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Acacia senegal (L.) Willd., une espèce polyvalente dans la vie des communautés vivant autour des gommeraies au Niger
Get PDFAcacia senegal est l’une des espèces les plus utilisées dans les programmes de reboisement en Afrique du fait de sa rusticité et de son importance économique et écologique. La présente étude se propose d’explorer les différents types d’usages contemporains de l’espèce Acacia senegal et les modes de gestion et d’exploitation des gommeraies au Niger. Dans le cadre de la collecte de données, l’échantillonnage a concerné 4 localités toutes situées dans les bassins gommiers occidental et central où des questionnaires ont été administrés et des focus group et entretiens organisés. Les données qualitatives et quantitatives recueillies ont fait l’objet d’analyses descriptives et de corrélation. Il ressort de l’analyse des résultats que les modes de gestion et d’exploitation des peuplements artificiels et sites privés se sont avérées les plus efficaces, avec une densité et une fréquence de régénération appréciables du fait notamment d’un niveau adapté d’entretien et de sécurité. S’agissant des typologies d’usages de l’arbre, sa capacité dans l’amélioration de la fertilité des sols et son utilisation comme haie-vive sont les plus citées. Concernant l’usage domestique de ses produits, l’alimentation humaine/animale est la plus évoquée, avec respectivement la consommation de la gomme et des feuilles. A propos des usages spécifiques des organes, les feuilles sont principalement utilisées dans l’alimentation animale, l’écorce dans la phytothérapie, les racines pour fabriquer les filets lave-vaisselle, et le bois dans la production de l’énergie domestique. Grâce à cette étude, des pistes d’amélioration du modèle de gestion et d’exploitation d’Acacia senegal ont pu être identifiées. Cela consisterait notamment à transformer les relais communautaires en chérifs forestiers avec un renforcement de compétences dans la gestion environnementale. En outre, pour garantir leur réussite, les programmes de reboisement devraient considérer les intérêts locaux pour Acacia senegal en vue de promouvoir l’inclusion communautaire et l’appropriation.
Acacia senegal is one of the most widely used species in reforestation programs in Africa, due to its hardiness and economic and ecological importance. The aim of this study is to explore the different types of current uses of Acacia senegal, and the ways in which gum plantations are managed and exploited in Niger. As part of the data collection, 4 sites were sampled, all located in the western and central gum tree basins, where questionnaires were administered and focus groups and interviews organized. The qualitative and quantitative data collected were subjected to descriptive and correlation analysis. Analysis of the results showed that the management and exploitation methods used for artificial stands and private sites proved to be the most effective, with a significant density and frequency of regeneration due to an appropriate level of maintenance and safety. Regarding the uses of the trees, their ability to improve soil fertility and their use as hedgerows are the most frequently cited. Regarding the domestic use of its products, human and animal utilization is the most frequently mentioned, with gum arabic and leaves consumption. As for the specific uses of the organs, the leaves are mainly used for animal food, the bark for herbal medicine, the roots to make dishwashing nets, and the wood to produce domestic energy. Thanks to this study, new ways of improving the management and exploitation model of the Acacia senegal have been identified. This would involve transforming forest chiefs with enhanced environmental management skills. In addition, to ensure their success, reforestation programs should consider local interests in Acacia senegal to reinforce community inclusion and ownership
Stratégies d’adaptations des producteurs rizicoles face aux changements climatiques dans la Région Menabe, Madagascar
Get PDFLa riziculture compte parmi les cultures les plus vulnérables aux effets du changement climatique. Malgré les incertitudes sur l’ampleur locale de ces changements, une évaluation des risques climatiques et des stratégies d’adaptation déjà mises en œuvre par les riziculteurs est essentielle pour renforcer les réponses appropriées. La présente étude vise à analyser les perceptions paysannes sur les manifestations du changement climatique, identifier ses impacts sur le système rizicole et les structures socio-économiques des producteurs, analyser les stratégies d’adaptation mises en œuvre, et établir une typologie ainsi que les déterminants de ces stratégies. L’enquête a été menée auprès de 280 riziculteurs répartis dans sept localités de la Région Menabe (Bemanonga, Beharona, Soaserana, Ankilivalo, Ankilizato, Ambatolahy et Tsimafana). Les données ont été traitées à l’aide de statistiques descriptives, suivies d’une Analyse Factorielle des Correspondances Multiples (AFCM), d’une Classification Ascendante Hiérarchique (CAH), et d’un modèle logit multinomial. Les résultats révèlent que les riziculteurs perçoivent de manière nette les effets de changements climatiques, notamment par l’augmentation des températures, la diminution des précipitations, les poches de sécheresse, ainsi que le dérèglement du calendrier pluviométrique. Les impacts observés incluent la baisse de la production rizicole, l’infertilité des sols, la prolifération des ravageurs, et la dégradation de la croissance des cultures. En réponse, trois classes de stratégies d’adaptation se distinguent. La première mobilise des semences améliorées, des engrais, des motoculteurs, et le repiquage des jeunes plants. La deuxième privilégie les variétés à cycle court, la diversification culturale et les cultures de contre-saison. La troisième adopte l’utilisation de produits phytosanitaires et de nouvelles spéculations. Les facteurs déterminants de l’adoption de ces stratégies sont la participation à des formations agricoles, l’éducation, l’accès au crédit, et le contact avec les agents de vulgarisation, avec des niveaux de significativité allant de 1 % à 10 %. Ces résultats suggèrent que les politiques publiques et privées devraient s’appuyer sur ces éléments pour orienter efficacement leurs interventions en soutien aux producteurs rizicoles, afin de renforcer leur résilience face au changement climatique.
Rice farming is among the most vulnerable agricultural activities to the effects of climate change. Despite uncertainties about the local scale of these changes, assessing climate risks and the adaptation strategies already implemented by rice farmers is essential to strengthen appropriate responses. This study aims to analyze farmers’ perceptions of climate change manifestations, identify its impacts on the rice production system and farmers’ socio-economic structures, examine the adaptation strategies adopted, and establish a typology and the determinants of these strategies. The survey was conducted with 280 rice farmers across seven localities in the Menabe region (Bemanonga, Beharona, Soaserana, Ankilivalo, Ankilizato, Ambatolahy, and Tsimafana). Data were processed using descriptive statistics, followed by Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA), Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA), and a multinomial logit model. The results reveal that rice farmers clearly perceive the effects of climate change, particularly through rising temperatures, decreasing rainfall, drought pockets, and disrupted rainfall patterns. Observed impacts include reduced rice yields, soil infertility, increased pest outbreaks, and stunted crop growth. In response, three classes of adaptation strategies emerged. The first involves the use of improved seeds, fertilizers, power tillers, and transplanting young seedlings. The second emphasizes short-cycle varieties, crop diversification, and off-season farming. The third adopts the use of pesticides and the introduction of new crops. Determinants of the adoption of these strategies include participation in agricultural training, education level, access to credit, and contact with extension agents, with significance levels ranging from 1% to 10%. These findings suggest that public and private policies should build on these insights to effectively guide interventions that support rice farmers and strengthen their resilience to climate change
Vécu de la réalité post-carcérale et réinsertion socio-professionnelle des ex-détenus de la prison centrale de Yaoundé
Get PDFL’objectif de cette étude est de vérifier que le vécu de la réalité post-carcérale détermine la réinsertion socio-professionnelle des ex-détenus de la prison centrale de Yaoundé. En effet, on note une absence totale de suivi postpénal notamment l’existence des centres de replacement des détenus à leur sortie de prison. En conséquence, les anciens pensionnaires éprouvent de nombreuses difficultés à se réinsérer après leur séjour en milieu carcéral. Ces lacunes témoignent d’une forme de dissonance cognitive entre les textes et le contexte. Sur le plan méthodologique, la recherche a adopté un devis mixte, fondé sur des enquêtes par entretiens et questionnaires, effectuées auprès d’un échantillon de 50 ex-détenus sélectionnés à partir de la technique d’échantillonnage accidentelle associée à la méthode boule de neige et des responsables de la prison sélectionnée par convenance. Les résultats obtenus ont révélé au coefficient de contingence (CC: 0,328), une association forte entre le manque de structures de suivi postpénal et le niveau de réinsertion des ex-détenus. Puis, une association très forte au coefficient de contingence (CC : 0,429) entre les pratiques d’exclusion sociale et la réinsertion des ex-détenus. Enfin, une association forte au coefficient de contingence (CC : 0,351) entre la situation économique ambiante et le niveau de réinsertion des ex-détenus. L’étude a révélé que, quelle que soit pertinence des mesures prises, seule une synergie d’actions de tous les acteurs intervenant dans le champ de la réinsertion et du développement social peut favoriser la mise en place d’un mécanisme de facilitation de la réinsertion post-carcérale.
The aim of this study is to verify that the post-prison experience determines the socio-professional reintegration of ex-prisoners in Yaoundé Central Prison. In fact, there is a total absence of post-prison follow-up, particularly the existence of outplacement centres for prisoners on their release from prison. As a result, former inmates are finding it very difficult to reintegrate after their stay in prison. These shortcomings reflect a form of cognitive dissonance between the texts and the context. From a methodological point of view, the research adopted a mixed design, based on surveys using interviews and questionnaires, carried out with a sample of 50 ex-prisoners selected using the accidental sampling technique combined with the snowball method, and with prison officials selected by convenience. The contingency coefficient (CC: 0.328) of the results showed a strong Then, a very strong association at the contingency coefficient (CC: 0.429) between social exclusion practices and the reintegration of ex-prisoners. Finally, a strong association at the contingency coefficient (CC: 0.351) between the prevailing economic situation and the level of reintegration of ex-prisoners. The study revealed that, whatever the relevance of the measures taken, only a synergy of actions between all the players involved in the field of reintegration and social development can promote
Fluctuations des Prix du Pétrole, Subventions et Croissance Économique au Maroc (1998–2022)
Get PDFCet article analyse l’impact des fluctuations des prix du pétrole et du régime de subventions sur la croissance économique du Maroc entre le premier trimestre 1998 et le quatrième trimestre 2022. En mobilisant une modélisation dynamique appliquée aux données trimestrielles, l’étude distingue les effets linéaires et asymétriques des variations des prix du pétrole, tout en intégrant l’effet d’un régime de subventions à travers une variable dichotomique construite selon les principales phases de réforme. Les résultats montrent que les hausses des prix du pétrole ont un effet significatif sur la croissance du PIB, tandis que les baisses n’ont pas d’impact direct mesurable. Par ailleurs, le régime de subventions joue un rôle stabilisateur en atténuant l’impact des chocs pétroliers à la hausse, bien que cet effet dépende du contexte institutionnel et budgétaire, notamment avant et après la . Cette dernière, marquée par la libéralisation progressive des prix, a profondément modifié les mécanismes d’ajustement économique. Cette étude souligne ainsi l’importance des politiques de subventions dans la préservation de la stabilité économique face à la volatilité des marchés pétroliers. Toutefois, la période post-2014, marquée par la réforme de la compensation et la libéralisation progressive des prix, mérite une attention spécifique dans l’analyse des dynamiques récentes. Enfin, des perspectives de recherche pourraient consister à intégrer d’autres variables macroéconomiques telles que l’inflation, le taux de change ou encore l’ouverture commerciale, afin d’approfondir la compréhension des déterminants de la croissance économique marocaine dans un contexte de chocs externes.
This article examines the impact of oil price fluctuations and the subsidy regime on Morocco’s economic growth between the first quarter of 1998 and the fourth quarter of 2022. By employing a dynamic modeling approach on quarterly data, the study distinguishes between the linear and asymmetric effects of oil price variations, while accounting for the influence of the subsidy system through a dichotomous variable reflecting key reform phases. The results reveal that increases in oil prices have a significant effect on GDP growth, whereas price decreases do not exhibit a measurable direct impact. Moreover, the subsidy regime plays a stabilizing role by mitigating the effects of upward oil price shocks, although this impact depends on the institutional and fiscal context, particularly before and after the 2014 reform. The latter, characterized by the gradual liberalization of fuel prices, has substantially altered the economic adjustment mechanisms. This study thus highlights the crucial role of subsidy policies in preserving economic stability in the face of oil market volatility. However, the post-2014 period, marked by compensation reforms and price liberalization, warrants specific attention when analyzing recent dynamics. Future research avenues could involve incorporating additional macroeconomic variables such as inflation, exchange rates, and trade openness to further deepen the understanding of the determinants of Morocco’s economic growth in a context of external shocks.
Oui j’ai ajouté une référence en bibliographie. Cour des Comptes, (2014). Rapport sur Le système de compensation au Maroc Diagnostic et propositions de réforme. Rabat, janvier
L’impact de l'information digitale sur le public marocain « averti »: cas de la guerre à Gaza
Get PDFCet article nous permet de comprendre la réception des plateformes numériques émergentes, notamment dans le contexte de la guerre de Gaza 2023-2025. Notre recherche a porté sur un échantillon composé de Marocains ayant un niveau d’étude égal ou supérieur à BAC+5. Nous avons tenté d’analyser leur perception de l'information numérique et d’explorer leurs tendances et préférences dans la réception des nouveaux processus médiatiques. Dans cette optique, nous avons mené une enquête exploratoire à l'aide d'un questionnaire auquel ont répondu 101 Marocains faisant partie du public cible. Cette étude s’intéresse à l’impact des informations numériques présentées sous des formats hybrides sur la compréhension des actualités, aux positions des internautes sur la question palestinienne et aux effets psychologiques des informations liées au dossier en question. Si les conclusions de cette étude sont indicatives, il est important d’élargir l’échantillon pour avoir des résultats plus représentatifs afin de garantir une meilleure compréhension des habitudes et de la perception du public marocain cible de l’information digitale portant sur la guerre à Gaza.
This article contributes to our understanding of the reception of emerging digital platforms, particularly in the context of the 2023 Gaza war. Our research focused on the perception of the Moroccan public, specifically Moroccans with an educational level of BAC+5 or higher. We aimed to analyze their engagement with digital information and to explore the trends and preferences in their reception of new media processes. To this end, we conducted an exploratory survey using a questionnaire, which was answered by 101 Moroccans within the target audience. The survey sought to shed light on several aspects, including the impact of digital information presented in hybrid formats on news comprehension, internet users' positions towards the question of Palestine, and the psychological effects of such information. While the findings are insightful, it is important to note that this study should be expanded to cover a more representative sample of the target population. This would enable us to generalize the results and provide a more comprehensive understanding of the subject matter
Georgia's Path to Europe - A Corpus Linguistic Analysis of Speeches by President Salome Zourabichvili and Prime Minister Irakli Garibashvili
Get PDF Social and political phenomena come into existence through a discursive dimension. The linguistic construction of reality is pervasive as well as predetermining social and political environment. The present paper undertakes a linguistic scrutiny of Georgia’s endeavor to become a member state of the European Union. Joining the EU (accession) exists linguistically in a discursive dimension before its political establishment. The accession officially started on March 3, 2022. Therefore, President Salome Zourabichvili’s and former Prime Minister Irakli Garibashvili’s speeches/addresses stored at the official websites represent the discursive formation of Georgia’s path to the European Union. This article seeks to study the perceptions of the EU accession through 97 speeches delivered by the president and the prime minister of Georgia with the help of corpus linguistics software tools #LancsBox® and Wmatrix5® alongside corpus linguistics (CL) and discourse analysis (DA), which is referred to as corpus-assisted discourse studies (CADS). Moreover, the application of CADS to Georgian political discourse analysis is a novel endeavor itself. The paper scrutinizes lexical frequencies (a quantitative aspect) as well as identifying semantic/notional domains (a qualitative aspect) that the political figures most frequently resort to. The paper attempts to shed light on the discursive choices the politicians make regarding the European path, which is essential in the current political unrest and polarization. Based on Keyword and T-score analysis of essential collocates along with stance-taking peculiarities, the findings show that the speakers convey their intent to the listeners through their own idiolects
Spirulina Production in Niger in a Controlled Environment
Get PDFSpirulina, a dietary supplement par excellence, is an alga very rich in proteins, vitamins and minerals. The cultivation of spirulina requires optimum control of the culture parameters (Temperature, pH, Salinity, Lighting) which are most often lower than the optimal production conditions. The objective of this study is to optimize the production of spirulina. To do this, a randomized experimental design was carried out in a greenhouse to control the effect of light and temperature. A total of nine (9) treatments repeated three (3) times were conducted in the greenhouse. The culture media of different treatments used are composed of natron, salt, NPK fertilizer, urea, lime, iron and ash water. These media are mainly distinguished by the chemical composition linked to the quantitative variation of the inputs used. Thus, the culture parameters (pH, temperature, salinity and density of the culture medium) were recorded. The yield obtained during the experiments was also evaluated. The results from these tests show that there is a great variability in the culture parameters depending on the type of treatment used. Thus, the pH and salinity of the medium fluctuate respectively between 8.95 and 10.16 and 16g/l and 31g/l. The average temperature of the medium varies between 28.32°C ± 0.72 (n = 189) in the morning and 34.06°C ± 1.71 (n = 189) in the evening. For the daily growth values noted in the media, T1 (control) shows a greater growth from the first (1st) day to the third (3rd) day, with a peak μ = 0.66. On the other hand, this growth becomes relatively low until the seventh (5th) day of the test. However, treatments T4, T5, T6 and T8 showed a more or less linear growth from the first (1st) to the seventh (7th) day of the test. The result resulted in an optimal yield of 1.13g/l± 0.13 with treatment T6, which was significantly higher than the yields of the other treatments. However, the lowest yield (0.46g/l±0.08) was observed with treatment T3
Accessibility of Public Transport for Older People in Non-Urban Areas in Poland
Get PDFThe accessibility of public transportation for elderly people in Poland's rural and peri-urban regions represents a pressing concern, particularly in light of the nation's aging demographic and the growing phenomenon of transport exclusion. This study delves into the myriad challenges faced by seniors in accessing reliable transportation, emphasizing the detrimental consequences of limited mobility, such as heightened social isolation and diminished access to essential services. The paper scrutinizes the underlying causes of transport exclusion, including the curtailment of bus and rail services, inadequacies in stop infrastructure, and vehicle fleets that fail to accommodate the needs of the elderly. Through an in-depth case study of the Konin Agglomeration, the disparities in accessibility are brought to the forefront, underscoring the imperative for systemic modernization of transport networks. Proposed solutions, such as the implementation of demand-responsive transport systems and comprehensive infrastructure enhancements, are explored as avenues to mitigate these issues. The article posits that by adopting integrated strategies and prioritizing accessibility, policymakers can significantly enhance the mobility and social inclusion of elderly citizens. Such measures not only improve the quality of life for this vulnerable population but also contribute to the broader goals of sustainable transport development and societal cohesion
Toward Harmonised Governance of Cultural Routes: Sicilian Industrial Heritage Conservation Without Valorisation
Get PDFSicily represents an emblematic case of industrial heritage governance in Italy. Despite the absence of specific legislation, the region holds a historically significant legacy, particularly linked to the sulphur mining industry. In the absence of a unified legal and policy framework, valorisation increasingly depends on local communities and grassroots initiatives. The study adopted a case study approach, selecting Sicily for its complex governance system and long-standing engagement with cultural heritage policies. Therefore, it combined a multilevel review of national and regional legislation with semi-structured interviews conducted through the key informant method at the Sicilian sites of Trabia-Tallarita and Floristella-Grottacalda. Documentary and interview data have been cross-referenced, highlighting the relationship between European priorities, national policy frameworks and local practices. Findings reveal a misalignment between European valorisation strategies and regional implementation, underscoring the need for cohesive governance, strengthened local capacity, and sustainable funding. Within such a framework, Sicily requires a coordinated national strategy to align local cultural initiatives with European standards and ensure effective heritage valorisation
Cultivating Gender Equality to Achieve Educational and Social Sustainability among Indigenous Women of Malaysia
Get PDFThe ultimate aim of sustainability is to meet present-day requirements without endangering those of future generations. Gender equality is essential for social and educational sustainability because it allows people and society to reach their full potential, which produces more inclusive, equitable, and profitable results. This study depicts certain cases of the indigenous women in Malaysia, exploring the gender equality aspects in achieving educational and social sustainability in the indigenous peoples. A qualitative case study approach was employed for this case study. A semi-structured interview was conducted with 10 indigenous women from two main tribes, which are the Mah Meri and Temiar. Data were transcribed and analysed using a thematic analysis process. The findings reveal that there were three major themes generated from the thematic analysis, which are contributions to society and freedom in the pursuit of education. This case study highlights that indigenous women play a vital role in creating a balance between the responsibilities of the genders in order to achieve SDG5 (gender equality) and educational sustainability in indigenous communities