to malnutrition for a long time. The incidence of stunting in toddlers needs special attention because it can hinder children's physical and mental development. This study aims to analyze and estimate the effect of protected wells and the measles vaccine on the incidence of stunting in children under five, with a meta-analysis based on primary studies conducted previously.Subjects and Method: Meta-analysis was carried out in PICO format. Population: Children under five. Intervention: Protected Wells and Measles vaccine status. Comparison: Unprotected Well and Status not vaccinated against measles. Outcome: Stunting incidence. Article searches were carried out using several databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, and Springerlink. The keywords used are "Protected well" AND Measles vaccine" AND "Stunting in toddlers". Inclusion criteria for the included articles were full-text articles with a cross-sectional design from 2015 to 2023. This study was conducted following PRISMA flow diagram guidelines. Data was analyzed using the Review Manager 5.3 application.Results: 12 cross-sectional studies from Asia and Africa were selected for meta-analysis. the total sample was 48,128 toddlers. Protected well (aOR= 0.86; 95% CI= 0.75 to 1.00; p= 0.040) and measles vaccine (aOR= 0.59; 95% CI= 0.27 to 1.29; p= 0.190) reduce the risk of stunting in children under five.Conclusion: Protected wells and administering the measles vaccine reduce the incidence of stunting in toddlers
Mental Health Screening for University Students in the Special Region of Yogyakarta
Full text linkBackground: Mental health disorders occur a lot among students. Failure to overcome mental health conditions during this period can have a serious impact on their academic condition even on their physical and mental health in adulthood. This study aims to screen mental health in students at Muhammadiyah and Aisyiyah Universities located in the Special Region of Yogyakarta.Subjects and Method: This was a cross-sectional study. A sample of 251 students of Muhammadiyah and Aisyiyah Universities in the Special Region of Yogyakarta were selected by accidental sampling. The study variable was emotional mental disorders which were measured using the Self Rating Questionnaire-20 instrument. Respondents who experienced more than seven symptoms were indicated to have a mental-emotional disorder and needed psychological help. The data were analyzed descriptively.Results: The screening results revealed that 104 students (41.43%) were experiencing mental and emotional disorders and required psychological assistance. In terms of the underlying factors of these disorders, 87.50% of students reported feeling easily fatigued (low energy), 70.19% had difficulty making decisions (cognitive), 52.88% felt unhappy (depression), 55.77% experienced abdominal discomfort (physiological), and 79.81% reported feeling nervous, tense, and worried (anxiety).Conclusion: it is recommended that schools provide accessible psychological counseling and implement stress management programs to help students cope with fatigue, anxiety, and decision-making difficultie
Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccine on Augmenting Antibody Level in People in the Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Full text linkBackground: Immunity against SARS-CoV-2 is needed to prevent infection so vaccines are indeed humanity's great hope as a weapon to control COVID-19. Seroprevalence data is needed using an antibody test that estimates the percentage of DIY residents who have antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination on enhancing antibody titers.Subjects and Method: This was a retrospective cohort study conducted in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, from 19 to 30 November 2021. The study population was people aged ≥1 year. A total of 563 study subjects was selected randomly. The dependent variable was the SARS-CoV-2 antibody titer level. The independent variables were COVID-19 vaccination status, gender, age, smoking, outdoor activities, and alcohol consumption. SARS-CoV-2 antibody level was measured using Roche's Elecsys anti-SARS-CoV-2. Other variables were collected using questionnaires. Data were analyzed using a multiple linear regression run on STATA 14.Results: The initial vaccination led to an elevation in -19 antibody titers, but it was statistically non-significant (b= 697.82; 95% CI= -720.90 to 1241.24; p= 0.603). The second vaccination resulted in a notable and statistically significant elevation of COVID-19 antibody titers (b= 1331.38; 95% CI= 802.30 to 1860.46; p <0.001).Conclusion: The second dose of the COVID-19 vaccination demonstrated significant effectiveness in boosting COVID-19 antibody titers.
Keywords: COVID-19, vaccination, antibod
Effect of Tertiary Preventive Behavior on HbA1c Level, Quality of Life, and Complication Risk in Diabetes Mellitus Patients
Full text linkBackground: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is a non-communicable disease which is a source of additional severity for other diseases. This study aims to determine the effect of tertiary preventive behavior on hba1c level, quality of life (QoL), and complication risk in diabetes mellitus patients.Subjects and Method: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in Sukoharjo, Central Java, Indonesia, from October to November 2023. A total sample of 200 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), registered in the Prolanis program, was selected through multistage random sampling. The independent variables were HbA1c levels, risk of complications, and QoL. The inde-pendent variable was tertiary preventive behavior. HbA1c levels were measured using spectrophotometer. QoL was measured using the WHOQOL questionnaire, and risk of complications using a questionnaire. Data were analyzed using the SEM model.Results: Tertiary prevention behavior significantly increased HbA1c level (b= 0.31; CI 95%= -0.45 to 0.15; p<0.001) and quality of life (b= 0.15; 95% CI= -0.15 to 0.38; p<0.001). Tertiary prevention behavior significantly reduced the risk of complications (b= -0.22; CI 95%= -0.42 to 0.02; p= 0.026). The goodness-of-fit values suggest that the structural equation model (SEM) is acceptable (p= 0.188; RMSEA=0.04; CFI=0.97, TLI=0.95; SRMR=0.05; CD= 0.07).Conclusion: Tertiary prevention behavior significantly increased HbA1c level and quality of life. Tertiary prevention behavior reduces the risk of complications in type 2 DM patients.
Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, HbA1c, complications, quality of lif
Village as Contextual Factors and Other Risk Factors Related with the Incidence of Clinical Tuberculosis in Children in Wonogiri, Central Java: A Multilevel Analysis
Full text linkBackground: Indonesia is in the second rank with the highest burden of tuberculosis (TB) in the world. Childhood is a period of rapid growth, the body still has a low immune system so it is susceptible to disease including tuberculosis in children which requires control efforts. This study aims to analyze the influence of risk factors and village contextual factors on the incidence of TB in children.Subjects and Method: Case-control study research was conducted in 82 villages in Wonogiri Regency, from November to December 2023. A sample of 200 children aged 0 to 4 years old was selected through fixed disease sampling. The dependent variable of this study was the incidence of TB in children. The independent variables in this study were stunting, contact history, exposure to cigarette smoke, home sanitation, gender, parental education, child age, parental income, BCG immunization status, and village contextual influences. Data on TB disease was obtained from the Tuberculosis Information System Application (SITB) at the Wonogiri District Health Service in 2023. Other data was collected through questionnaires. The data analysis was done through multilevel multiplelogistic regression.Results: The factors that increased the incidence of TB in children were stunting (OR= 10.94; CI 95%= 2.50 to 47.90; p= 0.001), contact history to TB (OR= 8.37; CI 95%= 1.60 to 43.83; p= 0.012), and exposure to cigarette smoke (OR= 7.36; CI 95%= 1.99 to 27.14; p= 0.003). The reducing factors were healthy sanitation (OR= 0.24; CI 95%= 0.08 to 0.78; p= 0.017), female children (OR= 0.40; CI 95%= 0.15 to 1.05; p= 0.062), and parents with ≥high school education (OR= 0.40; CI 95%= 0.15 to 1.05; p= 0.062). There was no relationship between age (OR= 0.93; CI 95%= 0.13 to 6.23; p= 0.940), parental income (OR= 1.14; CI 95%= 0.40 to 3.25; p= 0.807), and BCG immunization status (OR= 0.12; CI 95%= 0.00 to 105.98; p= 0.550). Village has a contextual influence on the incidence of clinical TB in children (ICC= 52.95%).Conclusion: The risk of clinical TB in children increased with stunting, a history of TB contact and exposure to cigarette smoke, it decreased with healthy home sanitation, female gender, parents with ≥high school education. There was no relationship between age, parental income, and BCG immunization status. The village has a contextual effect on the incidence of clinical TB in children
Effects of Condom Use, Anal Bleeding, and Group Sex on the Risk of HIV Infection in Men Who Have Sex: A Meta-Analysis
Full text linkBackground: Sexual transmission of HIV among men who have sex with men (MSM) continues to increase. There are several factors that affect the occurrence of HIV infection in Male Sex Addiction. In this study, we will discuss three factors, namely condom use, anal bleeding and sex group ownership. This study aims to analyze and estimate the strength of the relationship between the incidence of HIV infection and condom use, anal bleeding, and sex group ownership.Subjects and Method: A systematic review and meta-analysis study was conducted using the PICO model. Population: male sex male. Intervention: not using condoms, anal bleeding after sex, and having sex groups. Comparison: using a condom, no anal bleeding after sex, and no sex group. Outcome: HIV infection. The basic data used includes Google Scholar, Proquest, Scopus, PubMed, Zendy, ScienceDirect, BMC, Elsivier, and Springer Link. The inclusion criteria are full-text articles with a cross-sectional study design using multivariate and attaching aOR values and published 1996-2023. The Data analysis using the Review Manager 5.3 application.Results: This meta-analysis was carried out on seven cross-sectional studies originating from China, Tanzania, and Brazil. Total sample size=13,188 people. The risk of HIV infection in men who have sex with men increased with the use of no condoms (aOR= 1.35; CI 95%= 1.10 to 1.65; p= 0.004), there was anal bleeding after sex (aOR= 1.89; CI 95%= 1.53 to 2.34; p<0.001), and group sex (aOR= 2.30; CI 95%= 1.62 to 3.25); p<0.001).Conclusion: The risk of HIV infection in men who have sex with men increases by not using condoms, having anal bleeding after sex, and having group sex
Using Trends in Biometric Data to Predict Interest in Enrolling in an Employer-Sponsored National Diabetes Prevention Program Focusing on Diet and Exercise: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Full text linkBackground: Evidence-based lifestyle programs including the Diabetes Prevention Program can delay an individual’s risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Identifying which individuals are less likely to enroll in these programs and tailoring recruitment approaches to encourage participation among those with perceived barriers is an effective strategy to increase engagement in health promotion. This study aimed to identify the pre-enrollment differences in biometric trends between individuals with prediabetes who did and did not express interest in free worksite diabetes prevention programs.Subjects and Method: This retrospective cohort study was conducted among individuals in the Midwest enrolled in a private insurance plan from 2011 to 2014. Data was combined from annual biometric screenings and a health survey. Demographic characteristics were summarized for the study population (n=2,066). The dependent variable for this study was interest in the DPP, while the independent variables included body mass index, waist circumference, body weight, lipid measurements, and blood pressure. Linear mixed models with random intercepts were used to compare bio-metric trajectories for body mass index, waist circumference, body weight, lipid measurements (triglycerides and cholesterol), and blood pressure for the two groups.Results: No differences were observed in biometric trends for those who did and did not choose to enroll in the free worksite program.Conclusion: Examining pre-enrollment biometric trend data is a relatively novel approach to evaluating engagement in health programs. More research is needed to understand how this information can be used to identify an individual’s interest in enrolling in health programming
Identification and Antifungal Susceptibility Pattern of Candida Isolates Recovered from Urine and Blood Specimens from Patients Admitted in Wards of a Tertiary Care Hospital, North Delhi
Full text linkBackground: Candida species are responsible for various clinical infections ranging from mucocutaneous infection to life-threatening invasive diseases. Increased resistance to antifungal drugs during the last decade has become a serious concern. Therefore, identification of Candida up to species level and its antifungal susceptibility testing is very important in the management of Candida infections. This study aimed to identify these organisms and study their susceptibility patterns.Subjects and Method: A retrospective study was conducted over 9 months (July 2022 to March 2023) from urine and blood samples collected from 80 IPD patients admitted to various wards of Hindu Rao Hospital. The samples were selected based on their growth on blood agar. The variables of interest are the different species of Candida and susceptibility to antibiotics. Identification of Candida species was done by Gram stain, Germ tube formation test, color on HiCrome Candida agar medium, chlamydospore formation on corn meal agar, and VITEK 2 Compact System. The MICs were interpreted according to the CLSI guidelines 2022.Results: 47 and 33 of urine and blood cultures were positive for Candida species respectively. Most of the isolates were from the Paediatric ward (28.75%), followed by the Medicine ward (27.5%). The most common species was C. tropicalis (56.25%) followed by C. albicans (23.75%). Most species of Candida were sensitive to amphotericin B, fluconazole, voriconazole, caspofungin, micafungin, and flucytosine except Candida albicans which showed 100% resistance to amphotericin B and Candida krusei which showed 66% sensitivity to voriconazole and 33% to caspofungin.Conclusion: Candida colonization has a considerable prevalence among patients hospitalized in our hospital. The species identification of Candida isolates along with their antifungal susceptibility pattern can help the clinician in better treatment of patients with candiduria and candidemia.
Keywords: Candida, bloodstream infection, minimum inhibitory concentratio
Public Transport or a Landmine: Insecurities, Harassment and its Effect on Mental Health in Women Using Public Transport System in Chennai District, Tamil Nadu
Full text linkBackground: Crimes against women committed while traveling in public transportation is seldom understood, analyzed, and reported. The World Health Organization has stated that any form of violence against women must be considered a public health emergency. As a result of abuse, their overall health is impacted. This study was conducted to find the prevalence of insecurity and characterization of harassment among female passengers while traveling on public transport.Subjects and Method: The cross-sectional study was conducted in the Chennai district, Tamilnadu between November 2023 to March 2024. A total of 270 women above 18 years of age and using public transport for a minimum period of 6 months for daily commuting were included as study participants selected using a simple random sampling method. Data related to Subjective fear of traveling alone in public transport was used as a dependent variable which was collected using a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire comprised of questions related to sociodemographic characteristics, having faced verbal/physical harassment, and having experienced stalking while traveling in public transport, which were used as independent variables. Subjective response to harassment was assessed using the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R). Data was analyzed using SPPS version 26. Chi-square and logistic regression analysis were used to find the predictors that lead to the fear of traveling alone.Results: A total of 270 participants were included in the study. The predictors for developing fear of travelling alone in public transport system were, belonging to a nuclear family (aOR= 2.12; 95% CI= 1.23 to 3.32), women who faced any kind of harassment (aOR= 2.56; 95% CI= 1.76 to 3.84), faced physical harassment (aOR= 3.92; 95% CI= 2.45 to 5.67) and faced verbal harassment (aOR= 4.11; 95% CI= 1.87 to 6.34).Conclusion: It’s not only enough to bring about policies, but the common public must be educated about harassments that happen on public transport. A special task force must be formed to apprehend the assailants
Spatial Analysis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis Risk in Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia
Full text linkBackground: Pulmonary tuberculosis is an infectious disease, especially in developing countries. In 2022, the total number of tuberculosis cases in Indonesia was 677,464 cases. This study aims to conduct a spatial analysis of factors such as population size, population density, number of poor population, number of unemployed, healthy houses, and temperature to the number of pulmonary tuberculosis cases in the working area of health centers in Surakarta City in 2022.Subjects and Method: Spatial analysis was carried out by descriptive analysis of distribution maps using QGIS, spatial cluster analysis using SaTScanTM, and autocorrelation analysis by Local Indicators of Spatial Autocorrelation (LISA) method using GeoDa. Secondary data was obtained from the public communication of the Central Statistics Agency of Surakarta and the Surakarta Health Profile in 2022. The analysis unit includes 17 working areas of health centers in Surakarta. The dependent variable is the TB cases. The independent variables were population density, number of poor people, number of unemployed, number of healthy houses, and temperature.Results: The highest number of pulmonary TB cases were in Purwodiningratan Health Center and Sangkrah Health Center. There is the most likely cluster of pulmonary tuberculosis cases which is statistically significant in 2022 (Radius = 1.81 km; RR=17.65; p=0.003). Autocorrelation analysis showed E[I]=-0.06. There was a positive and significant spatial autocorrelation of the population (I=0.40; p=0.003), population density (I=0.33; p=0.002), number of poor people (I=0.40; p=0.002), number of unemployed (I=0.40; p=0.003), and temperature (I=0.25; p=0.009) of pulmonary TB cases in Surakarta.Conclusion: Population number, population density, number of poor population, number of unemployed, and temperature have positive spatial autocorrelation with pulmonary TB