Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (JEPH)
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The The Impact of Exercise on Quality of Life, Physical Health, and Mental Health in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients: Meta-Analysis
No full textBackground: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a prevalent metabolic disorder that is common on a global scale. Effective management in addition to medication involves implementing lifestyle modifications, including regular exercise. This study aimed to analyze and estimate the impact of exercise on improving quality of life, physical health, and mental health in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.Subjects and Method: This was a meta-analysis study using the PICO model which includes; P= type 2 diabetes mellitus patients; I= exercise; C= no exercise; and O= quality of life, physical health, and mental health. The articles obtained were from 2 databases, namely PubMed and ScienceDirect. Keywords used include “exercise” OR “physical activity” AND “quality of life” OR “physical health” OR “mental health” AND “type 2 diabetes mellitus” AND “randomized control trial”. The inclusion criteria of articles were a randomized control trial study design, publication year from 2018 to 2023, full-text, English language, and reported mean and standard deviation values. Data was analyzed using the PRISMA diagram and the Review Manager 5.3 application.Results: This meta-analysis consisted of 13 articles originating from Canada, Denmark, Egypt, Ghana, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Taiwan, Turkey, and USA. The total sample size was 755 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Exercises improved the quality of life (SMD= 0.66; CI 95%= 0.20 to 1.11; p= 0.005); physical health (SMD= 0.91; CI 95%= 0.53 to 1.29; p= 0.001) and mental health (SMD= 0.82; CI 95%= 0.25 to 1.39; p= 0.005) in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.Conclusion: Exercise carried out regularly and measurably improves the quality of life, physical health, and mental health in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.
Keywords: Exercise, quality of life, physical health, mental health, type 2 diabetes mellitus
Factors Determining The Delay in Access to Appropriate Emergency Obstetric Care During The Lockdown Period of The COVID-19 Pandemic: An Observational Study at A Tertiary Referral Centre
Full text linkBackground: The WHO declared the COVID-19 pandemic as a public health emergency of inter-national concern following which many governments around the world adopted the most radical social distancing procedure, referred to as “lockdown”, to prevent the spread of the virus. As a result, unsupervised pregnancies and the absence of routine antenatal visits lead to dreaded maternal and fetal complications. This study determines the barriers to accessing emergency care by pregnant women during the lockdown period.Subjects and Method: This prospective study was conducted during the lockdown period in Delhi from 1 May 2021 to 31 May 2021. A total of 666 pregnant and postpartum patients admitted from casualty during this period were included. The variable of the study was various factors causing delays of more than 4 hours in accessing emergency care services by these patients after the onset of symptoms was assessed. This study used the conceptual model of Three Delays. The data was collected as per predesigned proforma. The demography, Obstetric profile, and various levels of delays were noted. The data was analyzed by frequencies and percentages using SPSS version 21.Results: Among 666 enrolled participants, about 55.7% were multigravida and 48.04% belonged to the upper-lower class. Nearly 43% of patients were illiterate. Antenatal delay of > 4 hours was observed in 590 patients (88.6%). In Level 1 delay, the main reasons for the delay were unawareness of danger signs (45.8%) and lockdown (30.93%). The major reason for the Level 2 delay was care declined at the previous center (33.93%). Reasons for the Level 3 delay were due to either unavailability of beds or overcrowding after reaching the facility.Conclusion: The unawareness of danger signs was the most common cause of delay. Hence, effective communication and counseling during the antenatal period have to be improved upon
Multilevel Analysis: Factors Related with Quality Service of Elderly Community Health Post in Sukoharjo Central Java
Full text linkBackground: The quality of health services is the difference between patient expectations and their perceptions of the services they receive, thus the quality of health services shows the success of a health service. This study aims to analyze the factors that influence the quality of at the elderly community health post.Subjects and Method: This research was a cross-sectional study conducted at 25 at the elderly community health post in Sukoharjo Regency, Central Java in November 2023. The sample consisted of 200 elderly people using random sampling. The dependent variable is the quality of health services at the elderly community health post, while the independent variables are gender, age, number of visits, level of education, and income. Data collection was carried out using a questionnaire. Data were analyzed using multilevel linear regression analysis.Results: The results of multilevel analysis show that the assessment of the quality of health services decreases in elderly women (b= -0.82; CI95%= -1.65 to -0.01; p= 0.049), aged ≥66 years (b= -1.22, CI95%= -2.01 to -0.44; p=0.002), number of visits 6 times (b= -3.03; CI95%= -3.89 to -2.61; p <0.001), education ≥0.699, and income (b= -2.09; CI95%= -3.20 to 0.97; p<0.001). Posyandu has a contextual effect on assessing the quality of health services with ICC = 52.76%).Conclusion: The assessment of the quality of the elderly community health post service decreased in the elderly type, age ≥66 years, number of visits 6 times, education ≥high school, and income ≥Rp 2,000,000. at the elderly community health post shows quite large contextual effects on assessing the quality of health services.
Keywords: Quality of health services, multilevel analysis, elderl
Dual Burden of Weight among College Entrants at Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu
Full text linkBackground: Body Mass Index (BMI) is a good indicator of health and well-being. Even though it does not accurately measure body fat, BMI is advocated as a simple instrument for identifying obesity. Obesity is a global public health problem with ever-increasing incidence. The data on the regional distribution of BMI, an index of health will be useful in the case of healthcare policy formulation. This study aimed to provide data about the frequency distribution of BMI among adolescents and young adults in Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu, India.Subjects and Method: This was a cross-sectional study conducted at Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu, in September 2023. A total of 1,050 college students was selected using convenience sampling. The dependent variable was BMI. The independent variables were age and sex. The classification of BMI was based on Asian Indian criteria, supplemented by WHO guidelines.Results: Obesity among males was 2.93% according to WHO criteria and 9.56% according to the Asian Indian modification, while for females, obesity was 3.03% by WHO criteria and 10.98% by the Asian Indian modification. Based on Asian Indian criteria, 27.90% of the sample was classified as underweight, 8.85% as overweight, and 20.66% as obese.Conclusion: The problem of overweight and obesity needs public health attention since this is preventabl
Implementation of the Information-Motivation-Behavior Skills Model in Child Development: A Path Analysis
Full text linkBackground: Child development problems also still occur in DI Yogyakarta. Children's development is influenced by parents in educating and nurturing children. Many factors affect maternal parenting patterns including knowledge, attitudes, motivation and skills. The purpose of the study was to analyze the contextual influence of maternal parenting behavior on the development of children under five in Sleman Regency.Subjects and Method: This study uses a cross-sectional design. The research was conducted in 25 Integrated Health Posts with a total of 200 research subjects for mothers of toddlers and children under five. The sampling techniques are stratified random sampling and simple random sampling. The independent variables in this study were information, motivation, skills/skills of child development, parenting behavior, and maternal age, while the dependent variable was the development of children under five. Data collection was carried out using a questionnaire and analyzed by path analysis.Results: Every 1 unit increase in parenting behavior (b= 0.60; CI 95%= 0.44 to 0.76; p< 0.001), skills/skills of child development through parenting behavior (b= 0.44; CI 95%= 0.33 to 0.56; p<0.001), information through parenting behavior (b=0.20; CI 95%= -.074 to 0.32; p= 0.002), motivation through parenting behavior (b= 0.18; CI 95%= 0.06 to 0.30; p= 0.003), and maternal age through parenting behavior (b= 0.05; CI 95%= -0.05; CI 95%= -0.05 to 0.15, p= 0.323) will be followed by an improvement in child development.Conclusion: The Information, Motivation, and Behavior skill model can be used to explain parenting behavior and child development. Children's development increases with good parenting behavior. Parenting behavior is influenced by children's developmental skills/skills influenced by the presence of information and motivation
Screening of the Squint among Residents Visiting a Tertiary Care Hospital in Uttarakhand
Full text linkBackground: Squint is also known as Strabismus and includes Latent and Manifest varieties. It contributes to childhood visual impairment and amblyopia, adding to the stress of loss of functional vision. The regular surveys of such entities help to assess the magnitude, and measures needed for prophylaxis and treatment. The aim of the study is a screening of the Squint among residents visiting a tertiary care hospital in Uttarakhand.Subjects and Method: This was a cross-sectional hospital-based study conducted over a period of one year at Shri Mahant Indiresh Hospital, Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, Dehradun. A total of 100 patients who found with tropias and phobias were further evaluated to provide them with the correct diagnosis and optimum guidance regarding management. The variables of this study were a demographic profile, Age, Gender, type of squint, convergence insufficiency, power of convergence, and prevalence of squint. SSPS was used to assess the data. A p<0.005 was suggestive of significance.Results: Out of a total of 4,280 patients, 2,240 (52.28%) were males, 2,044 (47.71%) were females, 100 (2.3%) cases were found to be of horizontal tropias, while Convergence Insufficiency (CI) was noted in 720 (16.8%). Esotropia was more common (65%) than Exotropia and the difference was statistically significant with a p-value less than 0.001. The common feature of both the exotropia and esotropia was the age of presentation which was 11 to 15 years. While the age group with the majority of cases CI (16.8%) was between 5 to 10 years.Conclusion: This study the magnitude and distribution of strabismus and CI in the region. It also helps to understand the importance of timely assessment and management for the optimum growth and development of an informed individual and community.
Keywords: Strabismus, convergence, prevalenc
Risk Factors of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Yogyakarta
Full text linkBackground: The prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) increases along with the increasing prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) patients. The frequency of TB in type 2 DM patients (10 to 15%) and the prevalence of this infectious disease is 2 to 5 times higher in DM patients compared to non-diabetics. This study aimed to analyze the risk factors for pulmonary TB in T2DM patients in Yogyakarta.Subjects and Method: This study uses a case-control study design conducted at RESPIRA Lung Hospital Yogyakarta from January 16 to February 20, 2023. The number of samples was 52 people with a total of 26 people in the case and control groups. Samples were taken by consecutive sampling technique. The independent variables were age, gender, employment, education, BMI, smoking status, clinical symptoms, family history of TB, previous history of TB, and income level). The dependent variable is the incidence of TB in DM patients. Control groups are respondents without a diagnosis of DM and TB patients. Conversely, the cases are personal with diagnosis TB and DM patient Data were collected using a questionnaire. Data analysis was carried out descriptively, bivariate with Chi-square, and multivariate with multiple logistic regression.Results: The demonstrated research that the risk factors that influence the incidence of TB in T2DM patients are gender (aOR = 9.60; 95% CI: 0.14 to 55.96; p=0.012), Age (aOR=0.24; 95% CI: 0.07 to 0.76; p=0.015).Conclusion: The female sex has a 9.60 times higher risk of experiencing TB compared to men in T2DM patients
The Impact of Sugar Intake, Household Income, and Maternal Education on the Occurrence of Dental Caries in Children: A Meta-Analysis
Full text linkBackground: In Indonesia, the prevalence of dental caries in early childhood is still very high, around 93%. This study aims to analyze and estimate the magnitude of the relationship between sugar consumption, family income, and maternal education and the incidence of dental caries in children, through a meta-analysis of primary studies conducted by previous authors.
Subjects and Method: This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis using PICO as follows, Population: children aged 1 to 5 years 11 months, Intervention: high sugar consumption, high family income, high maternal education, Comparison: low sugar consumption, low family income, low maternal education, and Outcome: dental caries. The articles used in this study were obtained from three databases, namely PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct, using the keywords "Sugar" OR "Sweet food" AND "Household income" OR "Parental income" AND "Parental education" OR "Education status" AND "Dental caries" AND "Child" OR "Children" AND "Cross-sectional" AND “aOR”. The included articles were full-text in English, with a cross-sectional study design from 2013 to 2023, and reported adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) in multivariate analysis. Article selection was carried out using the PRISMA diagram and analyzed using the ReMan 5.3 application.
Results: A total of 11 cross-sectional were selected for meta-analysis. Children who frequently consume sugar have an increased risk of dental caries 1.50 times compared to children who rarely consume sugar, and this is statistically significant (aOR=1.50; 95% CI=1.32 to 1.70; p<0.001). Children from families with high incomes had a reduced risk of dental caries 0.65 times compared to children from families with low incomes, and this was statistically significant (aOR=0.65; 95% CI=0.59 to 0.71; p<0.001). Children who have highly educated mothers have a reduced risk of dental caries 0.71 times compared to children who have mothers with low education, and this is statistically significant (aOR=0.71; 95% CI=0.64 to 0.78; p<0.001).
Conclusion: Sugar consumption statistically significantly increases the incidence of dental caries in children. High family income and high maternal education statistically significantly reduce the incidence of dental caries in children
The Relationships between Family Support, Age, and Gender with Quality of Life in Chronic Kidney Failure Patients at Dr. Moewardi Surakarta Hospital
Full text linkBackground: Chronic kidney failure (CKD) is a non-communicable disease in which kidney function begins to decline progressively in a matter of months or even years and can affect the patient's quality of life. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of family support, gender and age on the quality of life of patients with chronic kidney failure at Dr. Moewardi Hospital Surakarta.Subjects and Method: This study used a cross-sectional design conducted at Dr. Moewardi Surakarta Hospital in June 2024. The target population of the study was 920 patients with chronic kidney failure at Dr. Moewardi Hospital Surakarta. A total of 200 study subjects were selected using simple random sampling. The dependent variables are family support, age, and gender. The independent variable is quality of life. The study instruments used were questionnaires and checklists and the data was analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis and processed using Stata 13.Results:There was a statistically significant relationship between family support and quality of life in patients with chronic kidney failure. Each increase in family support score by one unit will be followed by an improvement in the quality of life of chronic kidney failure patients by 0.31 units (b = 0.31; CI 95% = 0.42 to 0.57; p = 0.023). Statistically, there is a significant relationship between age and quality of life of patients with chronic kidney failure. Each one-year increase in age will be followed by an improvement in the quality of life of chronic kidney failure patients by 0.02 units (b = 0.02; CI 95% = 0.05 to 0.38; p = 0.012). There is a very small difference in quality of life between female and male chronic kidney failure patients. Female patients with chronic kidney failure were 0.01 years lower than men, but the difference was statistically very insignificant (b = -0.80; CI 95% = -0.51 to 0.50; p = 0.975).Conclusion: There was a positive relationship between family support and age and quality of life in patients with chronic kidney failure and there was no significant difference by gender between women and men
The Impact of Socio-demographic Factors on the Recovery Potential of Schizophrenia Patients Post Hospitalization
Full text linkBackground: Mental health is a series of emotional, psychological, and social well-being. Psychological well-being focuses on individuals having meaning in life and having choices in actualizing their potential. This study aimed to analyze the influence of socio-demographic factors on the recovery ability of schizophrenia patients after hospitalization.Subjects and Method: This research was conducted using a cross-sectional design carried out at the Outpatient Polyclinic of RSJD Dr. Arif Zainudin Surakarta from December 2023 to January 2024. The sample used in this study was 200 schizophrenia patients who were selected using purposive sampling. The independent variables in this study are gender, age, duration of illness, duration of hospitalization, education level, and employment status. The dependent variable is the recovery ability of schizophrenia patients after hospitalization. Data collection was carried out using a questionnaire and data was analyzed using a multiple linear regression analysis model.Results: The ability to recover from schizophrenia patients after hospitalization increased with female (b= 5.58; 95% CI= 1.29 to 9.87; p= 0.011), age ≥ 39 years (b= 0.66; 95% CI= -3.51 to 4.83; p= 0.756), high education (b= 7.24; 95% CI= 2.83 to 11.64; p= 0.001), and employed (b= 16.36; 95% CI= 12.06 to 20.67; p< 0.001). It decreased with a duration of illness ≥8 years (b= -5.77; 95% CI= -10.15 to -1.40; p= 0.010) and length of hospital stay ≥21 days (b= -6.88; 95% CI= -11.27 to -2.49; p= 0.002).Conclusion: The recovery ability of schizophrenia patients after hospitalization will increase with female, age ≥39 years, high education, and employed. It decreased with length of illness ≥8 years and length of stay ≥21 days