European Scientific Journal (European Scientific Institute)
Not a member yet
14481 research outputs found
Sort by
Using Trolls and Bots in Social Media: Propagandistic Influence on Public Opinion: A Literature Review
Get PDFIn recent years, the spread of various forms of misinformation, including fake news, rumors, and conspiracy theories, has increased. One of the primary ways misinformation spreads is through trolls and bots. Trolls are real users, while bots are automated, but both influence society in similar ways. However, they differ in the degree of harm they cause-some are highly damaging, while others have a lesser impact. One significant use of these entities is in propaganda. This paper focuses on analyzing propaganda theories in relation to society and its behaviors. Media has become a focal point in propaganda theories, as theorists have examined the influence of media content on society. The study aims to determine the impact of fake accounts on social media and explore strategies for managing trolls and bots. Key research areas include understanding how misinformation spreads, how people perceive it, and how detection methods can be improved. The relevance of this research stems from the expansive nature of social media, which serves as a vehicle for propagandistic tactics employed by trolls and bots. The study adopts a qualitative research approach, relying primarily on literature review and theoretical analysis. It draws upon existing research, theories, and findings to build its argument, referencing various studies on misinformation, fake accounts, propaganda theories, and the role of bots and trolls in media manipulation. To provide a strong theoretical framework, the study incorporates theories such as Lasswell’s propaganda theory, modern propaganda theories, and the theory of informational autocracy. Additionally, it discusses previous studies on misinformation, including research on disinformation detection, cognitive biases, and propaganda’s effects on public opinion
Peculiarities of separate forms of discretion according to the procedural law of Georgia
Get PDFIn modern criminal proceedings, one of the key criteria for expressing the state's democratic nature and high standard of rule of law is the legal and legitimate empowerment of participants in the justice process with "special authorities." This endowment is an indicator of the unique role they play within the process. However, granting such "special authorities" solely to certain participants can create an illusory appearance of privilege. In reality, these powers serve as tools for participants to perform positive roles in accordance with legally defined procedural procedures. This contributes to the effective and transparent administration of justice.
The conducted research raises the question of whether it might be appropriate to refine and clearly define the framework within which process participants act, even within "special authorities," incorporating judicial oversight. The research conducted on the raised issue led us to relevant conclusions, which are fully reflected in the work. Through comparative and qualitative research methods, a rational analysis was conducted, suggesting possible legislative changes at the national level to expand and refine discretionary authority for the prosecutor and other participants in criminal proceedings
Advancing Rural Tourism in Adjara: Key Projects and Strategic Approaches
Get PDFThis article explores the development of rural tourism in general, the evolution of its definition, and its connection to the UN's Sustainable Development Goals. It focuses on key projects and strategies that have driven the growth of this sector in the Adjara region. With its diverse landscapes, rich cultural heritage, and traditional agricultural practices, Adjara has become a significant destination for rural tourism. The study highlights various initiatives and community-based tourism projects supported by governmental and international organisations. The findings suggest that rural tourism offers local communities economic opportunities and contributes to cultural heritage preservation and environmental sustainability
Revue systématique de l'association entre les déplacements domicile-travail et le bien-être subjectif
Get PDFLes déplacements domicile-travail font partie intégrante de la vie quotidienne et peuvent avoir une grande influence sur le bien-être subjectif (SWB). Les études sur le lien entre les déplacements domicile-travail et le bien-être subjectif sont contradictoires, d'où la nécessité d'une synthèse systématique des données existantes. Conformément aux principes PRISMA, cette étude systématique vise à examiner les relations entre les caractéristiques des déplacements domicile-travail et les différentes composantes du bien-être subjectif. Nous n'avons retenu que la littérature évaluée par des pairs et analysant les effets du temps de trajet, du mode de transport et de la distance sur les diffèrentes composantes du bien-être subjectif à savoir, la composante cognitive, affective et eudémonique. Nous avons sélectionné les études publiées entre 2010 et 2023 dans Scopus, Google Scholar et PubMed. Conformément à Kmet et al. (2004), une évaluation de la qualité méthodologique et des critères d'inclusion ont permis de retenir un total de 32 recherches Les résultats de l'étude montrent que les longs trajets domicile-travail (>80 km/jour) et les longues distances parcourues diminuent la satisfaction de vie et augmentent les niveaux des émotions négatives liées aux trajets. Alors que les transports publics et les voitures sont généralement perçus négativement en raison de la fatigue, des retards, des encombrements et des contraintes de distance, les modes de transport actifs (marche, vélo) favorisent le bien-être.
Commuting is an integral part of daily life and can have a significant impact on subjective well-being (SWB). Studies on the link between commuting and subjective well-being are contradictory, hence the need for a systematic synthesis of existing data. In accordance with PRISMA principles, this systematic review aims to examine the relationships between commuting characteristics and the different components of subjective well-being. We selected only peer-reviewed literature analyzing the effects of travel time, mode of transport, and distance on the different components of subjective well-being: cognitive, affective, and eudaimonic. We selected studies published between 2010 and 2023 in Scopus, Google Scholar, and PubMed. In accordance with Kmet et al. (2004), an assessment of methodological quality and inclusion criteria resulted in a total of 32 studies. The results of the study show that long commutes (>80 km/day) and long distances traveled decrease life satisfaction and increase levels of negative emotions related to commuting. While public transport and cars are generally perceived negatively due to fatigue, delays, congestion and distance constraints, active modes of transport (walking, cycling) promote well-being
Connaissance des parents sur les effets des écrans chez les enfants de zéro à cinq ans du Centre Hospitalier Régional de Daloa (Centre-Ouest de la Côte d’Ivoire)
Get PDFL’avancée des nouvelles technologies numériques caractérisées par le lancement de l’iphone, début de la révolution des smartphones en 2007 et l’année 2017 a été marqué par l’équipement massif des smartphones et tablettes dans les foyers. Cette avancée à fait apparaitre une multitude d’écrans qui a entrainé une surexposition des enfants au détriment de l’interaction et les jeux essentiels pour leur développement. Notre étude vise donc à déterminer les connaissances et les pratiques des parents vis-à-vis de l'exposition des enfants de zéro à cinq ans face aux écrans. Cette étude descriptive s’est déroulée sur 04 mois. Les données ont été recueillies à l’aide d’un questionnaire anonyme adressé à 277 parents ayant des enfants âgés de 0 à 5 ans. Ces données ont été saisie à l’aide du logiciel CSPRO et analyser avec le logiciel STATA. Les résultats obtenus ont montré que concernant le profil des parents enquêtés, 52 % ont moins de 35 ans et 65 % sont des femmes. Quant au niveau de connaissance des parents sur les conséquences des écrans, 40,2 % signalent des troubles ophtalmologiques et 36 % ignorent les méfaits des écrans. 75 % n'ont jamais été sensibilisés aux risques et 64 % sont favorables à des lois réglementant l'exposition. Pour ce qui est des attitudes et pratiques des parents quant à l’exposition de leurs enfants de zéro à cinq ans aux écrans, nous retenons que la durée moyenne quotidienne d’exposition des enfants face aux écrans est de 1h26 minutes. De plus les avantages éducatifs du numérique influencent cette l'exposition et elle est plus marquée les weekends. 52 % des enfants sont exposés avant l’âge d’un 1 an. L’écran préféré des enfants est la tablette (37 %) et la télévision est l’écran le plus utilisé (54 %). Une sensibilisation et une réglementation sont nécessaires pour protéger la santé des enfants face aux méfaits des écrans.
The advance of new digital technologies characterized by the launch of the iPhone, the start of the smartphone revolution in 2007, and the year 2017 was marked by the massive equipment of smartphones and tablets in households. This progress has led to the appearance of a multitude of screens, resulting in children being overexposed to them, to the detriment of the interaction and play that are essential to their development. Our study therefore aims to determine parents' knowledge and practices regarding the exposure of children aged zero to five to screens. This descriptive study took place over 4 months. Data were collected using an anonymous questionnaire sent to 277 parents with children aged 0 to 5. Data were entered using CSPRO software and analyzed using STATA software. The results showed that 52% of the parents surveyed were under 35, and 65% were women. As for parents' level of knowledge about the consequences of screens, 40.2% reported ophthalmological problems and 36% were unaware of the harms of screens. 75% had never been made aware of the risks, and 64% were in favor of laws regulating exposure. As for parents' attitudes and practices regarding their children's exposure to screens between the ages of zero and five, the average daily exposure time is 1 hour 26 minutes. Moreover, the educational benefits of digital technology influence this exposure, and it is more pronounced at weekends. 52% of children are exposed to screens before the age of 1. Children's favorite screen is the tablet (37%), and television is the most widely used screen (54%). Awareness-raising and regulation are needed to protect children's health from the harmful effects of screens
Apport et performance de la coloscopie dans le diagnostic des pathologies digestives basses chez les sujets âgés de plus 60 ans : étude descriptive dans la ville de Yaoundé (Cameroun)
Get PDFContexte: La réalisation d’une endoscopie digestive est un défi chez les personnes âgées. L’objectif de l’étude était d’analyser l’apport des coloscopies dans le diagnostic des pathologies digestives basses chez les sujets de plus de 60 ans à Yaoundé (Cameroun). Méthodologie: Il s’agissait d’une étude transversale descriptive, avec collecte rétrospective des données menée dans 2 hôpitaux de Yaoundé (Cameroun). Les dossiers des patients âgés de plus de 60 ans ayant bénéficié d’une coloscopie entre le 1er janvier 2018 et le 31 décembre 2023 (6 ans) ont été inclus. L’analyse des données a porté sur le profil sociodémographique des patients, les comorbidités, la fragilité et la perte d’indépendance, la qualité de la préparation colique, le type de sédation effectuée, l’indication de l’examen, et les résultats observés. Résultats: Sur les 550 endoscopies digestives analysées chez les sujets âgés, il y avait 203 coloscopies (36,9%). La moyenne d’âge était de 66,5 ± 5,8 ans (extrêmes 60 - 90 ans). Le sex ratio était de 0,98. Les principales indications des coloscopies étaient une rectorragie (45,3 %), suivie de douleurs abdominales (42,4 %). La préparation colique avait été jugée satisfaisante chez 93,1%. La sédation était réalisée majoritairement à l’aide du Midazolam (55,2%), La tolérance avait été jugée bonne chez 96,6 %. Les anomalies coliques observées étaient dominées par les polypes (18,2%), une maladie diverticulaire (16,3%), et une tumeur d’allure maligne du côlon (4,9%). La pathologie ano-rectale était dominée par la maladie hémorroïdaire (60,1%). Conclusion: Les indications de coloscopie chez les sujets âgés sont dominées par l’exploration de rectorragie et de douleurs abdominales. La principale lésion observée est une maladie hémorroïdaire.
Background: Performing gastrointestinal endoscopy is a challenge in the elderly. The study aimed to analyze the contribution of colonoscopies in the diagnosis of lower digestive pathologies in subjects over 60 in Yaounde, Cameroon. Methodology: This was a descriptive, cross-sectional study with retrospective data collection conducted in two hospitals in Yaounde, Cameroon. This included patients over 60 who underwent a colonoscopy between January 1, 2018, and December 31, 2023 (6 years). Data analysis focused on patient's sociodemographic profile, comorbidities, frailty and loss of independence, quality of bowel preparation, type of sedation performed, indication for the examination, and observed outcomes. Results: Over the 550 digestive endoscopies analyzed in elderly subjects, 203 colonoscopies (36.9%) were performed. The mean age was 66.5 ± 5.8 years (range 60-90 years). The sex ratio was 0.98. Looking at their status, 65.3% of patients were frail and 61.6% were dependents. The main indications for colonoscopies were rectal bleeding (45.3%), followed by abdominal pain (42.4%). Bowel preparation was satisfactory in 93.1% of cases. Sedation was performed primarily with midazolam (55.2%), and tolerance was good in 96.6% of cases. Colonic abnormalities were dominated by polyps (18.2%), a diverticular disease (16.3%), and a malignant colon tumor (4.9%). Anorectal pathology was dominated by a hemorrhoid disease (60.1%). Conclusion: The indications for colonoscopy in elderly patients are rectal bleeding and abdominal pain. The main lesion observed is a hemorrhoid disease
Fostering Inclusion in Italy: Analyzing the 2022 Educational Guidance Reforms for Students with Disabilities
Get PDFThe educational guidance and inclusion practices in Italian schools have undergone significant evolution over the last few years. Recent legislative updates emphasize equity, inclusion, and personalized educational paths, acknowledging the diverse backgrounds, languages, and abilities of students. The 2022 guidelines for school guidance, introduced within the framework of the National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP), further underline the importance of creating an inclusive educational environment. This article explores the most recent regulations from 2020 alongside the latest Eurydice reports to analyze their implications for inclusive education, the role of pedagogical frameworks, and strategies to advance equity and accessibility in schools. By integrating legislative analysis, pedagogical frameworks, and comparative European perspectives, the study identifies challenges and proposes strategies for improving accessibility, teacher training, and systemic collaboration to ensure the realization of inclusive education for every student
Singing from the Same Hymn Sheet? A Semantic and Convergence Analysis of the Extent to Which ‘Smart’ is Similarly Understood and Applied Across Energy, Transport, and Waste Management Sectors of Urban Planning
Get PDFThe term ‘smart’ is widely used in urban planning, and it is often linked to the use and adoption of technologies or cost-efficiency measures in support of urban development and management. Whether the term is consistently understood and applied to inform practice across different policy sectors is unclear. This paper explores the understandings and applications of the term ‘smart’ within energy, transport, and waste management sectors of urban planning. A systematic literature review, guided by PRISMA criteria, was conducted, and NVivo-based coding was used to assess convergence. The findings provide a comprehensive profile of the term’s convergent and differential understandings and reflect on the scope for standardized terminology for ‘smart’ in urban planning. The term broadly describes a means of ‘deploying mechanical solutions’ pursuing efficiency and optimization, rather than ‘transformational outcomes’ e.g. sustainability. Thus, meaning and different eco-modernism goals are pursued in each sector, steeped in a language of technology-based paradigm, but hollow in meeting any fundamental transformation of the status quo. We conclude that while the concept of ‘smart’ can be adapted to different socio-economic and regional contexts, it requires a shared theoretical foundation. Future research could explore whether differences in understanding and application may be observed at regional levels
Diversité et Mode de Dissémination des diapores du Peuplement Végétal de la Commune de Cocody (Abidjan-Côte d’Ivoire)
Get PDFLa présente étude, réalisée dans la commune de Cocody visait à améliorer les connaissances sur la flore urbaine de ladite commune. La méthodologie utilisée a consisté en une synthèse bibliographique des listes floristiques des travaux déjà effectués associée à un inventaire itinérant. Les résultats révèlent la présence de trois formations végétales à savoir le jardin botanique du Centre National de Floristique, le jardin botanique du Centre National de Recherche Agronomique et le jardin botanique de l’Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences de l’Université Félix HOUPHOUET BOIGNY. Les résultats indiquent la présence de 602 espèces réparties en 415 genres regroupés au sein de 96 familles avec une forte représentation des Fabaceae. Cette flore est dominée par les microphanérophytes et comprend majoritairement les espèces de la zone guinéo-congolaises (GC) avec 338 espèces soit un taux de 56,15 %. Cette flore est riche de 122 espèces à statut particulier, dont 84 espèces endémiques. 36 espèces sont inscrites sur la liste rouge de l’UICN et 24 espèces rares et/ou menacées d’extinction de la flore ivoirienne ont été recensées. S’agissant du mode de dissémination des diaspores, les espèces zoochores sont majoritaires, suivis des anémochores, des autochores, et des hydrochores. Tous ces facteurs témoignent de la diversité floristique de la flore étudiée.
The present study, conducted in the commune of Cocody, aimed to improve knowledge of the urban flora of the area. The methodology consisted of a bibliographic synthesis of floristic lists from previous studies combined with a transect survey. The results revealed the presence of three plant formations, namely: the botanical garden of the National Center for Floristics, the botanical garden of the National Center for Agronomic Research, and the botanical garden of the Biosciences Training and Research Unit of Félix Houphouët-Boigny University. The results indicated the presence of 602 species distributed across 415 genera grouped into 96 families, with a strong representation of the Fabaceae. This flora is dominated by microphanerophytes and is mainly composed of species from the Guineo-Congolian (GC) zone, with 338 species accounting for 56.15%. The flora is rich in 122 species with special status, including 84 endemic species. Thirty-six species are listed on the IUCN Red List, and 24 rare and/or threatened species of the Ivorian flora were recorded. Regarding the mode of dissemination of diaspores, zoochorous species were predominant, followed by anemochorous, autochorous, and hydrochorous species. All these factors highlight the floristic diversity of the studied flora
Sustainable Mobility and Accessibility for People with Disabilities: Emerging Trends, Policy Challenges, and Evolution in Motor Insurance
Get PDFSmart mobility, understood as automation-assisted driving, has found new solutions for individuals with chronic progressive diseases (e.g., multiple sclerosis), who require driving support that meets their evolving needs. Furthermore, specific issues, such as gender smart mobility (which particularly regards the needs of the female population), have recently been highlighted. The challenge is to combine these new methods with essential insurance coverage which is sustainable in terms of pricing and limitations (deductibles, reimbursement policies, etc.). It is also necessary to rethink non-mandatory policies that provide fundamental support, such as roadside assistance and vehicle repair coverage. This paper, through legal analysis, focuses on analysing smart mobility techniques, addressing critical issues in emerging insurance coverage, and providing constructive legal proposals for policymakers, as well as for insurance production and distribution. The issues addressed are based on data collected and analyzed by others, to whom this essay refers