Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (JEPH)
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Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Sleep Duration, Exercise, and Family Income on Obesity in Children
Get PDFBackground: Obesity is still one of the problems in Indonesia. The obesity problem has grown into an epidemic, with more than 4 million people dying each year. Factors causing obesity such as lifestyle, lack of physical activity, poor diet habits, low family income, sleep duration, and others. This study aims to estimate the effect of sleep duration, exercise, and family income on obesity in children.
Subjects and Method: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted using PRISMA guidelines and the PICO model. Population= children of 2-18 years. Intervention= short sleep duration, exercise, and high family income. Comparison= long sleep duration, no exercise, and low family income. Outcome= Obesity. Articles were collected from databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, and ResearchGate. The literature search used the keywords “family income" AND “exercise” AND "sleep duration" AND “obesity” AND “children” AND "cross-sectional". A total of 19 articles met the inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis, and subsequently were assessed using RevMan 5.4.
Results: A meta-analysis of studies from Japan, Korea, Ethiopia, China, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, and Ghana showed that children with short sleep duration (aOR= 1.83; CI 95%= 1.22 to 2.73; p= o.003), children with high family income (aOR= 1.18; CI 95%= 1.03 to 1.36; p= 0.020) could increase the incidence of obesity, and those results were statistically significant. Exercise can reduce the incidence of obesity in children, but this risk of reduction was not statistically significant (aOR= 0.80; CI 95%= 0.59 to 1.09; p= 0.15o).
Conclusion: Short sleep duration and high family income increase the incidence of obesity in children, and these results are statistically significant. Exercise decreases the incidence of obesity in children, but the risk of decline is not statistically significant.
Keywords: family income, exercise, sleep duration, obesity, children
Correspondence: Hanifah. Master’s Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: [email protected]. Mobile: +6281226829788
Meta-Analysis: Effects of Lession and Exposed to Risk Factor on Leptospirosis Infection
Get PDFBackground: Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease that occurs due to interactions between agents, hosts, and the environment. Leptospira bacteria can infect humans through wounds on the skin and mucosa of the body. This study aims to examine the effect of injury history and contact risk factors on the incidence of leptospirosis by using meta-analysis.
Subjects and Method: This was a systematic review and meta-analysis study carried out using the PICO model. P: Adults. Intervention: injury and contact. Comparison= no injuries and no contact with risk factors. Outcome: Leptospirosis. The meta-analysis was conducted by systematically reviewing articles from Google Scholar, PubMed, Springer Link, and Science Direct. Search keywords “Wound OR Lession AND Leptospira”, “Risk Factor Exposure AND Leptospira”, “Risk Factor AND Leptospira AND adjusted odds ratio”. The inclusion criteria used were full paper articles from 2002-2022 using Indonesian and English. The study design used was observational and the analysis used multivariate adjusted odds ratio results. Articles were collected using the PRISMA diagram and analyzed using the Review Manager 5.3 application.
Results: Meta-analysis included 22 cross-sectional and case-control studies from Indonesia, India, Iran, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Thailand, Laos, France, Germany, Kenya, Tanzania, Australia, Fiji, British Virgin Islands, Mexico, Jamaica, Peru, and Argentina. Leptospirosis increased with history of injury (aOR= 3.51; 95% CI= 2.94 to 4.19; p<0.001) and contact with risk factors (aOR=1.82; 95% CI=1.25 to 2.65; p=0.002).
Conclusion: History of injury and contact with risk factors increases the risk of developing Leptospirosis.
Keywords: history of injury, contact risk factors, leptospirosis, meta-analysis
Correspondence:Satriyo Fajar Wicaksono. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: [email protected]. Mobile: +6285641711987
The Effect of Neoalgae Spirulina Supplements Intakes on Increasing Body Height and Weight of Stunting Children in Mranggen, Sukoharjo, Central Java
Get PDFBackground: Children who are stunted have a higher risk of experiencing health and brain development disorders, and have a lower likelihood of achievement and a bright future. Spirulina is one of the food sources enriched with nutrients that affect the nutritional status of children. The study aims to discover the effect of the administration of Spirulina Neoalgae supplements on increasing the height and weight of stunting toddlers in Mranggen village.
Subjects dan Method: The study used a quasi-experimental design conducted in Mranggen Village, Sukoharjo, Central Java. A total of 100 toddlers selected using total sampling were included in this study. The independent variable in this study was the intervention of Spirulina Neoalgae supplements and the dependent variables in this study were body weight and height. Toddlers were given supplement interventions for 4 weeks. The collected data were subsequently analyzed using the Paired-Test.
Results: Before the intervention the average height was (Mean= 82.92; SD = 8.77) and body weight was (Mean= 9.97; SD= 2.09). After the supplement intervention for 2 weeks, the average height was (Mean= 83.56; SD = 8.61) and body weight was (Mean= 10.11; SD= 2.07). Average height (Mean= 84.56; SD= 8.57) and body weight (Mean= 11.04; SD = 2.10) in week four increased and the result was statistically significant (p <0.001).
Conclusion: The administration of neoalgae supplements affects increasing height and weight in stunted children in Mranggen Village, Sukoharjo, Central Java.
Keywords: Supplements, Neoalgae, Nutritional Status, Height, Weight, Stuntin
Meta-Analysis the Effectiveness of Fluoride Varnish Use to Prevent Deciduous Dental Caries in Children
Get PDFBackground: Oral health has improved in the last century but the prevalence of dental caries in children remains a significant clinical problem. Giving fluoride varnish directly to the surface of a child's teeth can prevent caries. This study aims to analyze the effect of using fluoride varnish on the prevention of dental caries in children.Subjects and Method: This research is a systematic review and meta-analysis research by considering the eligibility criteria using the PICO model. Population: children. Intervention: fluoride varnish. Comparison: do not use fluoride varnish. Outcome: DMF-T. Articles in this study were searched through the PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, ProQuest databases with the keywords “effectiveness” AND “fluoride” AND “dental caries” AND “prevention” AND (“child OR children”) AND “randomized controlled trial”. The inclusion criteria in this study were full-text articles from 2000 to 2022 with randomized controlled trials (RCT) designs and mean SD effect sizes. This study uses PRISMA flow diagrams and uses the Revman 5.3 application for analysis.Results: A meta-analysis of 5 articles showed that the use of fluoride varnish reduced DMFT 1.21 units lower, compared to those not using fluoride varnish in children. The results of the meta-analysis were statistically significant (SMD = -1.21; 95% CI = -3.15 to 0.74; p= 0.220).Conclusion: The use of fluoride varnish may decrease DMFT in children.
Keywords: dental caries, Fluoride varnish
Correspondence: Asrori Ibnu Utomo, Masters’ Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jln. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia. Email: [email protected]. Mobile: +62895359099137
Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Exposure to Indoor Cigarette Smoke in Pregnant Women on the Risk of Infants Low Birth Weight
Get PDFBackground: Problems related to low birth weight are often found in developing countries. Expo-sure to cigarette smoke is one of the factors causing low birth weight, in this case caused by the chemicals in cigarettes which affect the health of pregnant women and babies. This study aims to determine the effect of exposure to secondhand smoke in the home on pregnant women on the risk of giving birth to babies with low birth weight.
Subjects and Method: This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis using the PRISMA flow chart and the PICO model. Population: pregnant women. Intervention: exposure to household ciga-rette smoke is high. Comparison: household exposure to secondhand smoke is low. Outcome: low birth weight. The databases used are PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct with keywords (“Pregnancy Women” OR “Passive Smoking” OR “Low Birth Weight”) AND “Case Control Study”. A total of 9 articles met the inclusion criteria, namely primary full text paper, case-control design, adjus-ted Odds Ratio (aOR), research subjects of pregnant women, interventions in the form of high cigarette smoke exposure, and outcomes in the form of low birth weight for analysis carried out with RevMan 5.3.
Results: A meta-analysis has been carried out on 9 articles with a case-control study design from the Asian Continent and the African Continent in pregnant women with a sample size of 4,244. The results of the meta-analysis showed that pregnant women who were exposed to secondhand smoke from the environment had a risk of giving birth to babies with low birth weight 1.82 times compared to those not exposed to secondhand smoke and the effect of exposure was statistically significant (aOR= 1.82; 95% CI= 1.54 to 2.16; p <0.001).
Conclusion: The effects of exposure to cigarette smoke in pregnant women can increase the risk of low birth weight babies.
Keywords: passive smokers, low birth weight, pregnant women, babies,
Correspondence:Dinda Nur Asri Mutiara Ramadhani. Master’s Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: [email protected] Mobile: +628232334640
Adverse Events Related to SARS-Cov-2 Vaccination: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Get PDFBackground: Vaccination has been adopted as a key public health strategy for combating the COVID-19 pandemic. The accelerated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines’ development had limited time for extensive investigation of the adverse events. The study aimed to assess the average adverse events rates in published COVID-19 vaccination studies.
Subjects and Method: The study used systematic review and meta-analysis involving studies that reported adverse events following administration of any of the approved COVID-19 vaccines in humans. A highly specific search strategy was developed and implemented in PubMed. The core search string was “(COVID-19 OR COVID OR "coronavirus disease") AND vaccin* AND (side-effects OR "adverse events")”. Titles and abstracts were screened, and full texts of potentially relevant articles were retrieved. Data extracted included general study background, adverse events, and frequency of occurrence. Meta-analyses were conducted for adverse events reported by at least 5 studies. Meta-analysis of proportions was carried out using logit transformation with the generalized linear mixed model estimation method.
Results: A total of 108 adverse events were reported in 15 studies observing 735,515 participants from 10 countries. The highest pooled prevalence rates were pain at injection site (67.2%; 95% CI= 46.49 to 82.86; I2= 99.9%, 11 studies, 670,557 participants), weakness/fatigue (41.88%; 95% CI= 26.82 to 58.61, I2= 99.9%, 13 studies, 671,045 participants), muscle/joint pain (28.95%; 95% CI= 16.95 to 44.86, I2= 99.9%, 13 studies, 672,791 participants), and headache (27.78%; 95% CI= 17.59 to 40.95, I2= 99.9%, 14 studies, 672,883 participants). Four cases of death were reported by two papers enrolling 711 patients with cancer or multiple sclerosis, three due to comorbid disease progression, and one case due to COVID-19. Forty-three cases of anaphylaxis were reported in three studies enrolling 68,218 participants.
Conclusion: The most prevalent adverse events among recipient of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines were local and general systemic reactions.
Keywords: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, adverse events, meta-analysis, systematic review
Correspondence: Segun Bello. Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. Email: [email protected]
Factors related to the Perception of Acupressure as Prevention of Anemia in the Elderly at the Nursing Home
Get PDFBackground: Anemia or known by the public as anemia in the elderly often occurs unknowingly. The prevalence of anemia in Indonesia in the elderly is 42.3%. Acupressure utilizes stimulation on the body's acupuncture points, ears and scalp to affect the flow of the body's bioenergy called qi as one of traditional medicine. Perceptions of the use of traditional medicine are of three types: holding belief in conventional medicine, doubting conventional medicine, and holding belief in both traditional medicine and conventional medicine. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors associated with the perception of acupressure as a prevention of anemia in the elderly at nursing homes.Subjects dan Method: This study was a cross-sectional study in January 2023. The sample used was 110 elderly people in nursing homes in the Surakarta area, selected using a purposive random sampling technique. The dependent variable of this research is the perception of acupressure as prevention of anemia. The independent variables in this study were education of the elderly, knowledge of acupressure, history of anemia, safety of acupressure and willingness to do acupressure. Data collected by questionnaire. Data analysis used multiple logistic regression with Stata 13.Results: Factors related to positive perceptions of acupressure as prevention of anemia in the elderly were higher education in the elderly (OR= 12.77; 95% CI= 1.842 to 88.74; p=0.010), high knowledge about acupressure (OR= 13.05; 95% CI= 2.22 to 76.78; p=0.004), had a history of anemia (OR= 13.50; 95% CI= 2.15 to 84.59; p=0.005), safety of acupressure (OR= 32.85; 95% CI= 4.96 to 217.55; p<0.001), and willingness performed acupressure (OR= 11.03; 95% CI= 1.97 to 61.71; p=0.006).Conclusion: Factors related to the perception of acupressure as prevention of anemia in the elderly are the elderly's higher education, high knowledge of acupressure, history of anemia, safety of acupressure, and willingness to do acupressure.
Keywords: perception of acupressure, prevention of anemia, the elderly.
Correspondence: Imrok Atus Sholihah. Public Health, Universitas Veteran Bangun Nusantara Sukoharjo. Jl. Letjend Sujono Humardani No. 1, Sukoharjo, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: [email protected]. Mobile: +6281225210252
Effects of Chest Physiotherapy and Effective Cough Exercise on Sputum Clearance and Respiratory Frequency in Tuberculosis Patients
Get PDFBackground: Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Chest physiotherapy and cough exercises are one of the commonly used methods as part of TB treatment. This study aimed to determine the effects of chest physiotherapy and cough exercises on sputum clearance and respiratory frequency in TB patients.
Subjects and Method: This was a quasy experiment study with no control group. The study was conducted at Dungus Respiratory Hospital, Madiun, East Java. A sample of 26 TB patients was selected purposively. The independent variables in the study were effective cough and chest physiotherapy. The dependent variable in this study was sputum discharge. Chest and cough physiotherapy interventions are effective in patients 3 times. This study used a measuring instrument in the form of a sputum glass. The data collected were analyzed quantitatively using the Mann-Whitney test to determine the effect of chest physiotherapy and effective cough exercises on pulmonary tuberculosis conditions.
Results: After combination interventions of chest physiotherapy and effective cough exercises, sputum released (Mean= 29.35; SD= 0.85) was higher than before (Mean= 23.65; SD= 0.68). Respiratory frequency after intervention (Mean= 25.88; SD= 0.73) was higher than before (Mean= 27.12; SD= 0.98).
Conclusion: Sputum secretion and respiratory frequency are higher than before chest physiotherapy and cough exercises in TB patients.
Keywords: chest physiotherapy, cough exercise, physiotherapy, tuberculosis.
Correspondence:Nurul Fithriati Haristah. Study Program of Physiotherapy, Health Polytechnics, Ministry of Health Surakarta. Email: [email protected]. Mobile: +6285157577816.
Trend and Epidemiology of Tetanus in Nasarawa State, Nigeria: A Five Years Review
Get PDFBackground: Tetanus is a vaccine preventable, non-communicable disease known as lockjaw and characterized by muscle spasm. It is a forgotten disease in the developed world but remained an infection of public health importance in the developing countries. This study aimed to determine the trend in its epidemiology and outcome in Nasarawa state.
Subjects and Method: A retrospective study using secondary data from the medical records of three selected health facilities, one each across the three senatorial zones of the state. All those who had tetanus were included while those with incomplete records, 5 were excluded. Data analysis was done using a statistical package for social sciences version 23. The dependent variable was the outcome of tetanus while the independent variables were incubation period, onset period, type of tetanus, risk factors, vaccination history, and manifestations of tetanus.
Results: The subject consists of 53.8% males and single with age (Mean=15; SD=6.90). Four and 17 days were the shortest and longest incubation periods while one and six days were the shortest and longest onset periods respectively. A total of 24 (93.3%) patients had generalized tetanus. Nail puncture, road traffic accidents, and umbilical infection were the commonest sources of post-neonatal and neonatal tetanus in this study. Spasm is the commonest manifestation, present in 19 (73.1%) of the study population. This is closely followed by trismus in 57.7% of the cases. About half have a positive vaccination history. This study found case fatality of 7.7%.
Conclusion: Generalized tetanus was the commonest type seen in this study, while nail puncture, road traffic accident and umbilical infection were the most common sources of infection. Although, more than half of the study subjects received immunization to prevent tetanus, the case fatality in this study was in one in twelve sufferers.
Keywords: Epidemiology, review, tetanus, trend.
Correspondence:Bello Surajudeen Oyeleke. Department of Paediatrics Dalhatu Araf Specialist Hospital. Shendam Road, PMB 07, Lafia, Nasarawa State. Email: [email protected]. Mobile: +2347064641540
Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Prolonged Use of High Heels on Low Back Pain in Female Sales Employees
Get PDFBackground: Low Back Pain is the pain that is felt from the lower back area to the lower buttocks crease area (Gluteal inferior fold). One of the causes of Low Back Pain is a prolonged and excessive use of high heels. This study aims to analyze and estimate the effect of the use of high heels on Low Back Pain in sales promotion girls.
Subjects and Method: Meta-analyses were carried out according to the PICO model. Population: female sales promotion employee. Intervention: Wearing High Heels. Comparison: Not using High Heels. Outcome: Low Back Pain. The article search in this study was conducted through databases that included PubMed, Google Schoolar, ScienceDirect. The keywords included: "Low Back Pain" AND "Low Back Pain" AND "High Heels" AND "Low Back Pain" "Employee sales" AND "High Heels" "Sales Low Back Pain" (aOR) "Employee sales" And "Employe sales" "Low Back Pain" AND "High Heels" AND "Employe sales", "High Heels AND High Heels" "Low Back pain Employee Sales" AND "High Heels". Full-paper articles with cross-sectional study design. The subjects of the study were users of high heels toward low back pain, the measure of association used was the adjusted odd ratio. The article selection used was PRISMA flow diagram. The analysis was performed using Revman 5.3
Results: A meta-analyss included 10 cross-sectional studies from Africa and Asia. Prolonged use of high heels increased the risk of low back pain in female sales promotion employee (aOR= 1.41; 95% CI= 1.16 to 1.171 p=0.001).
Conclusion: Female sales promotion employee who wear high heels have a higher risk of experiencing low back pain.
Keywords: sales promotion girl, high heels, low back pain.
Correspondence:Fadhila Firmanurulita. Master’s Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: [email protected]. Mobile. +6285740045026.