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Immediacy Bias in Consumer Attitudes and Choices Over Time
Get PDFLeaf Van Boven, University of Colorado at Boulder, USA Many consumer decisions involve comparing alternatives that occur at different points in time. The current research examines the role of the immediacy bias-the tendency judge immediate emotions as more intense than distant emotions, all else equal-in consumer attitudes and choice. We demonstrate that alternatives (i.e., advertisements and movie clips) that arouse immediate pleasure are evaluated more positively than alternatives that arouse distant pleasure (studies 1 and 2). Consumers were also more likely to choose alternatives that aroused immediate rather than distant pleasure, a pattern that increased "mischoice" (study 2). These findings have both consumer welfare and managerial implications
A Service of zbw State Dependence in Welfare Receipt: Transitions Before and After a Reform State Dependence in Welfare Receipt: Transitions Before and After a Reform
No full textStandard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. www.econstor.eu The Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) in Bonn is a local and virtual international research center and a place of communication between science, politics and business. IZA is an independent nonprofit organization supported by Deutsche Post Foundation. The center is associated with the University of Bonn and offers a stimulating research environment through its international network, workshops and conferences, data service, project support, research visits and doctoral program. IZA engages in (i) original and internationally competitive research in all fields of labor economics, (ii) development of policy concepts, and (iii) dissemination of research results and concepts to the interested public. Terms of use: Documents in D I S C U S S I O N P A P E R S E R I E S IZA Discussion Papers often represent preliminary work and are circulated to encourage discussion. Citation of such a paper should account for its provisional character. A revised version may be available directly from the author. We study state dependence in welfare receipt and investigate whether welfare transitions changed after a welfare reform. Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel, we apply dynamic multinomial logit estimators and find that state dependence in welfare receipt is not a central feature of the German welfare system. We find that welfare transitions changed after the reform: transitions from welfare to employment became more likely and persistence in welfare and inactivity declined. We observe a large relative increase in transitions from employment to welfare. Immigrants' responsiveness to the labor market situation increased after the reform. JEL Classification: I38, J6
Early termination algorithms for correlation coefficient based block matching
Get PDFABSTRACT Block based motion compensation techniques make frequent use of Early Termination Algorithms (ETA) to reduce the computational cost of block matching process. ETAs have been well studied in the context of Sum of Absolute Differences (SAD) match measure and are effective in eliminating a large percentage of computations. As compared to SAD, the correlation coefficient (ρ) is a more robust measure but has high computational cost because no ETAs for ρ have been reported in literature. In this paper, we propose two types of ETAs for correlation coefficient: growth based and the bound based. In growth based ETA, ρ is computed as a monotonically decreasing measure. At a specific search location, when the partial value of ρ falls below the yet known maxima, remaining calculations are discarded. In bound based ETA, a new upperbound on ρ is derived which is tighter than the currently used Cauchy-Schwartz inequality. The search locations where the proposed bound falls shorter than the yet known maxima are eliminated from the search space. Both types of algorithms are implemented in a cascade and tested on a commercial video dataset. In our experiments, up to 88% computations are found to be eliminated. In terms of execution time, our algorithm is up to 13.7 times faster than the FFTW based implementation and up to 4.6 times faster than the current best known spatial domain technique
Potential geographic distribution of Myotis ruber (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae), a threatened Neotropical bat species
Get PDFPersonnel's Experiences of Phlebotomy Practices after Participating in an Educational Intervention Programme
Get PDFBackground. Blood specimen collection is a common procedure in health care, and the results from specimen analysis have essential influence on clinical decisions. Errors in phlebotomy may lead to repeated sampling and delay in diagnosis and may jeopardise patient safety. This study aimed to describe the experiences of, and reflections on, phlebotomy practices of phlebotomy personnel working in primary health care after participating in an educational intervention programme (EIP). Methods. Thirty phlebotomists from ten primary health care centres participated. Their experiences were investigated through face-to-face interviews. Findings were analysed using qualitative content analysis. Results. The participants perceived the EIP as having opened up opportunities to reflect on safety. The EIP had made them aware of risks in relation to identification procedures, distractions from the environment, lack of knowledge, and transfer of information. The EIP also resulted in improvements in clinical practice, such as a standardised way of working and increased accuracy. Some said that the training had reassured them to continue working as usual, while others continued as usual regardless of incorrect procedure. Conclusions. The findings show that EIP can stimulate reflections on phlebotomy practices in larger study groups. Increased knowledge of phlebotomy practices improves the opportunities to revise and maximise the quality and content of future EIPs. Educators and safety managers should reflect on and pay particular attention to the identification procedure, distractions from the environment, and transfer of information, when developing and implementing EIPs. The focus of phlebotomy training should not solely be on improving adherence to practice guidelines
Cloning and Functional Characterization of Two Murine Uridine Nucleotide Receptors Reveal a Potential Target for Correcting Ion Transport Deficiency in Cystic Fibrosis Gallbladder
Get PDFABSTRACT Extracellular nucleotides regulate transepithelial ion secretion via multiple receptors. The P2Y 2 receptor is the predominant transducer of chloride transport responses to nucleotides in the airways, but the P2 receptors that control ion transport in gastrointestinal epithelia have not been identified. UTP and UDP promote chloride secretion in mouse jejuna and gallbladder epithelia, respectively, and these responses were unaffected by P2Y 2 receptor gene disruption. Pharmacological data suggested the involvement of P2Y 4 and P2Y 6 receptors in gastrointestinal responses. To identify the P2Y receptors responsible for the gastrointestinal actions of UTP and UDP, we have cloned the murine P2Y 4 and P2Y 6 receptors and have stably expressed each in a null cell line to examine the nucleotide-promoted inositol phosphate formation and intracellular Ca 2ϩ mobilization. The (m)P2Y 4 receptor was potently, but not selectively, activated by UTP (UTP Ն ATP ϾITP Ͼ GTP Ͼ CTP), and it was not activated by UDP or ADP. The (m)P2Y 6 receptor was highly selective for UDP (UDP Ͼ Ͼ ADP ϭ GDP). The nucleotide selectivities observed with the recombinant (m)P2Y 4 and (m)P2Y 6 receptors resemble those for nucleotide-promoted chloride transport in murine P2Y 2 (Ϫ/Ϫ) jejuna and gallbladder epithelial cells, respectively. Ion transport responses to nucleotide additions were examined in freshly excised tissues from cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator-deficient mice. Although the effect of UTP on jejunal short-circuit current (I sc ) was impaired in the CF mouse, UDP-promoted I sc changes were not affected in CF gallbladder epithelium, suggesting that the P2Y 6 receptor is a target for treatment of CF gallbladder disease
Systemic Treatment of Vitreous Inflammation
Get PDFNon infectious vitreous inflammation is often vision threatening and can be associated with potentially life-threatening systemic conditions. Treatment is often challenging as it involves systemic medications that can be associated with adverse effects. The classes of drugs are ever expanding and include corticosteroids, antimetabolites, alkylating agents, T-cell and calcineurin agents, biologic agents, and interferons. Each class of systemic therapy for non-infectious vitreous inflammation is reviewed. We discuss the mechanisms of action, usual clinical dosages, the specific conditions that are treated, the adverse effects, and usual course of treatment for each class of therapy
