Portal Jurnal Universitas Islam Sultan Agung (UNISSULA)
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Legal Analysis of Criminal Acts Corruption Against Credit Customers/Debtors of The Limited Liability Company Bank Perekonomian Rakyat Jepara Artha (Perseroda)
No full textThis study examines the juridical aspects of corruption involving credit/debtor customers at PT BPR Bank Jepara Artha (Perseroda) and the legal efforts to protect customers and sanction perpetrators. The research employs a normative legal approach by analyzing legislation, legal literature, research journals, and reports on banking corruption cases. The study focuses on identifying the modus operandi of fictitious credit, the role of bank employees, and the involvement of customers in corrupt practices. The findings indicate that corruption in fictitious credit cases causes significant losses to both the bank and its customers, and perpetrators can be prosecuted under Law No. 31 of 1999 jo. Law No. 20 of 2001 concerning the Eradication of Corruption Crimes. The effectiveness of legal protection for customers depends on the implementation of good corporate governance principles, internal and external audits, and whistleblowing mechanisms. Preventive and repressive legal measures must be implemented simultaneously to ensure the bank's internal oversight functions optimally and perpetrators are prosecuted fairly. The study recommends strengthening internal supervision mechanisms, providing integrity training for employees, offering legal assistance to affected customers, and enhancing coordination among law enforcement agencies to minimize the risks of collusion and document manipulation. A comprehensive legal approach is expected to improve customer protection while ensuring justice for perpetrators of corruption. This research contributes to the development of legal protection theory and its implementation in the banking sector
Formulation of Criminal Sanctions Against Perpetrators of The Criminal Acts of Theft with Violence in Indonesian Criminal Law
No full textViolent theft continues to be addressed through an approach that prioritizes punishing the offender, while the recovery of the victim's losses through restitution has not been effectively implemented. Regulatory improvements and judicial practices are needed so that criminal sanctions not only create a deterrent effect but also restore the victim's rights and reestablish social balance comprehensively. The purpose of this research is to identify and analyze the application of criminal sanctions against perpetrators of violent theft in Indonesia's current criminal law system, as well as to examine and analyze the ideal concept for implementing such sanctions within the Indonesian criminal justice framework. The approach used in preparing this thesis is normative juridical research. The specification of this study is descriptive-analytical. Theories employed include the legal system theory and the theory of justice. The findings of this research show that the application of criminal sanctions against perpetrators of violent theft in Indonesia is currently based on Article 365 of the Criminal Code (KUHP) and places strong emphasis on legal certainty through processes of investigation, prosecution, and sentencing that adhere to the principles of legality and the presumption of. Judges impose punishment based on evidentiary standards and prevailing theories of sentencing, whether retributive, utilitarian, or a combination of both. However, the current orientation of punishment remains focused more on penalizing the offender than on restoring the victim, resulting in the legal system falling short of achieving its goal of restoring social balance. The ideal concept of implementing criminal sanctions should prioritize victim recovery, ensuring that punishment is not limited to imprisonment but also includes the restoration of both material and immaterial losses suffered by victims. The mechanisms for restitution and compensation must be made simpler, faster, and better integrated through the harmonization of the Criminal Code, KUHAP, and Law No. 31 of 2014 so that victims' rights are protected without procedural obstacles. By balancing legal certainty, justice, and utility, criminal sanctions function not only as retribution but also as a means of social restoration that reinstates the victim's sense of security and dignity
Application of Criminal Sanctions for The Criminal Act of Forgery of Letter in Disbursement of Death Insurance Claims at BPJS Employment (Study of Decision Number 2441/Pid.Sus/2022/Pn Sby)
No full textThe rise in criminal acts of document forgery with the aim of illegally obtaining cash benefits from the BPJS Employment is currently rampant. Benefits provided by BPJS Employment include cash compensation for the heirs of workers registered with BPJS Employment. This has resulted in, among other things, the provision of benefits to those who are not entitled to them, which is detrimental to BPJS Employment. The primary objective of establishing BPJS Employment is to provide socioeconomic protection to Indonesian workers through various social security programs. This includes protection against the risks of work accidents, death, old age, and retirement, as well as job loss insurance. Participants in the BPJS Employment program pay regular monthly contributions to continue receiving benefits from the BPJS Employment program. With BPJS Employment, it is hoped that workers and their families are protected from the financial impacts that may arise from these risks, thereby improving worker welfare and productivity. This study aims to determine the legal structure and application of criminal sanctions against perpetrators of document forgery, which is rampant within the BPJS Ketenagakerjaan (Employment Social Security Agency) to obtain cash benefits. The research method used is normative juridical, an approach to legal research that focuses on applicable norms, rules, and regulations. Based on the research results, the application of criminal sanctions against the perpetrators has fulfilled the principle of legal certainty and is expected to provide a deterrent effect on the perpetrators, as well as provide a criminal threat to anyone who intends to commit a similar crime. The verdict handed down by the judge also fulfilled the legal principles in making decisions. Consistency in the imposition of criminal sanctions against perpetrators of document forgery is needed to reduce the frequency of criminal acts of document forgery, especially in BPJS Employment. The ability to identify the authenticity of documents is also needed to prevent the risk of criminal acts of document forgery
Formulation Of Regulations For The Criminal Act Of Verbal Catcalling Sexual Harassment Based On Justice Values
No full textAs an act that violates decency, catcalling often escapes public attention because it commonly occurs spontaneously. Many people in Indonesia are unaware that they can become either victims or perpetrators of catcalling due to the lack of understanding of this phenomenon. An essential element in determining whether an action constitutes harassment is the presence or absence of consent. The purpose of this research is to examine and analyze the regulation of verbal sexual harassment (catcalling) in Indonesia's positive law, which has not yet reflected principles of justice, as well as to examine and analyze the ideal formulation of regulations on verbal sexual harassment based on the value of justice in future criminal law reforms. The research method used in this legal study is normative juridical. Normative juridical research focuses on analyzing the application of legal norms or rules within the existing legal framework. Catcalling is a form of verbal sexual harassment that undermines dignity and personal security, yet it has not been explicitly regulated in Indonesian law, resulting in weak and inconsistent enforcement. Various provisions in the Criminal Code, the Pornography Law, and the Sexual Violence Crime Law (UU TPKS) have yet to specifically encompass the non-physical but sexually charged nature of catcalling. Major obstacles arise in proving the offense, the absence of detailed examples, and the heavy burden of evidence placed on victims. Other countries such as France, Belgium, and the Philippines have explicitly regulated catcalling through clear definitions, graduated sanctions, and rapid enforcement mechanisms. Indonesia could adopt similar models by establishing detailed regulations, proportional sanctions, accessible reporting mechanisms, and victim support to achieve a fairer and more effective protection system
Evaluation of Ophiocephalus striatus, Citrus sinensis (Fructus), and Curcuma domestica (Rhizoma) for Hypoalbuminemia Used Network Pharmacology
No full textHypoalbuminemia is a clinical condition defined by serum albumin levels below 3.5 g/dL and is associated with poor health outcomes. Natural products such as snakehead fish (Ophiocephalus striatus), Citrus sinensis (fructus), and Curcuma domestica(rhizoma) have traditionally been used to improve albumin levels; however, their molecular mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to elucidate the pharmacological mechanisms of active compounds from these sources in the context of hypoalbuminemia using a network pharmacology approach. Active compounds were identified through the Knapsack database and literature, with molecular structures obtained from PubChem. ADMET and drug-likeness properties were evaluated using SwissADME. Target prediction was performed using SwissTargetPrediction and GeneCards, and overlapping targets were identified with Venny 2.1.0. Protein–protein interaction networks were constructed using STRING-DB and visualized with Cytoscape, followed by GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses. A total of 17 compounds from O. striatus, 7 from C. sinensis, and 7 from C. domestica were identified, of which 17, 4, and 7 compounds, respectively, met Lipinski’s criteria. Intersection analysis revealed 41, 74, and 45 hypoalbuminemia-related targets. Enrichment analysis indicated involvement in pathways such as the renin–angiotensin system, colorectal cancer signaling, and EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance, which are implicated in hepatic albumin regulation
Effect of Stearic Acid and Cetyl Alcohol Concentration Variations on the Physical Characteristics of Face Scrub Formulations Containing Gelatik Clam Shell (Anadara pilula) Powder
No full textThe increasing consumption of seafood has led to the accumulation of waste by-products. In Indonesia, clam shell waste is estimated to reach about 70% of the total weight, indicating that shell waste represents a significant environmental concern. Gelatik clam (Anadara pilula) shells, rich in calcium carbonate, offer potential as natural exfoliating agents derived from fishery by-products. Face scrub exfoliation efficiently removes dead skin cells and enhances skin texture. This study aims to analyze the effects of stearic acid and cetyl alcohol concentration - as stiffening agents - on its physicochemical characteristics. There are 4 formulas with different levels of stearic acid and cetyl alcohol, they are 8% and 4% (F1), 8% and 6% (F2), 10% and 4% (F3), 10% and 6% (F4). The face scrub was prepared using an overhead stirring method. The evaluation of physicochemical characteristics included organoleptic, pH value, viscosity, spreadability, and adhesiveness. The formulated face scrub was semisolid, white, odorless, and had pH value range of 7.36 - 7.5. F1 demonstrated the optimal physical properties, including a viscosity of 66333.33 ± 3214.55 cP, a spreadability of 0.083 ± 0.006 cm2, and an adhesiveness of 17.333 ± 0.577 s. These results suggest that Gelatik clam shell powder is a promising and sustainable ingredient for face scrub formulations
The Constitutionality of the Proposal to Extend the Term of Office of Village Heads in the Principles of Democracy
No full textAbstract. The extension of the village head’s term of office emerged following numerous demonstrations by village heads. Article 39 of the Village Law stipulates that the Village Head holds office for six years from the date of inauguration. A Village Head may serve a maximum of three consecutive or non-consecutive terms. However, the Village Head rejected this provision and requested that Article 39 of the Village Law be revised, allowing the village head’s term of office to be extended from six years to nine years. This is despite Constitutional Court Decision No. 42/PUU-XIX/2021 providing a constitutional interpretation of the term limit for Village Heads. This study aims to address the constitutionality of the Village Head’s term limit following the Constitutional Court Decision and its impact on village law and governance. This research utilizes both a legislative and conceptual approach. The research findings indicate that the limitation on the term of office of Village Heads in Constitutional Court Decision No. 42/PUU-XIX/2021 was implemented based on democratic principles and the spirit of the limitations required by the 1945 Constitution, modeled on the positions of President and Regional Heads. Furthermore, the urgency of extending this term of office is based on the need to increase productivity, complete village development, and reduce post-election polarization. However, negative implications such as the potential for authoritarianism, abuse of power, and stagnation in leadership regeneration make this proposal controversial. Furthermore, excessively long term extensions can lead to political saturation and reduced community participation in village democracy
Implementation of differentiated learning to improve critical thinking in elementary school students
No full textCritical thinking skills are one of the key 21st-century skills that need to be developed from primary education onwards, requiring a learning approach tailored to students' needs and characteristics, one of which is differentiated learning. This study aims to analyse the application of differentiated learning in developing critical thinking skills in elementary school students, identify the challenges of its implementation, and explore learning adaptation strategies during the 2020–2024 period. The study used a qualitative approach with a systematic review method of relevant national and international journal articles, which were collected through structured literature searches, selected based on specific criteria, and analysed thematically. The results of the study show that differentiated learning generally contributes positively to increasing student engagement, conceptual understanding, and critical thinking skills because it allows teachers to tailor learning to the readiness, interests, and learning styles of students. However, its implementation still faces various obstacles, such as limitations in teachers' pedagogical competencies, planning time, and learning facility support, especially in the context of online and hybrid learning. This study concludes that differentiated learning has great potential as an adaptive learning strategy in improving the critical thinking skills of elementary school students. Therefore, policy support, ongoing training, and professional guidance are needed to ensure optimal and sustainable implementation
Case-based learning practices for enhancing cognitive learning outcomes and computational thinking in teacher education
No full textThe objective of this research is to determine the effect of the case-based learning model on students' cognitive learning outcomes and computational thinking skills. This is a quantitative study. The sample was selected using cluster random sampling techniques. Data collection was carried out using essay tests to measure cognitive learning outcomes and computational thinking, as well as scales to assess students' enjoyment of learning. Validity and Data analysis were performed using PLS-SEM. The results of this study are as follows. The findings indicate a positive effect of the case-based learning model on the cognitive learning outcomes of PGSD UNS students. There is a significant effect of students' computational thinking on their cognitive learning outcomes. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the case-based learning model affects students' cognitive learning outcomes. Then there is a significant effect of case-based learning on computational thinking. The results of this research can be used as a reference for further research
The Strengthening Institutional Capacity in Implementing Corruption Asset Return based on International Standards in Indonesia
No full textThis research is motivated by the urgency of recovering assets derived from corruption as a crucial element in effectively eradicating corruption in Indonesia. Increasingly sophisticated corruption and money laundering, often involving cross-border transactions, pose significant challenges to recovering state financial losses. Although Indonesia has ratified the 2003 United Nations Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC) and has a national legal framework, the effectiveness of asset recovery remains hampered by a lack of regulatory harmonization, overlapping institutional authority, weak coordination between law enforcement agencies, limited civil law instruments, and a lack of a specific legal framework related to asset forfeiture. The research method used is normative law with a statute approach and a case approach. Secondary data were collected from various international legal literature (such as the UNCAC), Indonesian national laws and regulations related to the eradication of corruption and money laundering, legal doctrine, scientific journals, and court decisions. This approach aims to understand in-depth the harmonization of international standards with national law and identify factors that influence the effectiveness of the implementation of corruption asset recovery policies in Indonesia. Based on the results and discussion, it is concluded that harmonization of the UNCAC international standards with Indonesian national law in the recovery of corruption assets still requires significant strengthening. Institutional obstacles such as a lack of regulatory harmonization, overlapping authority, weak coordination, limited human resource capacity, and the inadequacy of specific legal instruments for asset confiscation are the main challenges. Solutions to strengthen institutional capacity through the drafting of the Asset Forfeiture Law, harmonization of the Corruption Eradication and Money Laundering Laws, increased inter-agency coordination, strengthened international cooperation, and enhanced officer competence are crucial recommendations for optimizing asset recovery to achieve effective corruption eradication and recovery of state losses