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Inhibiting beliefs demands attention
No full textResearch across a variety of domains has found that people fail to evaluate statistical information in an atheoretical manner. Rather, people tend to evaluate statistical information in light of their pre-existing beliefs and experiences. The locus of these biases continues to be hotly debated. In two experiments we evaluate the degree to which reasoning when relevant beliefs are readily accessible (i.e., when reasoning with Belief-Laden content) versus when relevant beliefs are not available (i.e., when reasoning with Non-BeliefLaden content) differentially demands attentional resources. In Experiment 1 we found that reasoning with scenarios that contained Belief-Laden content required fewer attentional resources than reasoning with scenarios that contained Non-Belief-Laden content, as evidenced by smaller costs on a secondary memory load task for the former than the latter. This trend was reversed in Experiment 2 when participants were instructed to ignore their beliefs when reasoning with Belief-Laden and Non-Belief-Laden scenarios. These findings provide evidence that beliefs automatically influence reasoning, and attempting to ignore them comes with an attentional cost
VACT: Visualization-Aware CT Reconstruction
No full textAbstract-Computed tomography (CT) reconstruction methods are often unaware of the requirements of the subsequent 3D volume visualization stage. In this stage, a delicate and often-studied component is the interpolation of off-grid samples, where aliasing can lead to misleading artifacts and blurring, potentially hiding fine details of critical importance. The visualization-aware CT reconstruction framework we describe aims to account for these errors directly in the volume generation stage. Our framework informs the CT reconstruction process of the specific filter intended for interpolation in the subsequent visualization process, and this in turn ensures an accurate interpolation there at a set tolerance. Here, we focus on fast trilinear interpolation in conjunction with an octree-type mixed resolution volume representation without T-junctions. Efficient rendering is achieved by a space-efficient and locality-optimized representation, which can straightforwardly exploit fast fixed-function pipelines on GPUs
OTO: Ontology Term Organizer
No full textABSTRACT We believe biology ontologies should reflect the consensus of biologists. To promote consensus and assist the development of ontologies in biology domains, we implemented a web-based ontology term organizer (OTO) to collect grouping and relationship opinions from biologists. Besides is_a and part_of relations (the most frequently used relations in biology domains), OTO can also be used to sort out ordered values in any domain. A demo dataset OTO_demo has been set up at http://biosemantics.arizona.edu/ONTNEW. Use username OTOdemo and password OTOdemopass to login
Distributed under Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 OPEN ACCESS Will you swim into my parlour? In situ observations of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) interactions with baited pots, with implications for gear design
No full textABSTRACT Pots (also known as traps) are baited fishing gears widely used in commercial fisheries, and are being considered as a tool for harvesting Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. Pots produce lower environmental impacts than many other fishing gears, but they will only be a viable fishing strategy if they are efficient and selective at catching their target species. To study the behaviour of cod in and around pots, and how those behaviours affect pot efficiency, we used longduration underwater video cameras to assess two models of cod pot deployed in the nearshore waters of Fogo Island, NL. We examined the number of cod that approached the pot, the number and proportion that successfully completed entries into the pot openings, and the number that exited, and related these factors to the direction of water movement. We observed very few entry attempts relative to the number of approaches by cod, and only 22% of all entry attempts were successful. We observed that 50% of approaches, 70% of entry attempts, and 73% of successful entrances occurred against the current, and 25% of cod were able to exit the pot following capture. Based on our observations, we suggest that future cod pots should have a greater number of entrances, or a mechanism to ensure that entrances rotate in line with the current, in order to maximize their catch efficiency for cod
Biweekly docetaxel as second-line chemotherapy of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer: a phase II study of the Galician Lung Cancer Group (GGCP 006-00)
No full text. With a median follow-up of 4 months, the median time to disease progression was 2.8 months (95% CI 1.9-3.7), the median overall survival was 4.0 months (95% CI 3.4-4.6) and the 1-year survival rate was 23% (95% CI 9-37). The every-2-weeks docetaxel schedule was well tolerated. Grade 3/4 non-hematological toxicities showed rates of 5% or less of patients and 2% or less of cycles. The main grade 3/4 hematological toxicity was neutropenia (16% of patients and 8% of cycles). No febrile neutropenia was found. Nevertheless, one toxic death was reported. We conclude that the biweekly docetaxel schedule showed an antitumoral activity similar to that found with the every-3-weeks or weekly docetaxel schedule in a second-line setting for advanced NSCLC. This antitumoral effect was associated with a marked reduction in hematological toxicity, therefore suggesting that this new docetaxel schedule might be useful in the design of combined second-line schedules for treating NSCLC
Modified Bifurcating Neuron with Leaky- Integrate-and-Fire Model
No full textAbstract. The Modified Bifurcating Neuron (MBN) is a neuron model that is capable of amplitude-to-phase conversion and volume-holographic memory. Inputs are real valued and temporally spaced. This allows information to be coded in the temporal spacing of inputs and outputs as well as their values. At its core, the MBN incorporates a stateful leaky-integrate-and-fire neuron model. The MBN attempts to produce these properties by simulating mechanisms present in biological neural systems to a greater extent than is normally found in artificial neural networks. MBNs use an object model rather than the normal linear algebra approach. The MBN is conceptually based on the computational model presented in the "Bifurcating Neuron Network 2" by G. Lee and N. Farhat
An evaluation of airport X-ray backscatter units based on image characteristics
Get PDFAbstract Little information exists on the performance of x-ray backscatter machines now being deployed through UK, US and other airports. We implement a Monte Carlo simulation using as input what is known about the x-ray spectra used for imaging, device specifications and available images to estimate penetration and exposure to the body from the x-ray beam, and sensitivity to dangerous contraband materials. We show that the body is exposed throughout to the incident x-rays, and that although images can be made at the exposure levels claimed (under 100 nanoGrey per view), detection of contraband can be foiled in these systems. Because front and back views are obtained, low Z materials can only be reliable detected if they are packed outside the sides of the body or with hard edges, while high Z materials are well seen when placed in front or back of the body, but not to the sides. Even if exposure were to be increased significantly, normal anatomy would make a dangerous amount of plastic explosive with tapered edges difficult if not impossible to detect