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What could possibly go wrong?: Impact and Consequences in Design: DGTF ANNUAL CONFERENCE 2024 IN LUCERNE
Get PDFDie 20. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Designtheorie und -Forschung (DGTF) im April 2024 stand unter dem Titel 'Design als Wagnis – Risiken und Nebenwirkungen der Gestaltung'. Sie reflektierte über die Rolle von Designer:innen angesichts gesellschaftlicher, politischer und ökologischer Herausforderungen. Zentrale Diskussionspunkte waren die Wirkungsmacht des Designs sowie die Notwendigkeit einer systematischen Wirkungsmessung und Folgenabschätzung. Der Konferenzband “What could possibly go wrong?” beleuchtet die Spannung, die mit der Frage nach der Wirkung im Design einhergeht: Einerseits wird Design als potenzieller Hoffnungsträger gesehen, um eine nachhaltige, gesellschaftliche Transformationen anzustoßen. Andererseits wird der Umgang mit Ressourcen, Produktionsketten oder Erkenntnissen, die im Forschungsprozess gewonnen werden, kritisch hinterfragt, insbesondere in Bezug auf mögliche negative Auswirkungen und Abhängigkeiten und die Reproduktion von Machtstrukturen.
Die Publikation kartiert aktuelle Forschungsansätze in der Designforschung, mit der Zielsetzung, die Wirkungsbezüge in Designprozessen, Methodenansätzen und Theoriebildung greifbar zu machen. Die Modellbildung innerhalb der Designforschung steht dahin gehend noch am Anfang, während in den Nachhaltigkeits-, Sozial- und Ingenieurswissenschaften bereits etablierte Modelle existieren. Daher wird die Frage aufgeworfen, wie die Wirkung von Design gemessen werden kann, sowohl in Bezug auf soziale Innovationen und gesellschaftliche Interventionen als auch im Kontext von produzierenden Unternehmen. Der Konferenzband thematisiert erste Ansätze, reflektiert die Rolle von Design in inter- und transdisziplinären Forschungs- und Praxiskooperationen und zeigt dabei die Grenzen und Herausforderungen insbesondere in Bezug auf Machtstrukturen und Ausschlüsse.
Die 24 Beiträge aus 20 peer-reviewed Artikeln und drei Visual Essays bieten vielfältige Einblicke zu den Themen Shifting Perspectives, Impact and Measurement, Power and Complicity, Design Challenges, Social Innovation, Designing Governance, Managing Risk? and Exploring the Unknown. In diesem Zusammenhang wird die Designfolgenabschätzung diskutiert sowie die Etablierung einer Fehlerkultur, die Raum bietet für Lernprozesse und unterschiedlichen Perspektiven und nicht zuletzt die Verantwortung von Designer:innen, wenn es darum geht, um soziale, ökologische und wirtschaftliche Ziele zu berücksichtigen und ungehörte Stimmen zu integrieren. Zusammenfassend reflektieren die einzelnen Beiträge über die Notwendigkeit einer kritischen Auseinandersetzung mit dem modernistischen Denken, das oft mit dem Design verbunden wird und techno-optimistische Vorstellungen von der Gestaltung einer besseren Zukunft vermittelt. Es wird angeregt, eine Perspektive einzunehmen, die die Rolle des Designs in einem komplexen Netzwerk von Akteuren und Einflüssen betrachtet und dessen Auswirkungen auf die Gesellschaft, Umwelt und Zukunft kritisch hinterfragt.:What could possibly go wrong? 6
IBACH, AUGSTEN, VOGELSANG
SOCIAL INNOVATION AND DESIGN CHALLENGES
Incorporate agentiality into the design process for digital pain assessment using a flexible framework instead of user requirements 24
BREUER, MÜHLENBEREND, MEISSNER, ARNOLD, BAUMBACH, WILLMANN
Medical Design – Zwischen Nachhaltigkeit und Sicherheit: Entwicklung einer zellstoffbasierten, ökologischeren Gesichtsmaske 38
MOOR, EGLOFF, HÜGLI
Zwischen Desinfektion und Distinktion: Zur Designgeschichte der medizinischen Schutzmaske 54
LEYSIEFFER
Spekulativer Geschichtsrevisionismus 66
BOHAUMILITZKY
Something Wicked This Way Comes 78
A Problematic Paradigm for Design in Times of Crisis
MEHL
Traversing Cognitive Spaces. Material Samples for Harnessing Tacit Knowledge 88
Workshop on Experimental Negotiation Methods (Visual Essay)
EGGER, LEPENIK
DESIGNING GOVERNANCE – POWER AND COMPLICITY
Interfacing Natural History Museums
Future avenues for Natural History Collections from an Eco-Social Design Perspective 96
HARLES
Design in öko-sozialen Transformationsprozessen 108
Eine explorative Betrachtung seiner Wirkung und Wirkungsmacht
FINEDER, BAEDEKER, FASTENRATH, KREMSER, LIEDTKE
Tacit and Situated Knowledge 120
Co-Creation Literacy für die Anschlussfähigkeit von Gestaltungsmethoden im transdisziplinären Forschungskontext
KARRENBROCK, BRENDEL, POPPLOW
Sustainability by Design 134
The use of design methodologies in transferring ecological and economic theories into everyday life
BRÄNDLE, JÄGER, ASSADI, SCHMEER
Co-designing Participation with Young People in the Smart City 146
Learning from the Early Stages of a Co-design
Process with an Overlooked Group
KNABE
«Wer sind wir, wenn wir gestalten?» 158
Zur Ko-Konstitution von Rollenbildern im Design
ERNST
Ethik, Werte, Utopien 170
zum Werkzeugcharakter des Gestalterischen für Fragen nach der Zukunft (Visual Essay)
UNGER-BÜTTNER, KNAPP, KINTSCHER-SCHMIDT, ECKSTEIN, LIPPERT
IMPACT AND MEASUREMENT – MANAGING RISK?
Designbasierte Aufstellung als emotionales Wagnis 180
Wie Gestaltung organisationale Transformationsprozesse in Bewegung bringt
LUMER, SEEWALD, ZETTL, TRÜBSWETTER
Wirtschaft und Nachhaltigkeit als Zielkonflikt bei der Entwicklung zirkulärer Textilien 188
Ein Beispiel aus der angewandten Designforschung
TOMOVIC, HÜGLI
Jenseits der Paralyse 206
Designlehre zwischen Dringlichkeit und Exploration
SAMETINGER, RITZMANN
If all is designed, why aren’t we done yet? 220
PLAISIER
Design und Kontingenz 230
Was leisten sozialkonstruktivistische Perspektiven für Theorie und Praxis?
EBERT
Taking design’s impact for a walk 240
A roving panel in the Roterwald (Visual Essay)
GASPAR MALLOL, MELTZER
SHIFTING PERSPEKTIVES – EXPLORING THE UNKOWN
The Ecological Self 254
Exploring Relational Ontologies through Design
WEIGAND
Multispecies ways of knowing 262
How to bring Multispecies Design into practice
HARLES
Medien*ökologische Gestaltungsprinzipien für eine bio*inklusive Lebensraumgestaltung 274
GERLOFF, TORPUS, KÜFFER, AMBERG, SPINDLER, SCHAUER, KÜRY
Untangling More-Than-Human Design Words and Worlds 288
Cautionary Insights and Considerations
LÓPEZ BARBERAThe 20th annual conference of the German Society for Design Theory and Research (DGTF) in April 2024 was entitled 'Design as a risk - risks and side effects of design'. It reflected the role of designers in the face of social, political, and ecological challenges. Central discussion points were the power of design and the need for systematic impact measurement and impact assessment. The conference proceedings 'What could possibly go wrong?' shed light on the tension that goes hand in hand with the question of impact in design: on the one hand, design is seen as a potential beacon of hope for initiating sustainable, social transformations. On the other hand, handling resources, production chains, or knowledge gained in the research process is critically scrutinized, especially concerning possible negative effects and dependencies and the reproduction of power structures.
The publication maps current research approaches in design research intending to make the impact relationships in design processes, methodological approaches, and theory formation tangible. In this respect, modelling within design research is still in its infancy, while established models already exist in the sustainability, social, and engineering sciences. This raises the question of how the impact of design can be measured, both concerning social innovations and social interventions, as well as in the context of manufacturing companies. The conference volume addresses initial approaches, reflects on the role of design in inter- and transdisciplinary research and practice collaborations, and shows the limits and challenges, particularly regarding power structures and exclusions.
The 24 contributions from 21 peer-reviewed articles and three visual essays offer diverse insights into Shifting Perspectives, Impact and Measurement, Power and Complicity, Design Challenges, Social Innovation, Designing Governance, Managing Risk? and Exploring the Unknown. In this context, design impact assessment is discussed as well as the establishment of a culture of error that offers space for learning processes and different perspectives and, finally, the responsibility of designers when taking social, ecological, and economic goals into account and integrating unheard voices. The individual contributions reflect the need for a critical examination of modernist thinking, which is often associated with design and conveys techno-optimistic ideas of shaping a better future. It is encouraged to adopt a perspective that considers the role of design in a complex network of actors and influences and critically scrutinizes its impact on society, the environment, and the future.:What could possibly go wrong? 6
IBACH, AUGSTEN, VOGELSANG
SOCIAL INNOVATION AND DESIGN CHALLENGES
Incorporate agentiality into the design process for digital pain assessment using a flexible framework instead of user requirements 24
BREUER, MÜHLENBEREND, MEISSNER, ARNOLD, BAUMBACH, WILLMANN
Medical Design – Zwischen Nachhaltigkeit und Sicherheit: Entwicklung einer zellstoffbasierten, ökologischeren Gesichtsmaske 38
MOOR, EGLOFF, HÜGLI
Zwischen Desinfektion und Distinktion: Zur Designgeschichte der medizinischen Schutzmaske 54
LEYSIEFFER
Spekulativer Geschichtsrevisionismus 66
BOHAUMILITZKY
Something Wicked This Way Comes 78
A Problematic Paradigm for Design in Times of Crisis
MEHL
Traversing Cognitive Spaces. Material Samples for Harnessing Tacit Knowledge 88
Workshop on Experimental Negotiation Methods (Visual Essay)
EGGER, LEPENIK
DESIGNING GOVERNANCE – POWER AND COMPLICITY
Interfacing Natural History Museums
Future avenues for Natural History Collections from an Eco-Social Design Perspective 96
HARLES
Design in öko-sozialen Transformationsprozessen 108
Eine explorative Betrachtung seiner Wirkung und Wirkungsmacht
FINEDER, BAEDEKER, FASTENRATH, KREMSER, LIEDTKE
Tacit and Situated Knowledge 120
Co-Creation Literacy für die Anschlussfähigkeit von Gestaltungsmethoden im transdisziplinären Forschungskontext
KARRENBROCK, BRENDEL, POPPLOW
Sustainability by Design 134
The use of design methodologies in transferring ecological and economic theories into everyday life
BRÄNDLE, JÄGER, ASSADI, SCHMEER
Co-designing Participation with Young People in the Smart City 146
Learning from the Early Stages of a Co-design
Process with an Overlooked Group
KNABE
«Wer sind wir, wenn wir gestalten?» 158
Zur Ko-Konstitution von Rollenbildern im Design
ERNST
Ethik, Werte, Utopien 170
zum Werkzeugcharakter des Gestalterischen für Fragen nach der Zukunft (Visual Essay)
UNGER-BÜTTNER, KNAPP, KINTSCHER-SCHMIDT, ECKSTEIN, LIPPERT
IMPACT AND MEASUREMENT – MANAGING RISK?
Designbasierte Aufstellung als emotionales Wagnis 180
Wie Gestaltung organisationale Transformationsprozesse in Bewegung bringt
LUMER, SEEWALD, ZETTL, TRÜBSWETTER
Wirtschaft und Nachhaltigkeit als Zielkonflikt bei der Entwicklung zirkulärer Textilien 188
Ein Beispiel aus der angewandten Designforschung
TOMOVIC, HÜGLI
Jenseits der Paralyse 206
Designlehre zwischen Dringlichkeit und Exploration
SAMETINGER, RITZMANN
If all is designed, why aren’t we done yet? 220
PLAISIER
Design und Kontingenz 230
Was leisten sozialkonstruktivistische Perspektiven für Theorie und Praxis?
EBERT
Taking design’s impact for a walk 240
A roving panel in the Roterwald (Visual Essay)
GASPAR MALLOL, MELTZER
SHIFTING PERSPEKTIVES – EXPLORING THE UNKOWN
The Ecological Self 254
Exploring Relational Ontologies through Design
WEIGAND
Multispecies ways of knowing 262
How to bring Multispecies Design into practice
HARLES
Medien*ökologische Gestaltungsprinzipien für eine bio*inklusive Lebensraumgestaltung 274
GERLOFF, TORPUS, KÜFFER, AMBERG, SPINDLER, SCHAUER, KÜRY
Untangling More-Than-Human Design Words and Worlds 288
Cautionary Insights and Considerations
LÓPEZ BARBER
Designbasierte Aufstellung als emotionales Wagnis: Wie Gestaltung organisationale Transformationsprozesse in Bewegung bringt
Get PDFIMPACT AND MEASUREMENT – MANAGING RISK?:1 Der Kontext
2 Die Idee
3 Die konkrete Anwendung
4 Die Systemlandkarte und ihre Teile
5 Was durch die Aufstellung passiert
6 Systemlandkarte als Tool der partizipativen Gestaltung
7 Ausblick
ReferencesDas Forschungsprojekt EvoFrame zielt darauf ab, Antworten auf die Dynamik organisatorischer Veränderungen zu finden und die Rolle individueller, erfahrungsbasierter Emotionen zu untersuchen. Durch das im Projekt entwickelte designbasierte Aufstellungsformat, die Systemlandkarte, sollen Emotionen in Transformationsprozessen
sichtbar und diskutierbar gemacht werden. Die Systemlandkarte adaptiert das Konzept der systemischen Aufstellung von Bert Hellinger für den unternehmerischen Kontext. Indem sie die unbewussten Überzeugungen und Emotionen in Organisationen visualisiert, ermöglicht sie eine Reflexion und Weiterentwicklung der Organisationskultur.
Die Landkarte besteht aus verschiedenen Elementen, deren Form- und Farbgebung es nicht nur erlaubt, verschiedene Elemente des Systems der Organisation zu repräsentieren, sondern auch Emotionen darzustellen. Durch die Anwendung der Systemlandkarte können Indizien für Wandlungstreiber und -blockaden identifiziert und in einen Lösungsraum integriert werden. Die partizipative Gestaltung des Wandels wird als zentraler Ansatz betrachtet, um nachhaltige Veränderungen in Organisationen zu ermöglichen.
Der Einsatz der Systemlandkarte als Werkzeug zur Gestaltung von Wandel ist ein Wagnis.:1 Der Kontext
2 Die Idee
3 Die konkrete Anwendung
4 Die Systemlandkarte und ihre Teile
5 Was durch die Aufstellung passiert
6 Systemlandkarte als Tool der partizipativen Gestaltung
7 Ausblick
Reference
Exploring Mobile Device Interactions for Information Visualization
Get PDFInformation visualization (InfoVis) makes data accessible in a graphical form, enables visual and interactive data exploration, and is becoming increasingly important in our data-driven world - InfoVis empowers people from various domains to truly benefit from abstract and vast amounts of data. Although they often target desktop environments, nowadays, data visualizations are also used on omnipresent mobile devices, such as smartphones and tablets. However, most mobile devices are personal digital companions, typically visualizing moderately complex data (e.g., fitness, health, finances, weather, public transport data) on a single and very compact display, making it inherently hard to show the full range or simultaneously different perspectives of data. The research in this thesis engages with these aspects by striving for novel mobile device interactions that enable data analysis with more than a single device, more than a single visualization view, and more than a single user.
At the core of this dissertation are four realized projects that can be connected by the following research objectives: (i) Facilitating data visualization beyond the casual exploration of personal data, (ii) Integrating mobile devices in multi-device settings for InfoVis, and (iii) Exploiting the mobility and spatiality of mobile devices for InfoVis.
To address the first objective, my research mainly concentrates on interactions with multivariate data represented in multiple coordinated views (MCV). To address the second objective, I consider two different device settings in my work: One part investigates scenarios where one or more people sit at a regular table and analyze data in MCV that are distributed across several mobile devices (mobile devices on a table). The other part focuses on scenarios in which a wall-sized display shows large-scale MCV and mobile devices enable interactions with the visualizations from varying positions and distances (mobile devices in 3D space). The settings also allow to look at different purposes and roles of mobile devices during data exploration. To address the third objective, I examine different spatial device interactions. This includes placing and organizing multiple mobile devices in meaningful spatial arrangements and also pointing interaction that combines touch and spatial device input.
Overall, with my research, I apply an exploratory approach and develop a range of techniques and studies that contribute to the understanding of how mobile devices can be used not only for typical personal visualization but also in more professional settings as part of novel and beyond-the-desktop InfoVis environments.:Publications ... ix
List of Figures ... xix
List of Tables ... xx
1. Introduction ... 1
1.1. Research Objectives and Questions ... 5
1.2. Methodological Approach ... 8
1.3. Scope of the Thesis ... 10
1.4. Thesis Outline & Contributions ... 13
2. Background & Related Work ... 15
2.1. Data Visualization on a Mobile Device ... 16
2.1.1. Revisiting Differences of Data Visualization for Desktops and Mobiles ... 16
2.1.2. Visualization on Handheld Devices: PDAs to Smartphones ... 18
2.1.3. Visualization on Tablet Computers ... 20
2.1.4. Visualization on Smartwatches and Fitness Trackers ... 21
2.1.5. Mobile Data Visualization and Adjacent Topics ... 22
2.2. Cross-Device Data Visualization ... 24
2.2.1. General Components of Cross-Device Interaction ... ... 24
2.2.2. Cross-Device Settings with Large Displays ... 26
2.2.3. Cross-Device Settings with Several Mobile Devices ... 27
2.2.4. Augmented Displays ... 29
2.2.5. Collaborative Data Analysis ... 30
2.2.6. Technological Aspects ... 31
2.3. Interaction for Visualization ... 32
2.3.1. Touch Interaction for InfoVis ... 33
2.3.2. Spatial Interaction for InfoVis ... 36
2.4. Summary ... 38
3. VisTiles: Combination & Spatial Arrangement of Mobile Devices ... 41
3.1. Introduction ... 43
3.2. Dynamic Layout and Coordination ... 45
3.2.1. Design Space: Input and Output ... 46
3.2.2. Tiles: View Types and Distribution ... 46
3.2.3. Workspaces: Coordination of Visualizations ... 47
3.2.4. User-defined View Layout ... 49
3.3. Smart Adaptations and Combinations ... 49
3.3.1. Expanded Input Design Space ... 50
3.3.2. Use of Side-by-Side Arrangements ... 50
3.3.3. Use of Continuous Device Movements ... 53
3.3.4. Managing Adaptations and Combinations ... 54
3.4. Realizing a Working Prototype of VisTiles ... 55
3.4.1. Phase I: Proof of Concept ... 55
3.4.2. Phase II: Preliminary User Study ... 56
3.4.3. Phase III: Framework Revision and Final Prototype ... 59
3.5. Discussion ... 63
3.5.1. Limitations of the Technical Realization ... 63
3.5.2. Understanding the Use of Space and User Behavior ... 64
3.5.3. Divide and Conquer: Single-Display or Multi-Display? ... 64
3.5.4. Space to Think: Physical Tiles or Virtual Tiles? ... 65
3.6. Chapter Summary & Conclusion ... 66
4. Marvis: Mobile Devices and Augmented Reality ... 69
4.1. Introduction ... 71
4.2. Related Work: Augmented Reality for Information Visualization ... 74
4.3. Design Process & Design Rationale ... 75
4.3.1. Overview of the Development Process ... 75
4.3.2. Expert Interviews in the Design Phase ... 76
4.3.3. Design Choices & Rationales ... 78
4.4. Visualization and Interaction Concepts ... 79
4.4.1. Single Mobile Device with Augmented Reality ... 79
4.4.2. Two and More Mobile Devices with Augmented Reality ... 83
4.5. Prototype Realization ... 86
4.5.1. Technical Implementation and Setup ... 87
4.5.2. Implemented Example Use Cases ... 88
4.6. Discussion ... 94
4.6.1. Expert Reviews ... 94
4.6.2. Lessons Learned ... 95
4.7. Chapter Summary & Conclusion ... 98
5. FlowTransfer: Content Sharing Between Phones and a Large Display ... 101
5.1. Introduction ... 103
5.2. Related Work ... 104
5.2.1. Interaction with Large Displays ... 104
5.2.2. Interactive Cross-Device Data Transfer ... 105
5.2.3. Distal Pointing ... 106
5.3. Development Process and Design Goals ... 106
5.4. FlowTransfer’s Pointing Cursor and Transfer Techniques ... 108
5.4.1. Distance-dependent Pointing Cursor ... 109
5.4.2. Description of Individual Transfer Techniques ... 110
5.5. Technical Implementation and Setup ... 115
5.6. User Study ... 115
5.6.1. Study Design and Methodology ... 115
5.6.2. General Results ... 117
5.6.3. Results for Individual Techniques ... 117
5.7. Design Space for Content Sharing Techniques ... 119
5.8. Discussion ... 120
5.8.1. Design Space Parameters and Consequences ... 121
5.8.2. Interaction Design ... 121
5.8.3. Content Sharing-inspired Techniques for Information Visual- ization ... 122
5.9. Chapter Summary & Conclusion ... 123
6. Divico: Touch and Pointing Interaction for Multiple Coordinated Views ... 125
6.1. Introduction ... 127
6.2. Bringing Large-Scale MCV to Wall-Sized Displays ... 129
6.3. Interaction Design for Large-Scale MCV ... 130
6.3.1. Interaction Style and Vocabulary ... 131
6.3.2. Interaction with Visual Elements of Views ... 132
6.3.3. Control of Analysis Tools ... 134
6.3.4. Interaction with Visualization Views ... 134
6.4. Data Set and Prototype Implementation ... 135
6.5. User Study: Goals and Methodology ... 136
6.5.1. Participants ... 137
6.5.2. Apparatus ... 137
6.5.3. Procedure and Tasks ... 138
6.5.4. Collected and Derived Data ... 139
6.6. Results: User Behavior and Usage Patterns ... 140
6.6.1. Data Analysis Method ... 140
6.6.2. Analysis of User Behavior and Movement ... 140
6.6.3. Analysis of Collaboration Aspects ... 142
6.6.4. Analysis of Application Usage ... 145
6.7. Discussion ... 146
6.7.1. Setup ... 146
6.7.2. Movement ... 147
6.7.3. Distance and Interaction Modality ... 147
6.7.4. Device Usage ... 148
6.7.5. MCV Aspects ... 149
6.8. Chapter Summary & Conclusion ... 149
7. Discussion and Conclusion ... 151
7.1. Summary of the Chapters ... 151
7.2. Contributions ... 152
7.2.1. Beyond Casual Exploration of Personal Data ... 153
7.2.2. Multi-Device Settings ... 154
7.2.3. Spatial Interaction ... 156
7.3. Facets of Mobile Device Interaction for InfoVis ... 157
7.3.1. Mobile Devices ... 158
7.3.2. Interaction ... 160
7.3.3. Data Visualization ... 161
7.3.4. Situation ... 162
7.4. Limitations, Open Questions, and Future Work ... 162
7.4.1. Technical Realization ... 163
7.4.2. Extent of Visual Data Analysis ... 164
7.4.3. Natural Movement in the Spectrum of Explicit and Implicit
User Input ... 165
7.4.4. Novel Setups & Future Devices ... 166
7.5. Closing Remarks ... 167
Bibliography ... 169
A. Appendix for ViTiles ... 219
A.1. Examples of Early Sketches and Notes ... 219
A.2. Color Scheme for Visualizations ... 220
A.3. Notes Sheet with Interview Procedure ... 221
A.4. Demographic Questionaire ... 222
A.5. Examplary MCV Images for Explanation ... 223
B. Appendix for Marvis ... 225
B.1. Participants’ Expertise ... 225
B.2. Notes Sheet with Interview Procedure ... 226
B.3. Sketches of Ideas by the Participants ... 227
B.4. Grouped Comments from Expert Interviews (Design Phase) ... 228
C. Appendix for FlowTransfer ... 229
C.1. State Diagram for the LayoutTransfer Technique ... 229
C.2. User Study: Demographic Questionnaire ... 230
C.3. User Study: Techniques Questionnaire ... 231
D. Appendix for Divico ... 235
D.1. User Study: Demographic Information ... 235
D.2. User Study: Expertise Information ... 237
D.3. User Study: Training Questionnaire ... 239
D.4. User Study: Final Questionnaire ... 241
D.5. Study Tasks ... 245
D.5.1. Themed Exploration Phase ... 245
D.5.2. Open Exploration Phase ... 246
D.6. Grouping and Categorization of Protocol Data ... 246
D.7. Usage of Open-Source Tool GIAnT for Video Coding Analysis ... 248
D.8. Movement of Participants (Themed Exploration Phase) ... 250
D.9. Movement of Participants (Open Exploration Phase) ... 254
E. List of Co-supervised Student Theses ... 259Informationsvisualisierung (InfoVis) macht Daten in grafischer Form zugänglich, ermöglicht eine visuelle und interaktive Datenexploration und wird in unserer von Daten bestimmten Welt immer wichtiger. InfoVis ermöglicht es Menschen in verschiedenen Anwendungsbereichen, aus den abstrakten und enormen Datenmengen einen echten Nutzen zu ziehen. Obwohl sie häufig auf Desktop-Umgebungen ausgerichtet sind, werden Datenvisualisierungen heutzutage auch auf den allseits präsenten Mobilgeräten wie Smartphones und Tablets eingesetzt. Die meisten Mobilgeräte sind jedoch persönliche digitale Begleiter, die in der Regel mäßig komplexe Daten (z.B. Fitness-, Gesundheits-, Finanz-, Wetter-, Nahverkehrsdaten) auf einem einzigen und sehr kompakten Display visualisieren, wodurch es grundsätzlich schwierig ist, die gesamte Bandbreite von bzw. gleichzeitig mehrere Blickwinkel auf Daten darzustellen. Die in dieser Arbeit vorgestellte Forschung greift diese Aspekte auf und versucht, neuartige Mobilgeräte-Interaktionen zu untersuchen, die eine Datenanalyse mit mehr als nur einem Gerät, mehr als nur einer Visualisierung und mehr als nur einem Benutzer ermöglichen.
Im Mittelpunkt dieser Dissertation stehen vier durchgeführte Projekte, die sich anhand der folgenden Forschungsziele miteinander verbinden lassen: (i) Datenvisualisierung jenseits der einfachen Exploration persönlicher Daten ermöglichen, (ii) Mobilgeräte für InfoVis in geräteübergreifende Umgebungen einbinden und (iii) die Beweglichkeit und Räumlichkeit von Mobilgeräten für InfoVis ausnutzen.
Um auf das erste Ziel hinzuarbeiten, liegt der Schwerpunkt meiner Forschung auf der Interaktion mit multivariaten Daten, die in mehreren miteinander verknüpften Visualisierungen (engl. multiple coordinated views, kurz MCV) abgebildet werden. Um das zweite Ziel zu adressieren, werden in meiner Arbeit zwei grundlegend unterschiedliche Gerätekonfigurationen behandelt: Der eine Teil befasst sich mit Szenarien, in denen eine oder mehrere Personen an einem Tisch sitzen, um Daten mit MCV zu analysieren, wobei die Ansichten auf mehrere Mobilgeräte verteilt sind (Mobilgeräte auf einem Tisch). Der andere Teil beschäftigt sich mit Szenarien, in denen ein wandgroßes Display eine große Anzahl von MCV anzeigt, während Mobilgeräte die Interaktion mit diesen Ansichten aus unterschiedlichen Positionen und Entfernungen ermöglichen (Mobilgeräte im 3D-Raum). Die Gerätekonfigurationen erlauben es zudem, verschiedene Einsatzzwecke und Rollen von mobilen Geräten während der Datenexploration zu untersuchen. Um auf das dritte Ziel hinzuwirken, untersuche ich mehrere räumliche Geräteinteraktionen. Dies umfasst die Platzierung und Anordnung mehrerer Mobilgeräte in sinnvollen räumlichen Konstellationen sowie Pointing-Interaktion die Touch- und räumliche Geräteeingaben miteinander kombiniert.
Allgemein betrachtet wende ich in meiner Forschung einen explorativen Ansatz an.
Ich entwickle eine Reihe von Techniken und führe Untersuchungen durch, die zu einem besseren Verständnis beitragen, wie Mobilgeräte nicht nur für typische persönliche Visualisierungen, sondern auch in einem eher professionellen Umfeld als Teil neuartiger InfoVis-Umgebungen jenseits klassischer Desktop-Arbeitsplätze eingesetzt werden können.:Publications ... ix
List of Figures ... xix
List of Tables ... xx
1. Introduction ... 1
1.1. Research Objectives and Questions ... 5
1.2. Methodological Approach ... 8
1.3. Scope of the Thesis ... 10
1.4. Thesis Outline & Contributions ... 13
2. Background & Related Work ... 15
2.1. Data Visualization on a Mobile Device ... 16
2.1.1. Revisiting Differences of Data Visualization for Desktops and Mobiles ... 16
2.1.2. Visualization on Handheld Devices: PDAs to Smartphones ... 18
2.1.3. Visualization on Tablet Computers ... 20
2.1.4. Visualization on Smartwatches and Fitness Trackers ... 21
2.1.5. Mobile Data Visualization and Adjacent Topics ... 22
2.2. Cross-Device Data Visualization ... 24
2.2.1. General Components of Cross-Device Interaction ... ... 24
2.2.2. Cross-Device Settings with Large Displays ... 26
2.2.3. Cross-Device Settings with Several Mobile Devices ... 27
2.2.4. Augmented Displays ... 29
2.2.5. Collaborative Data Analysis ... 30
2.2.6. Technological Aspects ... 31
2.3. Interaction for Visualization ... 32
2.3.1. Touch Interaction for InfoVis ... 33
2.3.2. Spatial Interaction for InfoVis ... 36
2.4. Summary ... 38
3. VisTiles: Combination & Spatial Arrangement of Mobile Devices ... 41
3.1. Introduction ... 43
3.2. Dynamic Layout and Coordination ... 45
3.2.1. Design Space: Input and Output ... 46
3.2.2. Tiles: View Types and Distribution ... 46
3.2.3. Workspaces: Coordination of Visualizations ... 47
3.2.4. User-defined View Layout ... 49
3.3. Smart Adaptations and Combinations ... 49
3.3.1. Expanded Input Design Space ... 50
3.3.2. Use of Side-by-Side Arrangements ... 50
3.3.3. Use of Continuous Device Movements ... 53
3.3.4. Managing Adaptations and Combinations ... 54
3.4. Realizing a Working Prototype of VisTiles ... 55
3.4.1. Phase I: Proof of Concept ... 55
3.4.2. Phase II: Preliminary User Study ... 56
3.4.3. Phase III: Framework Revision and Final Prototype ... 59
3.5. Discussion ... 63
3.5.1. Limitations of the Technical Realization ... 63
3.5.2. Understanding the Use of Space and User Behavior ... 64
3.5.3. Divide and Conquer: Single-Display or Multi-Display? ... 64
3.5.4. Space to Think: Physical Tiles or Virtual Tiles? ... 65
3.6. Chapter Summary & Conclusion ... 66
4. Marvis: Mobile Devices and Augmented Reality ... 69
4.1. Introduction ... 71
4.2. Related Work: Augmented Reality for Information Visualization ... 74
4.3. Design Process & Design Rationale ... 75
4.3.1. Overview of the Development Process ... 75
4.3.2. Expert Interviews in the Design Phase ... 76
4.3.3. Design Choices & Rationales ... 78
4.4. Visualization and Interaction Concepts ... 79
4.4.1. Single Mobile Device with Augmented Reality ... 79
4.4.2. Two and More Mobile Devices with Augmented Reality ... 83
4.5. Prototype Realization ... 86
4.5.1. Technical Implementation and Setup ... 87
4.5.2. Implemented Example Use Cases ... 88
4.6. Discussion ... 94
4.6.1. Expert Reviews ... 94
4.6.2. Lessons Learned ... 95
4.7. Chapter Summary & Conclusion ... 98
5. FlowTransfer: Content Sharing Between Phones and a Large Display ... 101
5.1. Introduction ... 103
5.2. Related Work ... 104
5.2.1. Interaction with Large Displays ... 104
5.2.2. Interactive Cross-Device Data Transfer ... 105
5.2.3. Distal Pointing ... 106
5.3. Development Process and Design Goals ... 106
5.4. FlowTransfer’s Pointing Cursor and Transfer Techniques ... 108
5.4.1. Distance-dependent Pointing Cursor ... 109
5.4.2. Description of Individual Transfer Techniques ... 110
5.5. Technical Implementation and Setup ... 115
5.6. User Study ... 115
5.6.1. Study Design and Methodology ... 115
5.6.2. General Results ... 117
5.6.3. Results for Individual Techniques ... 117
5.7. Design Space for Content Sharing Techniques ... 119
5.8. Discussion ... 120
5.8.1. Design Space Parameters and Consequences ... 121
5.8.2. Interaction Design ... 121
5.8.3. Content Sharing-inspired Techniques for Information Visual- ization ... 122
5.9. Chapter Summary & Conclusion ... 123
6. Divico: Touch and Pointing Interaction for Multiple Coordinated Views ... 125
6.1. Introduction ... 127
6.2. Bringing Large-Scale MCV to Wall-Sized Displays ... 129
6.3. Interaction Design for Large-Scale MCV ... 130
6.3.1. Interaction Style and Vocabulary ... 131
6.3.2. Interaction with Visual Elements of Views ... 132
6.3.3. Control of Analysis Tools ... 134
6.3.4. Interaction with Visualization Views ... 134
6.4. Data Set and Prototype Implementation ... 135
6.5. User Study: Goals and Methodology ... 136
6.5.1. Participants ... 137
6.5.2. Apparatus ... 137
6.5.3. Procedure and Tasks ... 138
6.5.4. Collected and Derived Data ... 139
6.6. Results: User Behavior and Usage Patterns ... 140
6.6.1. Data Analysis Method ... 140
6.6.2. Analysis of User Behavior and Movement ... 140
6.6.3. Analysis of Collaboration Aspects ... 142
6.6.4. Analysis of Application Usage ... 145
6.7. Discussion ... 146
6.7.1. Setup ... 146
6.7.2. Movement ... 147
6.7.3. Distance and Interaction Modality ... 147
6.7.4. Device Usage ... 148
6.7.5. MCV Aspects ... 149
6.8. Chapter Summary & Conclusion ... 149
7. Discussion and Conclusion ... 151
7.1. Summary of the Chapters ... 151
7.2. Contributions ... 152
7.2.1. Beyond Casual Exploration of Personal Data ... 153
7.2.2. Multi-Device Settings ... 154
7.2.3. Spatial Interaction ... 156
7.3. Facets of Mobile Device Interaction for InfoVis ... 157
7.3.1. Mobile Devices ... 158
7.3.2. Interaction ... 160
7.3.3. Data Visualization ... 161
7.3.4. Situation ... 162
7.4. Limitations, Open Questions, and Future Work ... 162
7.4.1. Technical Realization ... 163
7.4.2. Extent of Visual Data Analysis ... 164
7.4.3. Natural Movement in the Spectrum of Explicit and Implicit
User Input ... 165
7.4.4. Novel Setups & Future Devices ... 166
7.5. Closing Remarks ... 167
Bibliography ... 169
A. Appendix for ViTiles ... 219
A.1. Examples of Early Sketches and Notes ... 219
A.2. Color Scheme for Visualizations ... 220
A.3. Notes Sheet with Interview Procedure ... 221
A.4. Demographic Questionaire ... 222
A.5. Examplary MCV Images for Explanation ... 223
B. Appendix for Marvis ... 225
B.1. Participants’ Expertise ... 225
B.2. Notes Sheet with Interview Procedure ... 226
B.3. Sketches of Ideas by the Participants ... 227
B.4. Grouped Comments from Expert Interviews (Design Phase) ... 228
C. Appendix for FlowTransfer ... 229
C.1. State Diagram for the LayoutTransfer Technique ... 229
C.2. User Study: Demographic Questionnaire ... 230
C.3. User Study: Techniques Questionnaire ... 231
D. Appendix for Divico ... 235
D.1. User Study: Demographic Information ... 235
D.2. User Study: Expertise Information ... 237
D.3. User Study: Training Questionnaire ... 239
D.4. User Study: Final Questionnaire ... 241
D.5. Study Tasks ... 245
D.5.1. Themed Exploration Phase ... 245
D.5.2. Open Exploration Phase ... 246
D.6. Grouping and Categorization of Protocol Data ... 246
D.7. Usage of Open-Source Tool GIAnT for Video Coding Analysis ... 248
D.8. Movement of Participants (Themed Exploration Phase) ... 250
D.9. Movement of Participants (Open Exploration Phase) ... 254
E. List of Co-supervised Student Theses ... 25
Web Based Microscopic Traffic Flow Simulator
Get PDFThis research presents significant progress in applying the car following model to traffic simulation visualization, enabling the effective representation of traffic conditions in any given concentrated area. The primary objective is to establish a robust computational framework and host the simulation on a web platform that meets specified input requirements while catering to user needs. The project employs Three.js, a 3D JavaScript framework leveraging WebGL, to create detailed three dimensional visualizations. The web based implementation is supported by the Django backend framework, which efficiently manages REST API calls and can be integrated with a database, resulting in a comprehensive full-stack development. A key aspect of this study involves identifying the data prediction process from the car
following model. In this case, Intelligent driver model simulation, subsequently translates this data into CSV files. Once generated, the project focuses on developing visualization capabilities from the ground up, including modeling roads and vehicles and extracting geospatial data. This approach is supported by a thorough literature review of traffic simulation methods, conceptual model development, the thorough research of various models, and the establishment and analysis of a web based microscopic traffic simulation model. Collectively, these efforts aim to enhance user experience and adaptability in web based traffic simulations. In conclusion, this thesis advances strategies for microscopic traffic simulations by integrating them into a web environment. The proposed methodology addresses limitations in adaptability and user interaction, ultimately improving the precision and accessibility of web based simulation interfaces. The methodology, algorithms, and results are clearly delineated,
accompanied by recommendations for future research directions.:Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III
Symbols and Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Research Background and Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Problem Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.3 Study Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2 State of the art and research problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.1 Traffic Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2 Mesoscopic models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2.1 Applications of Mesoscopic Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.3 Macroscopic models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.3.1 Kinematic Wave Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.3.2 Payne Whitham Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.3.3 Cellular Automata Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.4 Microscopic Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.4.1 Intelligent Driver Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.4.2 MOBIL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.5 Mixed traffic model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.6 Web based Traffic simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.7 Why Web-based Simulation ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.8 Building the Traffic Simulation with Three.js . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.8.1 Scene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.8.2 Camera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.8.3 Renderer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.8.4 Geometries and Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.8.5 Lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.9 Extracting Geospatial Data from OpenStreetMap and Overpass Turbo . . . 16
2.10 Road Modeling and Creation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.11 Trajectory Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.11.1 Importance in simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
IV
Contents
2.11.2 Integrating Trajectory Data into Web-Based Simulation . . . . . . . . 18
2.12 Python Based Follower Leader Simulation Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.13 API call’s and Libraries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.14 Django Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.15 REST API . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.16 Django Serializer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.16.1 Key Functions of Django Serializers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.17 SQL Lite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3 Methodology and Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.1 Geospatial Data Collection and Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.1.1 Universal Transverse Mercator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.1.2 Key attributes within the dataset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.2 Road and Lane Creation Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.3 Visualization of Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.3.1 Car . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.3.2 Truck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.3.3 Bike . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.4 User interface controls and enhanced rendering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.4.1 Pause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.4.2 Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.4.3 Dynamic loader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.5 Analysis of IDM Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.6 Django Workflow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4 Results and Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.1 Visualization of Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.1.1 Car . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.1.2 Truck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.1.3 Medium Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.1.4 Bus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.1.5 Bike . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.1.6 Road Visualization Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.2 Driver POV and IDM Paramters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.3 Simulation Outcomes from the Python Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4.3.1 Error calculation and IDM performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
5 Conclusion and direction of the future work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
5.1 Summary of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
5.2 Limitations of the study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
5.3 Enhancing Project Capabilities: Potential Improvements . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
5.4 Practical Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
6 Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
6.1 Code guidance and execution in terminal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
6.1.1 Frontend execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
6.1.2 Backend execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
V
Contents
7 Acknowledgement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Characterization of the DEAD-box RNA helicase DDX3X and its role in ribonucleoprotein granule assembly
Get PDFRibonucleoprotein (RNP) granules are membraneless compartments that form inside the cyto- or nucleoplasm by the process of phase separation. RNP granules play essential roles in cell organization and physiology and their misregulation can have detrimental effects including protein misfolding and aggregation. Even though our knowledge about RNP granules has increased greatly in the past years there are still many open questions about the mechanisms involved in their formation, dissolution, and properties. There are indications that RNA helicases could play a crucial role in regulating the properties of RNP granules. Many RNA helicases can be found in different types of RNP granules. Furthermore, they have the ability to bind and remodel secondary structures of RNA, one of the main components of RNP granules. This gives them the potential ability to influence RNP granule formation, dissolution, and properties. In my PhD thesis, I analysed the human DEAD-box helicase DDX3X, which is known to be present in stress-inducible RNP granules. For this, I established a purification method for DDX3X-WT as well as two cancer related-variants of DDX3X. By biochemical analysis, I could demonstrate that the cancer-related variants are partially or fully defective in their enzymatic activity. I could show that DDX3X forms condensates at physiologically relevant conditions in vitro and that the phase separation propensity is independent on the enzymatic activity. However, analysis of the material properties of condensates formed by DDX3X-WT and the two cancer-related variants in different conditions revealed significant differences. This indicates that the enzymatic activity of DDX3X is relevant for the material properties of these condensates. Furthermore, I set up an in vitro system to mimic stress-inducible RNP granules, using G3BP1 and RNA. This assay revealed that condensates formed by G3BP1 in the presence of heat-aggregated RNA exhibit solid-like features. I could show that DDX3X-WT, but not the cancer-related variants, collaborates with G3BP1 and promotes a solid to liquid phase transition of these solid-like condensates. Taken together, this suggests that the RNA helicase DDX3X can regulate the material properties of RNP granules using its enzymatic activity. This reveals a potential mechanism how DEAD-box helicases could regulate RNP granules formation, dissolution and their material properties
Development of novel transient Foamy Virus (TraFo) vectors - Combining ancient viruses with bacterial CRISPR nucleases for efficient genome editing
Get PDFKnowledge on the human genome and specific sequences associated with human diseases is continuously growing. The ability to connect human genetics to cellular mechanisms and physiology raises the need for medicine to get to gene specific therapeutics. In order to achieve gene-specific modification, tools are required to enable sequence-specific DNA cleavage. Not long ago, the RNA-guided endonuclease Cas9 was shown to effectively facilitate gene editing in humans. Cas9 endonuclease, which is naturally part of an adaptable bacterial immune system, can be easily adjusted to recognize and cleave specific DNA sequences in a 20 nt RNA-DNA complementary manner. The easy adjustability and high efficiency of Cas9 gave rise to hopes that this genome engineering tool could pave the way to ‘gene surgery’ in humans.
However, to achieve DNA cleavage, the endonuclease and its guiding RNA need to be sufficiently accessible in the nucleus of target cells. Viruses, which evolution has made well adapted to transfer their own genetic information into cells can be exploited for transfer of foreign genetic material. Replication deficient retroviruses therefore represent interesting vehicles for gene delivery. Retroviruses preferentially incorporate their own genetic information in the form of RNA into viral particles. Typically, viral RNA of retroviruses is reverse transcribed into DNA during viral infection and integrated into host cell chromosomes. In this respect, integration-competent or integration-deficient lentiviral (HIV-derived) vectors (ICLV/IDLV) were reported to be efficient ‘gene shuttles’ for Cas9 delivery.
In contrast, up to now Foamy viruses (FV), which represent a distinct subfamily in the family of retroviruses have not previously been tested for their efficiency to transduce CRISPR/Cas9 components. FV show several unique characteristics some of which make them interesting candidates for gene therapy, such as high transduction efficiency on a wide variety of human cell lines or a special capability to efficiently transfer and provide non-viral RNA in target cells.
In this thesis the unique characteristic of FVs, which allow for the efficient transduction of non-viral RNAs, was exploited for transient FV mediated (TraFo) Cas9 expression. It is shown in this thesis that gene knock-out (KO) achieved with TraFo Cas9 particles appears to have several advantages over ICLV or IDLV mediated Cas9 transduction. In this work, it could be demonstrated that a single application of TraFo Cas9 supernatant results in high efficiency of GFP KO in osteosarcoma cells (U2OS). The efficiency of gene KO with TraFo Cas9 particles exceeded gene KO frequencies achieved with similar volumes of ICLV or IDLV supernatant for Cas9 transduction. In addition, transient Cas9 delivery achieved with TraFo particle supernatant resulted in remarkably reduced Cas9 off-target cleavage compared to corresponding infections with ICLV or IDLV particles. The results show, that TraFo Cas9 represents an interesting addition to the currently utilized methods for transient Cas9 delivery. One particular feature of TraFo particle transduction is especially noteworthy – TraFo mediated transduction does not depend on any particular adjustment on the encapsidated non-viral RNA sequence (such RNA only needs to be present in sufficient amounts during virus assembly) nor does it depend on any modification of viral proteins. The easy adaptability of TraFo mediated non-viral RNA transfer is an especially remarkable feature, since science continues to both developing new variants of Cas9 and continues to find new and interesting members of the pool of CRISPR enzymes. In this regard TraFo particles represent interesting vehicles to transiently provide mRNA transcripts of such new protein candidates in cells.
The ability of TraFo particles to provide the RNA sequence needed to guide Cas9 (termed sgRNA) to its target DNA sequence in cells was additionally investigated. It was assumed that typically engaged RNA polymerase (RNAP) III transcription of sgRNAs hampers transduction with TraFo particles, since RNAP III-derived transcripts are not actively exported into the cytoplasm and show low stability. An additional CRISPR enzyme Csy4 was used, which is able to specifically cleave RNA. This enabled TraFo mediated transfer of RNAP II transcripts (with active nuclear export and higher stability than RNAP III transcripts) with embedded sgRNA sequences. It was demonstrated that a simultaneous infection of cells with TraFo particles providing bicistronic transcripts of Cas9 and Csy4 on the one side and RNAP II-derived transcripts with embedded sgRNA sequences on the other, enabled reasonable GFP gene inactivation in U2OS cells. Gene KO with RNAP II transcripts as a result significantly exceeds TraFo transduction of RNAP III-derived sgRNA.
Interestingly, with regard to gene KO, it was found that de novo transcription of sgRNAs from viral DNA (by integration-competent or integration-deficient retroviral vector [ICRV/IDRV] transduction) when combined with TraFo Cas9 transduction was superior to a TraFo transduction of sgRNA transcripts. IDRV mediated transduction was optimized in order to minimize the risk of unfavorable genome modification of cells by viral DNA integration. By adding the coding sequence of a fluorescent marker to the viral vector, it was demonstrated that a smaller number of viral particles helps to significantly lower the frequency of viral DNA integration. In addition, the expression of a fluorescent marker opened up the opportunity to further reduce the cell fraction with continuous marker gene expression by flow cytometric cell sorting.
The IDRV/ICRV sgRNA and TraFo Cas9 delivery system was then challenged for use on immortalized and primary T cells. Primary T cells represent interesting targets for genetic engineering since modified T cells can be utilized as ‘living drugs’ (by expression of chimeric antigen receptors – CARs) against cancer cells. Efficient gene inactivation was observed on the immortalized T cell line – Jurkat. Transduction of primary T cells pointed to certain restrictions of the split two-virus delivery system for sgRNA and Cas9 transduction. However, despite certain limitations, it was possible to demonstrate that this FV-derived Cas9 delivery system is also feasible on primary tissue, and further optimization could make it an interesting alternative delivery method for CAR therapy.
The ability of IDRV vector genomes to provide repair template donor DNA to induce homologous recombination (HR) was additionally investigated. DNA double-strand breaks in eukaryotic cells are typically repaired by the error prone non-homologous end joining pathway (often leading to frame-shift mutations by small insertions or deletions) or HR. Delivery of a homologous DNA sequence during DNA cleavage enables site-specific integration of exogenous DNA sequences. The work of this thesis showed that IDRV vector genomes providing repair template donor DNA allow for HR in a homology length dependent manner. Besides the length of homology, it was also observed, that the length of sequence which should be integrated (KI) remarkably influences the frequency of HR. HR is therefore engaged significantly more frequently if single nucleotides, rather than a whole gene, are provided as sequences within a repair template. In addition, viral vectors were augmented with additional fluorescent marker sequences. It could subsequently be demonstrated that the majority of cells showed accurate sequence-specific DNA integration. Furthermore, several indications were found, which lead to the assumption that the ratio of KI to homologous sequence markedly influences the accuracy of HR.
Using the previously obtained knowledge it was further possible to tag an essential human protein by FV vector mediated transient Cas9 and repair template transduction. It was found that the large packaging capacity of FV vectors can be exploited to enable selection and flow cytometric sorting of cells with correct site-specific DNA integration.
In summary, the results of this thesis demonstrate for the first time that FV mediated non-viral mRNA Cas9 transduction in combination with retroviral delivery of sgRNA (and repair template sequence) are a promising basis for several different interesting applications with relevance for not only basic research, but also for gene therapy.:1. Introduction 1
1.1 Gene therapy 1
1.2 Viral vectors for gene therapy 2
1.3 History of retroviral research 2
1.4 Taxonomy of Retroviruses 3
1.5 Foamy Viruses 4
1.5.1 Morphology of Foamy Virus 6
1.5.2 Foamy Virus replication 7
1.5.3 Foamy virus proteins, as part of a viral vector system 10
1.6 Genetic engineering 14
1.6.1 ‘DNA scissors’ – Zinc-finger and Transcription-activator like effector nucleases 15
1.6.2 History of CRISPR/Cas9 as a tool for genetic engineering 16
1.7 CRISPR/Cas immunity in prokaryotes 18
1.8 CRISPR/Cas9 functioning 21
1.9 Double-strand break repair in eukaryotic cells 21
1.9.1 Classical NHEJ 23
1.9.2 Homologous recombination 24
1.9.3 DSB repair in vertebrates 26
1.10 DSBs in context of CRISPR/Cas9 cleavage 27
1.11 Thesis Aim: CRISPR/Cas9 transduction with FV particles 28
2. Materials and Methods 30
2.1 Materials 30
2.1.1 Chemicals 30
2.1.2 Buffers and Solutions 30
2.1.3 Bacterial Growth Media 33
2.1.4 Cell Culture Media 34
2.1.5 Antibodies 34
2.1.6 Enzymes 35
2.1.7 Commercial Kits and additional reagents 36
2.1.8 Size Markers 36
2.1.9 Antibiotics 36
2.1.10 Bacterial strains 37
2.1.11 Cell lines 37
2.1.12 Devices and Software 37
2.1.13 Oligonucleotides 38
2.1.14 Plasmids 46
2.1.15 sgRNA sequences 56
2.1.16 Consumable material 57
2.2 Molecular Biology Methods 58
2.2.1 Restriction of DNA 58
2.2.2 Polymerase chain reaction 59
2.2.3 Gibson assembly 60
2.2.4 Agarose gel electrophoresis 60
2.2.5 Ligation 61
2.2.6 Cultivation of bacteria 62
2.2.7 Transformation 62
2.2.8 Plasmid Preparation 63
2.2.9 Sequencing 65
2.3 Cell culture methods 66
2.3.1 Passaging of cells 66
2.3.2 Cell counting 66
2.3.3 Freezing and thawing of cells 66
2.3.4 Seeding and fixation of cells for microscopy 67
2.4 Virological Methods 67
2.4.1 Polyethyleneimine transfection 67
2.4.2 Integration-competent, integration-deficient and ‘transient’ retroviral vectors 68
2.4.3 Infection of adherent cells 70
2.4.4 Infection of suspension cells 71
2.4.5 Flow cytometry 72
2.4.6 Multiplicity of infection (MOI) 72
2.4.7 Particle preparation 73
2.5 Nucleic acid composition in viral particles and culture cells 73
2.5.1 Isolation of total RNA from viral particles 73
2.5.2 RNA isolation from culture cells 73
2.5.3 Reverse transcription of viral or cellular RNA 73
2.5.4 DNA isolation from culture cells 74
2.5.5 Quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis 74
2.5.6 T7 endonuclease assay 75
2.6 Protein biochemistry methods 76
2.6.1 Cell lysates 76
2.6.2 Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) 76
2.6.3 Semi-dry Western Blot 77
2.6.4 Immunodetection 78
2.6.5 Stripping of Western blot membranes 78
2.6.6 Immunostaining of cells for FACS analysis 78
2.7 Microscopy methods 79
2.7.1 Fluorescence microscopy 79
2.7.2 Confocal Laser scanning Microscopy (CLSM) 79
2.7.3 Live-cell imaging 79
3. Results 80
3.1 Transient foamy virus transduction of non-viral mRNA transcripts 80
3.2 Transient foamy virus transduction of Cas9-encoding mRNA transcripts 81
3.3 Cas9-encoding nucleic acids and their ‘effects’ in cells after retroviral transduction 84
3.4 Off-target analysis after TraFo Cas9 delivery 87
3.5 Transient fomy virus transduction of Cas9 and sgRNAs 89
3.6 Retroviral vectors providing sgRNAs and a fluorescent protein 92
3.6.1 Gene knock-out with retroviral vectors under saturated conditions 92
3.6.2 MOI adjusted ID sgRNA vector supernatants for comparison of residual vector integration 94
3.6.3 Gene knock-out in murine embryonic fibroblasts 95
3.7 Influence of Cas9 expression on IDRV vector genome integration 96
3.8 TraFo Cas9 mediated T cell receptor knock-out in immortalized and primary human T cells 97
3.9 Homology-directed repair after FV CRISPR/Cas9 mediated double-strand breaks 99
3.9.1 Length of homologous donor DNA and its influence on HDR 100
3.9.2 Effect of freezing viral supernatants on the frequency of HDR 102
3.9.3 Effect of donor DNA mismatches on the frequency of HDR 104
3.10 Investigation on donor DNA integration with additional fluorescent markers 105
3.11 Lentiviral and foamyviral transduction of HDR donor DNA 107
3.12 HDR mediated single nucleotide substitutions after TraFo CRISPR/Cas9 delivery 109
3.13 Tagging of an endogenous protein after TraFo CRISPR/Cas9 delivery 111
3.13.1 Specific CRISPR/Cas9 mediated cleavage of endogenous hPLK1 gene 111
3.13.2 Homology-directed repair of the hPLK1 gene for endogenous gene tagging 113
3.13.3 Confocal fluorescence microscopy analysis of GFP-Plk1 HeLa cell populations 118
4. Discussion 120
4.1 Genetic engineering – potential and risks 120
Chapter I Transient FV vectors – mRNA delivery vehicles for CRISPR/Cas9 mediated gene editing 122
4.2 Non-viral Cas9-encoding mRNA transfer in foamy virus particles 122
4.2.1 Fate of Cas9-encoding nucleic acids in cells after TraFo Cas9 transduction 124
4.2.2 Potential adjustments to further improve TraFo Cas9 transduction 125
4.2.3 Lentiviral in contrast to TraFo transduction of Cas9-encoding nucleic acids 126
4.3 Efficiency of Cas9-mediated gene knock-out with different retroviral vectors 127
4.4 Type of retroviral Cas transduction and its influence on the specificity of Cas9 cleavage 127
4.5 Alternative approaches to deliver Cas9-encoding mRNA in human cells 129
4.6 Transient sgRNA transduction with TraFo particles 131
Chapter II Delivery of foreign DNA with FV-derived vectors – enabling gene knock-out and homology-directed repair 133
4.7 Gene inactivation by TraFo Cas9 transduction and sgRNA expression from retroviral vector genomes 133
4.7.1 Gene editing in immortalized and primary T cells 135
4.8 Homology-directed repair with IDRV genomes 137
4.8.1 The influence of the length of sequence homology on HR 138
4.8.2 The influence of freezing viral supernatants on HR 139
4.8.3 Widening the applicability of TraFo vector particles for improved HR 140
4.8.4 The influence of mismatching nucleotides on HR 140
4.8.5 Visualization of inaccurate HR or additional dsDNA integration 141
4.8.6 The influence of the ratio of knock-in and homologous sequence on the accuracy of HR 142
4.8.7 Alternatives to double-stranded donor DNA 143
4.9 Endogenous gene tagging with IDPV donor DNA transduction 145
4.9.1 Alternative approaches for endogenous protein tagging 146
5. Conclusion 148
6. Summary 150
6.1 Summary 150
6.2 Zusammenfassung 153
7. Supplementary 157
8. References 159
9. Appendices 182
9.1 Indices 182
9.1.1 Abbreviations 182
9.1.2 Index of Figures 185
9.1.3 Index of Tables 187
9.2 Curriculum Vitae 188
9.3 Publication Record 189
9.4 Congress Contributions 189
9.5 Patent Applications 189
10. Statement of Authorship 19
Vorwort Design Research 2024 - Designforschung im digitalen und nachhaltigen Wandel
Get PDFDesign Research 2024 folgt als Fortsetzung dem ersten Band Design Research 2020, der erneut als eigenständiger Sammelband mit acht Beiträgen Einblicke in aktuelle Promotionsvorhaben der Professur für Technisches Design der TU Dresden bietet. Dabei scheinen die inzwischen gestärkten Verknüpfung weiterhin technologieorientierter
Designforschungsthemen mit übergreifenden Nachhaltigkeitserfordernissen (Sustainability) und dafür notwendigerweise zu gestaltenden Übergangsprozessen (Transition) nun
deutlicher auf. Die Designforschung hat an der TU Dresden eine lange Tradition. Erste Forschungs- und Promotionsvorhaben fanden bereits ab den späten 1960er Jahren unter Rudi Högner statt. Schon damals wurde Fragestellungen zum Design in technisch komplexen Kontexten und Multi-Stakeholder-Konstellationen in empirischen und interdisziplinär geprägten Forschungsvorhaben nachgegangen. Im Kontext der dann als Arbeitsumweltdesign bezeichneten Ausrichtung der Designforschung an der TU Dresden
folgten weitere Dissertationen in den 1980er Jahren unter Betreuung von Johannes Uhlmann
Mineralization of European hardwood species with calcium oxalate
Get PDFHolz ist ein vielseitiger Rohstoff, dessen Brennbarkeit Vor- und Nachteile bietet. Um seine Brandgefahr als Baumaterial zu minimieren, wurde in dieser Arbeit ein 2-stufiger Prozess zur in-situ Ausfällung von Calciumoxalat in Buche und Eiche entwickelt und untersucht. Dabei wurden Holzproben nacheinander mit Kaliumoxalat und Calciumchlorid oder Calciumacetat behandelt, um schwer wasserlösliche Calciumoxalatkristalle zu erzeugen. Nicht reagierte Substanzen wurden anschließend ausgewaschen.
Die Untersuchungen zeigten, dass die Mineralisierung von Holz erfolgreich war. Dies konnte anhand von Kristallen in der Holzsubstanz nachgewiesen werden. Die Behandlung führte zu erhöhter Wasseraufnahme und Quellung durch verbleibende Nebenprodukte der Mineralisierung. Diese Änderung der Eigenschaften konnte durch Auswaschen diese Nebenprodukte reduziert werden.
Die brandhemmenden Eigenschaften verbesserten sich durch alle Behandlungen signifikant. Mineralisiertes Holz erreichte Brandklasse Bfl (EN 13501) und zeigte in weiteren Tests wie dem Mass Loss Calorimeter und Single Flame Source Test vielversprechende Ergebnisse.:Table of Content
Zusammenfassung ...................................................................................................................... 4
Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... 5
List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................................ 11
Danksagung .............................................................................................................................. 13
1 Motivation and Objectives ............................................................................................... 14
2 State of the art .................................................................................................................. 17
2.1 Wood anatomy and wood chemistry of European beech (Fagus sylvatica) and
European oak (Quercus spp.) ............................................................................................... 17
2.2 Wood modification ............................................................................................... 23
2.3 Pyrolysis and combustion of wood ...................................................................... 28
2.4 Fire classification and fire retardants ................................................................... 32
3 Materials and Methods ..................................................................................................... 37
3.1 Course of action ................................................................................................... 37
3.2 Used salts and formulations to obtain calcium oxalate mineralized wood .......... 38
3.3 General 2-step mineralization process ................................................................. 40
3.4 General remarks on the selected wood ................................................................. 41
3.5 Analysis of the uptake and the distribution of the salts as well as the water
adsorption properties of the mineralized wood. ................................................................... 41
3.5.1 Specimen preparation and methods for specimens treated at laboratory scale 41
3.5.2 Distribution of the salts in oak wood, treated with a pilot-scale autoclave ...... 45
3.6 Color changes ....................................................................................................... 46
3.7 Brinell Hardness ................................................................................................... 47
3.8 VOC measurements with TDS GC-MS and HPLC ............................................. 48
3.9 Thermogravimetric analysis ................................................................................. 49
Table of Content
3.10 Single flame source test ........................................................................................ 50
3.11 Radiant panel test ................................................................................................. 53
3.12 Statistical analysis ................................................................................................ 55
4 Results & Discussion ....................................................................................................... 56
4.1 Uptake, distribution, and conversion of the salts ................................................. 56
4.1.1 Uptake of the salts ............................................................................................ 56
4.1.2 Bulking Coefficient .......................................................................................... 59
4.1.3 Distribution of the salts .................................................................................... 62
4.1.4 Pilot scale experiments with thin oak lamellas ................................................ 74
4.1.5 Color changes due to the treatments ................................................................ 78
4.2 Wood-water interaction of the treated wood ........................................................ 82
4.2.1 Moisture uptake ................................................................................................ 82
4.2.2 Swelling of the treated wood ............................................................................ 85
4.2.3 Impact of the salts and the EMC on the Brinell hardness ................................ 89
4.2.4 Impact of the moisture content on the emissions (VOC) ................................. 93
4.3 Reaction to fire and thermal properties of the mineralized wood ........................ 97
4.3.1 Thermal behavior of the treated wood - TGA/DTG ........................................ 97
4.3.2 Single flame source test .................................................................................. 102
4.3.3 Mass loss calorimeter ..................................................................................... 106
4.3.4 Radiant panel test ........................................................................................... 114
5 Conclusions .................................................................................................................... 116
6 References ...................................................................................................................... 120
7 List of Tables .................................................................................................................. 136
8 List of Figures ................................................................................................................ 139
Appendix A: Supplemental Material ...................................................................................... 145
Appendix B: Paper I ...............................................................................................................
Appendix B: Paper II ..............................................................................................................
Appendix B: Paper III ............................................................................................................
Appendix B: Conference Proceedings I .................................................................................
Appendix B: Conference Proceedings II ................................................................................
Appendix B: Conference Proceedings III .............................................................................
Steuerung Fahrerloser Transportsysteme unter Berücksichtigung dynamischer Ladungsträgertransfers
Get PDFFahrerlose Transportsysteme (FTS) sind eine bedeutende Komponente zur Automatisierung von Produktions- und Logistiksystemen. Ihr effizienter Einsatz ist relevant für die Gewährleistung einer hohen Logistikqualität. In diesem Zusammenhang ist die Optimierung der FTS-Steuerung das Ziel zahlreicher Forschungsarbeiten. Die untersuchten Ansätze sollen dazu beitragen, die Leistung von FTS zu verbessern und damit einen möglichst effizienten Einsatz der Technik zu erzielen.
In dieser Arbeit wird untersucht, ob das Leistungsverhalten von FTS durch dynamische Ladungsträgertransfers optimiert werden kann. Auf der Grundlage einer Adaption der Einsatzplanung ermöglicht der Ansatz einen Austausch von Ladungsträgern zwischen den Fahrzeugen während der Transportausführung. Auf diese Weise können Synergieeffekte, beispielsweise durch das Kombinieren von Transportaufträgen mit ähnlichem Ziel, genutzt werden. Transfers wurden für Anwendungsgebiete wie den Personen- oder Gütertransport bereits konzeptionell untersucht. Es ist offen, wie sie für FTS realisiert werden können und welche Effekte bezogen auf das Leistungsverhalten mit ihnen verbunden sind.
Die Analyse stützt sich auf die Ausarbeitung eines Konzeptes, welches den dynamischen Transfer von Ladungsträgern für FTS ermöglicht. Mit ihm werden die Erkenntnisse aus vergleichbaren Domänen mit den Anforderungen an die Gestaltung von FTS zusammengeführt. Die daraus resultierende Planungsaufgabe wird durch ein mathematisches Modell beschrieben. Dieses zielt auf die Reduzierung der operativen Einsatzzeit der Fahrzeuge zur Ausführung der Transporte. Anhand des Modells werden ausgewählte Berechnungsverfahren zur Steuerung von FTS auf die neuartige Planungsaufgabe adaptiert. Die Evaluierung beruht zunächst auf der Untersuchung von Testinstanzen, die vom Umfang begrenzte Planungsszenarien im Kontext des Einsatzes von FTS in der Intralogistik beschreiben. Darauf aufbauend wird anhand einer Materialflusssimulation bewertet, ob das Konzept auf ein dynamisches System mit den dafür charakteristischen stochastischen Unsicherheiten und der Echtzeitanforderung an die Berechnung von Steuerungsentscheidungen übertragbar ist.
Im Ergebnis wird ein Konzept beschrieben, das dynamische Transfers auf den Anwendungsfall FTS überträgt. Relevante Berechnungsverfahren wurden so adaptiert, dass sie eine Echtzeitsteuerung unter Berücksichtigung dynamischer Transfers erlauben. Im Rahmen der Evaluierung konnte die operative Einsatzzeit für die untersuchten Testinstanzen um bis zu 30 % reduziert werden. Der erzielbare Effekt ist von der Charakteristik der Planungsaufgabe (z. B. Lastwechselzeit der Fahrzeuge) abhängig. Für geeignete Konfigurationen konnten auch bei einer fortlaufenden Planung wesentliche Effekte identifiziert werden, in denen die operative Einsatzzeit der Fahrzeuge um mehr als 10 %, beziehungsweise die Anzahl benötigter Fahrzeuge reduziert wurde. Damit kann geschlussfolgert werden, dass dynamische Ladungsträgertransfers das Leistungsverhalten von FTS positiv beeinflussen können. Übergeordnet bietet das Konzept damit das Potenzial, die Effizienz bzw. die Wirtschaftlichkeit des Einsatzes von FTS zu verbessern oder eine Anwendung überhaupt erst möglich zu machen.Automated Guided Vehicle Systems (AGVS) are essential to automate production and logistics systems. Their efficient operation is crucial to ensure high logistics quality. As a result, optimizing the control of AGVS is the subject of numerous research activities to improve system performance and achieve the most efficient use of the equipment.
This thesis investigates whether the performance of AGVS can be optimized by dynamic transport load transfers. Through an adapted task assignment, the approach enables the exchange of transport loads between vehicles during transportation. In this way, synergy effects can be achieved, e.g., by combining transport tasks with similar destinations. Transfers have already been conceptually investigated for other areas of application, such as passenger or freight transportation. However, it remains open how they can be implemented for AGVS and which impact on the system performance can be achieved.
The analysis is based on a concept that enables the dynamic transfer of transport loads between AGVS vehicles. It combines the findings from related domains with the requirements for the design of AGVS. A mathematical model describes the control task with the objective to reduce the operational deployment time of the vehicles for the execution of transportation tasks. Based on the model, selected computation methods for controlling AGVS are adapted to the concept. The evaluation is based on the investigation of test instances that describe particular planning scenarios in the context of the application of AGVS in intralogistics. Additionally, a material flow simulation evaluates whether the concept can be transferred to a dynamic system with stochastic uncertainties and real-time requirement for the calculation of control decisions.
In conclusion, a concept is presented that integrates dynamic transfers into the AGVS use case. Common approaches of AGVS control were adapted to enable real-time control, taking dynamic transfers into account. Experiments revealed that the operational deployment time for single test instances was reduced by up to 30 %. The effect by dynamic transfers depends on the characteristics of the planning task (e.g., load exchange time of the vehicles). There were significant effects for suitable configurations, even with continuous planning, with a reduction of operational deployment time of the vehicles by more than 10 % or the number of vehicles needed. This leads to the conclusion that dynamic transfers have a positive effect on the performance of AGVS. Overall, the concept allows for improving the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of AGVS operation or even enabling their application