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Intentions in Words
No full textPhilosophers take a great deal of interest in the study of meaning, reference, truth and other semantic properties, but remarkably little attention has been paid to the entities that have semantic properties. The view that's typically taken for granted has two closely related components: 1! There is a distinction between types and tokens. Types are abstract objects, for instance patterns. Tokens are concrete particulars, for instance sounds or inscriptions. A particular is a token of a type, T, if and only if it stands in some appropriate relation to T. If T is taken to be a pattern, the relevant relation is the instantiation relation. 2! The abstract entities that are sign types are semantically and syntactically neutral objects. They have their semantic and syntactic properties contingently, through conventions. This is what David Kaplan in "Words" calls the Type-Token Model. He argues that it both fails to capture our ordinary~pre-theoretical! concept of a word and is detrimental to work in philosophy. As an alternative Kaplan presents what I'll call an intentional theory of words. A theory of words is intentional if it says that it is a necessary or sufficient condition for something being a token a word that the producer of the token was in a certain intentional state at the production timẽ intentionalist theories differ in how they describe the required intentional state!
Drawing Partially Embedded and Simultaneously Planar Graphs
No full textWe investigate the problem of constructing planar drawings with few bends for two related problems, the partially embedded graph problem-to extend a straight-line planar drawing of a subgraph to a planar drawing of the whole graph-and the simultaneous planarity problem-to find planar drawings of two graphs that coincide on shared vertices and edges. In both cases we show that if the required planar drawings exist, then there are planar drawings with a linear number of bends per edge and, in the case of simultaneous planarity, with a number of crossings between any pair of edges which is bounded by a constant. Our proofs provide efficient algorithms if the combinatorial embedding of the drawing is given. Our result on partially embedded graph drawing generalizes a classic result by Pach and Wenger which shows that any planar graph can be drawn with a linear number of bends per edge if the location of each vertex is fixed
Association Study of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in XRCC1 Gene with Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Chinese Han Population
No full textHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most frequently causing cancer-related deaths worldwide. Previous evidence suggests that the X-ray repair cross-complementing group 1 gene (XRCC1) is an important candidate gene for influencing the risk of HCC. The aim of this study was to assess the association of XRCC1 genetic polymorphisms with the risk of HCC in Chinese Han population. A total of 1314 subjects, including 651 HCC patients and 663 healthy controls, were enrolled in this case-control study. Two genetic variants (c.1254C>T and c.1517G>C) in XRCC1 gene were genotyped by created restriction site-polymerase chain reaction (CRS-PCR) and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) methods. Our data indicated that the allele and genotype frequencies of these two genetic variants were statistical difference in HCC cases and healthy controls. Association analyses suggested that these two genetic variants were statistically associated with the increased risk of HCC in all genetic models (for c.1254C>T, TT versus CC: OR = 2.30, 95% CI 1.61-3.28; CT versus CC: OR = 1.32, 95% CI 1.05-1.67; TT/CT versus CC: OR = 1.50, 95% CI 1.20-1.86; TT versus CT/CC: OR = 2.00, 95% CI 1.43-2.80; T versus C: OR = 1.47, 95% CI 1.25-1.73; for c.1517G>C, CC versus GG: OR = 1.90, 95% CI 1.34-2.69; GC versus GG: OR = 1.56, 95% CI 1.24-1.97; CC/GC versus GG: OR = 1.63, 95% CI 1.31-2.03; CC versus GC/GG: OR = 1.52, 95% CI 1.10-2.11; C versus G: OR = 1.45, 95% CI 1.23-1.70). The allele-T of c.1254C>T and allele-C of c.1517G>C genetic variants may contribute to HCC susceptibility in Chinese Han population
Visual attention tracking during program debugging
No full textABSTRACT This paper reports on a study which compared two tools for tracking the focus of visual attention -a remote eye tracker and the Restricted Focus Viewer (RFV). The RFV tool blurs the stimuli in order to simulate human vision; the user controls the portion of the screen which is in focus with a computer mouse. Both tools were used by eighteen participants debugging three Java programs for ten minutes each. T he results in terms of debugging accuracy and debugging behavior were compared using the restricting view condition of the RFV and a measuring tool as factors. The results show that while the debugging performance and the distribution of the time spent on areas of interest (AOI) are not influenced by the restricting view condition, the dynamics of programming behavior is different. The number of switches between the AOIs as measured by the RFV significantly differed from those measured by the eye tracker. Also the number of switches under the restricted and unrestricted RFV condition was significantly different. We maintain that the RFV must be used with caution to measure the switches of visual attention
POPULATION ECOLOGY Seasonal and Spatial Dynamics of Alate Aphid Dispersal in Snap Bean Fields in Proximity to Alfalfa and Implications for Virus Management
No full textABSTRACT Alfalfa is a source for viruses that may be acquired by aphids and transmitted to snap bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L. Snap bean Þelds in proximity to alfalfa could have an increased risk of virus infection. Knowledge of the abundance and temporal and spatial dispersal patterns of commonly encountered aphids in commercial snap bean Þelds, varying in distance from alfalfa, could provide insight into this risk. Alate aphids were monitored using water pan traps in snap bean and alfalfa Þelds that were adjacent to or Ͼ1 km away from each other. The pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), was the most common aphid species captured in early-planted snap bean Þelds in 2002 and 2003 (56 and 23% of total, respectively), whereas the corn leaf aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch), also was common in 2003 (15% of total). In contrast, the yellow clover aphid, Therioaphis trifolii (Monell), and soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura, were the most abundant species trapped in late-planted snap bean Þelds in 2002 (77% of total) and 2003 (64% of total), respectively. These species were prevalent in traps in alfalfa as well. The abundance and temporal dispersal patterns of these species in snap beans adjacent to and Ͼ1 km away from alfalfa were similar, suggesting that the risk for virus infection may not be affected by proximity to alfalfa. A similar number of alate aphids also were captured along snap bean Þeld edges and Þeld centers, regardless of their proximity to alfalfa. This suggests that the aphids dispersed into snap bean randomly rather than directionally from the Þeld edge. The implication of these results is that separating snap bean Þelds from alfalfa or using crop borders/barriers are not likely to be successful virus management strategies
Practical Power Quality Charts for Motor Starting Assessment
No full textAbstract-The impact of motor starting on power quality can be assessed using detailed computer simulation studies. However, not every motor installation case needs such an extensive assessment. Utility planners are interested in quick evaluation of the potential impact of a motor installation proposal. Based on the findings, they can then determine if detailed case studies and what types of case studies are necessary. This paper presents three charts for motor starting planning according to three power quality concerns. These concerns are the amount of voltage drop caused by motor starting, the compliance to the ITIC curve, and the compliance to the IEC flicker meter limits. These charts can help utility planers to conduct quick and first-cut assessment of a motor starting situation. They also reveal the key factors affecting the motor starting related power quality concerns. The principles behind these charts are explained. Examples are given to show how to use them for quick assessment of motor starting impact
Power Factor Control of PV Generators in Local Distribution Networks using Fuzzy Logic Concept
No full textABSTRACT: One of the most important operational requirements for any electrical power network for both distribution and transmission level is voltage control. Many studies have been carried out to improve or develop new voltage control techniques to facilitate safe connection of distributed generation. In Saudi Arabia, due to environmental, economic and development perspectives a wide integration of photovoltaic (PV) generation in distribution network is expected in the near future. This development in the network may cause voltage regulation problems due to the interaction with the existing conventional control system. In a previous paper [1] a control system has been described using a fuzzy logic control to set the on-line tap changer for the primary substation. In this paper a new control system is proposed for controlling the power factor of individual PV invertors based on observed correlation between net active and reactive power at each connection. A fuzzy logic control has been designed to alter the power factor for the remote invertors from the secondary substation to keep the feeder voltage within the permissible limits. In order to confirm the validity of the proposed method, simulations are carried out for a realistic distribution network with real data for load and solar radiation. Results showing the performance of the new control method are presented and discussed. KEYWORDS: Grid connected PV system, Dnetwotk, Power factor, Fuzzy logic, Control. I.INTRODUCTION This paper presents an approach for solving the feeder voltage regulation problem in a local manner, with the goal of fulfilling the plug-and-play feature desired by manufacturers and regulatory bodies. The plug-and-play feature will enable customers to simply connect their PV systems to the distribution feeder, and through a fuzzy logic control (FLC) the power flow from the PV system through the inverters will be controlled to help maintain the feeder voltage level within limits at minimum cost. The chapter paper by the proposed controller objectives. The proposed controller design is based on FLC and the architecture is then presented. Test results of this system are shown to prove that the proposed controller can successfully regulate the voltage of a distribution feeder with PV systems connected to it. Finally the interaction between two controllers at the same feeder has been investigated and a simulation is carried out under MATLAB /Simulink environment to evaluate the stability of the control algorithm. II. CONTROL OF THE REACTIVE POWER OF PV GENERATION USING FLC Consider a voltage source V S ∟δ connected to a utility grid V G ∟0° through a coupling impedance Z=R+jX, as shown i
Tactile Media: Factors Affecting the Adoption of Touchscreen Smartphones among Consumers with Vision Loss Tactile Media: Factors Affecting the Adoption of Touchscreen Smartphones among Consumers with Vision Loss
No full textAbstract Touchscreen technology is on the rise as the new standard in smartphone design. But, the usability of touchscreen is hindered for consumers that lack the physical ability to navigate such devices. Two focus groups were conducted in order to identify specific uses and gratifications that people with visual impairments had when using mobile phones. Additional questions were presented to the participants to determine if touchscreen technology limited access to communication and entertainment. The responses revealed an upward trend in touchscreen smartphone adoption among the participants. These users chose to adopt touchscreen smartphones that had built-in and downloadable assistive features that contributed to user-friendly designs
An Empiric Integrative Approach to the Management of Cough ACCP Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines Diagnosis and Management of Cough: ACCP Guidelines
No full textObjective: Review the literature to provide a comprehensive approach, including algorithms for the clinician to follow in evaluating and treating the patient with acute, subacute, and chronic cough. Methods: We searched MEDLINE (through May 2004) for studies published in the English language since 1980 on human subjects using the medical subject heading terms "cough," "treatment of cough," and "empiric treatment of cough." We selected case series and prospective descriptive clinical trials. We also obtained any references from these studies that were pertinent to the topic. Results: The relative frequency of the disorders (alone and in combination) that can cause cough as well as the sensitivity and specificity of many but not all diagnostic tests in predicting the cause of cough are known. An effective approach to successfully manage chronic cough is to sequentially evaluate and treat for the common causes of cough using a combination of selected diagnostic tests and empiric therapy. Sequential and additive therapy is often crucial because more than one cause of cough is frequently present. Conclusion: Algorithms that provide a "road map" that the clinician can follow are useful and are presented for acute, subacute, and chronic cough. (CHEST 2006; 129:222S-231S) Key words: algorithmic approach; empiric therapy; sequential and additive therapy; systematic approach Abbreviations: ACE ϭ angiotensin-converting enzyme; A/D ϭ antihistamine/decongestant; BPC ϭ bronchoprovocation challenge; GERD ϭ gastroesophageal reflux disease; HRCT ϭ high-resolution CT; NAEB ϭ nonasthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis; PPI ϭ proton pump inhibitor; UACS ϭ upper airway cough syndrome T he clinician faced with a patient with an unexplained cough needs a systematic, integrated approach to this problem. Fortunately, the information necessary to formulate such an approach exists. The relative frequency of the disorders (alone and in combination) that can cause cough, as well as the sensitivity and specificity of various findings on medical history, physical examination, and the pertinent diagnostic tests in predicting the cause of cough 1-5 are known from a number of clinical studies. A great deal is also known about specific treatments that work for the various conditions and the expected time frame of response. 3,6 -11 The recommended approach delineated below and the schematic algorithms depicted reflect this composite body of knowledge. The "gold standard" for assessing the accuracy of diagnosis and the effectiveness of the physician's management of a patient's cough is the response to specific treatment. 1 Marked improvement or resolution of cough is the sine qua non for success. Based on this standard, it has been demonstrated that the use of empiric treatment, systematically directed at the common causes of cough (see below) works and is an important component of a successful approach to the diagnosis and treatment of cough