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Legal Responsibility for Perpetrators of Criminal Acts of Threats (Study of Decision No. 29/PID.B/2025/PN TNN)
No full textThis research is motivated by the growing forms of criminal threats that occur not only physically but also through digital media in line with technological advances. This phenomenon poses a danger to the sense of security within society and demands the assurance of legal certainty and justice in the enforcement of criminal law. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the construction of the criminal act of threat within the concept of legal certainty and to examine the legal responsibility of the perpetrator based on Decision Number 29/Pid.B/2025/PN Tondano. This research employs a normative (doctrinal) legal research method with several approaches, namely the statute approach, case approach, and conceptual approach. The analysis was conducted qualitatively to identify the application of legal norms to the factual circumstances revealed during the trial. This normative approach was chosen to ensure that the discussion of the criminal liability of perpetrators of threats is examined systematically, logically, and in accordance with the prevailing principles of criminal law. The findings of this study indicate that the criminal act of threat constitutes a formal offense, which is considered complete once the threat is made and induces a real sense of fear in the victim, without requiring any physical consequences. The Panel of Judges in Court Decision Number 29/Pid.B/2025/PN Tondano declared that the defendant was legally and convincingly proven guilty of committing the crime of threat and sentenced him to one (1) year of imprisonment. This decision reflects the application of the principles of nullum crimen sine lege and nulla poena sine lege, ensuring legal certainty while demonstrating a balance between substantive justice, victim protection, and offender rehabilitation. Therefore, this research is expected to contribute academically to the development of Indonesian criminal law that upholds justice and promotes the protection of human rights
The Effect of Coating Material Variations on Sugar-Coated Tablets Curcuma Zanthorrhiza Roxb. Extract Using The Simplex Lattice Design Method
No full textJavanese turmeric (Curcuma xanthorrhiza, Roxb.) contains curcuminoids, taste of herbal medicine can be disguised, so researchers want to make sugar-coated tablets. The aim of this study was to formulate sugar-coated tablets using HPMC and PVA as gelling agents, which are essential for controlling the drug release of ethanolic extract of Javanese turmeric using Simplex Lattice Design (SLD). Javanese turmeric (Curcuma xanthorrhiza, Roxb.) was extracted by remaceration using ethanol 70%, then made into tablets using the wet granulation method. Tablets are coated by combination of HPMC and PVA which have been formulated with LSD (5 formulas). The determination of the optimum region for the curcuma extract coated tablet formulation was analyzed using Design Expert. The physical properties used were friability, hardness, and disintegration time. Formula optimum with tablet friability was chosen to be minimized within the range <1 with value 0,762; hardness was chosen in range 4 – 8 with value 7,7; then disintegration time less than 30 minutes with value 24,932. The optimum composition of HPMC and PVA in a coated preparation that can produce optimal physical properties for coated tablets of ethanol extract of Javanese turmeric (Curcuma xanthorrhiza, Roxb.) is HPMC 30 and PVA 20 with a desirability of 0,864
Economic Burden of Unused Medications in Households Across Central Java, Indonesia
No full text(1) Background: People need to understand how to select, obtain, use, store and destroy drugs correctly and appropriately so that they can optimize the use of drugs. The use of drugs that are not optimal can have an impact on the economy, such as increasing medical costs. Purpose: This study was conducted to determine the estimated economic value and percentage of unused drugs and the drugs that are most stored in Central Java Province households. (2) Methods: This research is an observational research with quantitative descriptive method using a cross sectional research design through questionnaire survey research procedures. Sampling was done using snowball sampling technique with a sample of 812 respondents from households in central java Province, Indonesia. The analysis of the research results was carried out using SPSS; (3) Results: The total price of unused drugs and stored drugs in Central Java Province, Indonesia, households was IDR 2,948,412, and the average cost per family was IDR 10,880. The drug group that was stored the most was the analgesic drug group, namely 117 (26.4%), and the drug group with the highest estimated cost was the respiratory system drug, with a total price of IDR 852,837 (28.9%). The most stored medicinal product is paracetamol, namely 275 tablets, and the price was IDR 63,525 (2.2%). 812 Central Java Province households/families have never received any information/training on how to handle unused drugs; (4) Conclusions: There is a need for increased education related to the handling of unused drugs among households in Central Java Province by pharmacists so that pharmacists can manage unused drugs according to standards
Smart Farming: Improving Agricultural Productivity and Efficiency using Robotics Technology
Get PDFAgriculture is a vital sector in providing food for the world's growing population. However, challenges such as climate change, limited land, and a lack of skilled agricultural labor have driven the development of innovative agricultural technologies. One promising solution is the use of robots in agriculture. This paper discusses robotic farming, namely the use of robots and related technology in agricultural activities. The main focus is to explain the benefits, applications, and challenges associated with the use of robotic technology in agriculture. In this paper, several examples of the implementation of robotic technology in agriculture will also be discussed
Edukasi Konsumsi Ice Cream Jahe bagi Remaja Putri dalam Usaha Meredakan Dismenorea di SMKN 3 Kota Samarinda Tahun 2024
No full textDismenorea atau nyeri haid merupakan masalah kesehatan yang sering dialami oleh remaja putri dan dapat mengganggu aktivitas harian serta menurunkan kualitas hidup. Salah satu alternatif penanganan alami adalah penggunaan jahe (Zingiber officinale) yang memiliki efek antiinflamasi dan analgesik. Namun, konsumsi jahe secara langsung kurang diminati karena rasa dan aromanya yang kuat. Kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan pemahaman remaja putri di SMKN 3 Kota Samarinda mengenai manfaat jahe sebagai pereda dismenorea melalui inovasi produk es krim jahe. Metode pelaksanaan dilakukan melalui edukasi dan pemberian intervensi konsumsi es krim jahe kepada 55 responden. Evaluasi dilakukan dengan pre-test dan post-test menggunakan uji Paired t-Test. Hasil menunjukkan terjadi penurunan tingkat nyeri menstruasi yang signifikan setelah intervensi (p = 0,000). Penurunan rerata tingkat nyeri menstruasi dari 2,62 ± 0,49 sebelum intervensi menjadi 2,05 ± 0,61 setelah intervensi, dengan hasil uji Paired t-Test menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan secara statistik, dengan pergeseran mayoritas responden dari nyeri berat ke sedang dan ringan. Kesimpulannya, konsumsi es krim jahe terbukti efektif menurunkan tingkat nyeri haid dan dapat dijadikan sebagai alternatif alami yang diterima baik oleh remaja. Inovasi ini diharapkan mendorong pola hidup sehat dan pemanfaatan herbal dalam menjaga kesehatan reproduksi remaja putri.Dysmenorrhea, or menstrual pain, is a common health problem experienced by adolescent girls and can interfere with daily activities and reduce quality of life. One natural alternative for managing dysmenorrhea is the use of ginger (Zingiber officinale), which has anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. However, direct consumption of ginger is often less preferred due to its strong taste and aroma. This community service activity aimed to enhance the understanding of adolescent girls at SMKN 3 Samarinda City regarding the benefits of ginger in relieving dysmenorrhea through an innovative ginger ice cream product. The program was implemented through educational sessions and an intervention involving the consumption of ginger ice cream by 55 respondents. Evaluation was conducted using pre-test and post-test measurements analyzed with a Paired t-test. The results demonstrated a significant reduction in menstrual pain intensity after the intervention (p = 0.000), with the mean pain score decreasing from 2.62 ± 0.49 before the intervention to 2.05 ± 0.61 after the intervention. The Paired t-test results indicated a statistically significant difference, accompanied by a shift in the majority of respondents from severe pain to moderate and mild pain levels. In conclusion, the consumption of ginger ice cream was proven to be effective in reducing menstrual pain and can be considered a natural alternative that is well accepted by adolescents. This innovation is expected to promote healthy lifestyle behaviors and the utilization of herbal remedies in maintaining adolescent reproductive health
Analysis of Criminal Responsibility for Perpetrators of Village Fund Corruption (Decision Study: 67/Pid.Sus-Tpk/2025/Pt Sby)
No full textIndonesia, as a state based on the rule of law grounded in Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution, continues to face the detrimental impacts of village-fund corruption, which undermines governmental governance and obstructs the realization of social welfare objectives. The complexity of Village Fund misuse, as reflected in Decision No. 67/Pid.Sus-TPK/2025/PT SBY, illustrates the fragility of village-level integrity, thereby necessitating a focused analysis on the criminal liability of offenders to strengthen criminal law policies in Village Fund management. This research aims to analyze the criminal liability of perpetrators of Village Fund corruption and to examine the judicial considerations in imposing sentences on offenders involved in Village Fund corruption cases. The methodology applied in the preparation of this thesis is Normative Legal Research. The research specification is descriptive-analytical. Theories employed include the Theory of Criminal Liability and the Theory of Punishment. The results of this research show that the criminal liability of the perpetrators of Village Fund corruption in Decision No. 67/Pid.Sus-TPK/2025/PT SBY demonstrates that all elements of fault under criminal law doctrine were fulfilled by the defendant, DW. As the Head of Crabak Village, DW consciously abused his authority by personally controlling the disbursement and use of Village Funds, sidelining the roles of the treasurer and the Village Activity Management Team (TPK), preparing fictitious accountability reports supported by fake invoices and supplier identities, and carrying out mark-ups and fictitious activities, which resulted in state financial losses amounting to IDR 343,800,596.60. DW possessed criminal responsibility capacity as an adult who was mentally and physically sound and fully understood the functions of his office; his actions constituted unlawful conduct carried out intentionally (dolus) rather than mere administrative negligence; and no justification or excuse was present to eliminate his criminal responsibility. This decision reinforces the function of criminal liability as an instrument to uphold the rule of law, safeguard state finances, and restore public trust in the integrity of Village Fund governance. The judicial considerations in sentencing perpetrators of Village Fund corruption in Decision No. 67/Pid.Sus-TPK/2025/PT SBY demonstrates the exercise of judicial authority aligned with the objectives of punishment and the principle of legal certainty. The Panel of Judges first systematically assessed the requirements for criminal liability, including the fulfillment of the element of "any person," the existence of unlawful conduct, abuse of authority, acts of self-enrichment or enriching others, and the occurrence of state financial loss as specified in Article 3 in conjunction with Article 18 of the Anti-Corruption Law. All of these were proven through witness testimony, expert testimony, documentary evidence, indications, BPKP audit results, and the defendant's statements. At the same time, the Judges considered humanitarian aspects by taking into account mitigating factors such as cooperative behavior, a clean criminal record, and good faith in returning part of the state losses, without ignoring aggravating circumstances such as the abuse of public office and the substantial amount of state financial loss
Analysis of The Preparation of Mayoral Regulations Based on The Formation of Statutory Regulations Justice-Based (Case Study in Semarang City Government)
No full textIn carrying out his duties as a regional leader at the district/city level, the Mayor has the authority to form and establish statutory regulations in the form of Mayoral Regulations, the scope of which covers areas at the city level. This study aims to determine and analyze the process of drafting the Semarang Mayor Regulation through the stages of harmonization, rounding and consolidation of the conception of the Draft Semarang Mayor Regulation, to determine and analyze whether the process of drafting the Semarang Mayor Regulation is in accordance with the stages of forming legislation or not, obstacles and factors that influence and solutions in overcoming these obstacles, and to determine and analyze the drafting of the Mayor Regulation based on the formation of justice-based legislation. The research method uses a normative juridical approach with analytical descriptive research specifications, types and sources of data, namely primary legal materials, secondary legal materials and tertiary legal materials with data collection methods through literature studies and library studies using the Pancasila justice theory and legal theory. Based on the results of this study, it shows that the drafting of the Semarang Mayor's Regulations has not yet gone through the process of harmonization, rounding out and strengthening the draft concept in accordance with Law Number 12 of 2011 concerning the Formation of Legislation as amended several times, most recently by Law Number 13 of 2022 concerning the Second Amendment to Law Number 12 of 2011 concerning the Formation of Legislation, so that solutions are needed to improve human resources, coordination between Regional Apparatus and vertical agencies, and strict sanctions in supervising the preparation of regional legal products, in order to obtain consistent and just regional legal products
Criminal Liability in the Crime of Theft with Benefit-Based Aggravation (Case Study of Criminal Case Decision No. 666/Pid.B/2024/ Pn Mks)
No full textAbstract. The crime of aggravated theft, as stipulated in Article 363 of the Criminal Code (KUHP), constitutes a violation of human rights, particularly the right to property. This study aims to determine and analyze the criminal liability for aggravated theft based on expediency and the weaknesses of criminal liability for perpetrators of aggravated theft based on expediency, as outlined in Criminal Case Decision No. 666/Pid.B/2024/Pn Mks, as well as the formulation of the crime of aggravated theft based on expediency. This research method uses a socio-legal (juridical-sociological) approach. The research specification used is descriptive analysis. In this study, the types of data used are divided into two main categories: primary data and secondary data. Data collection methods in this study were conducted by combining normative and empirical approaches, namely through literature studies, field observations, and in-depth interviews. The problem is analyzed using the Theory of Criminal Responsibility, Theory of Legal Systems and Theory of Legal Utilities. The results of the study indicate that the criminal liability of the perpetrator of the crime of aggravated theft based on expediency in Decision Number 666/Pid.B/2024/PN Mks indicates that the judge assessed that all elements of the crime stipulated in Article 363 of the Criminal Code, both objective and subjective, were fulfilled, so that the defendant was legally and convincingly proven guilty. Weaknesses in the application of criminal liability based on expediency in this case include the lack of adequate consideration of the defendant's social, psychological, and economic aspects, as well as the lack of consideration of the defendant's social, psychological, and economic aspects. The formulation of the crime of aggravated theft based on expediency should integrate preventive, repressive, and restorative approaches in a balanced manner, so that the objectives of punishment can be achieved comprehensively
Criminal Law Policy on Euthanasia Practices by Doctors in Indonesia from the Perspective of Justice and Protection of Patient Rights
No full textAbstract. Indonesia, as a state based on law, places the supremacy of law as a foundation, including the protection of the right to life as stipulated in Article 28A of the 1945 Constitution. Euthanasia becomes a complex issue because it involves a dilemma between the right to life, human dignity, and the suffering of terminal patients. Article 344 of the Criminal Code prohibits ending life upon request; however, developments in medical technology create challenges in legal interpretation. Several countries have legalized euthanasia under strict conditions, unlike Indonesia, which has no specific regulation. This legal vacuum causes uncertainty for doctors and patients, thus requiring reconstruction of criminal policy that is relevant, just, and proportionally protects human rights. The research aims to describe and analyze the criminal law provisions currently in force in Indonesia regulating euthanasia by doctors and to describe and analyze the ideal criminal law policy in regulating euthanasia by doctors so that it is in line with justice and the protection of patient rights in Indonesia. This normative juridical research is descriptive, using secondary data from primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials, analyzed qualitatively through a literature study to examine criminal policy on euthanasia in Indonesia. The results of this research show that the criminal law provisions currently in force in Indonesia regulate euthanasia by doctors, yet euthanasia regulation in Indonesia still triggers debate. Some support it as a human right to decide life or death, while others reject it because it contradicts religion and Pancasila. The Criminal Code regulates crimes against life in Articles 338–350, including murder, assisting suicide, and abortion. The new Criminal Code, Law Number 1 of 2023, does not directly regulate euthanasia, but Article 428 paragraph (1) regulates passive euthanasia with a penalty of 2.5 years imprisonment or a fine, and Article 461 regulates active euthanasia at the request of the victim with a penalty of nine years imprisonment. Both articles affirm the prohibition of euthanasia even at the request of the victim, and the ideal criminal policy in regulating euthanasia by doctors must be in line with the values of justice and protection of patient rights in Indonesia. The ideal criminal policy regarding euthanasia in Indonesia must balance the protection of patients’ right to life, the professional responsibilities of doctors, and moral and religious values. Regulations must include sanctions, procedures, ethical guidelines, and monitoring mechanisms. Exceptions may be granted for terminal medical conditions with written consent, physician verification, and ethics team recommendation. Criminal sanctions should be the ultimum remedium, preceded by ethical and administrative mechanisms. Synchronization with the Health Law, the Medical Practice Law, and the code of ethics is important to avoid conflicts of norms. Supervision by an independent ethics committee prevents misuse. Public participation, periodic evaluation, as well as training for medical personnel and law enforcement officers will strengthen patient protection and legal certainty for healthcare professionals
Law Enforcement Against Vehicle Theft Perpetrators Using the Modus of Destruction and Selling Evidence
No full textAbstract. This study aims to analyze the implementation of law enforcement against perpetrators of motor vehicle theft using the modus operandi of damaging and selling evidence, identify the obstacles faced by law enforcement officers in the process of proof and prosecution, and formulate optimal strategies based on the integration of substantive law analysis, procedural law analysis, and the Islamic legal perspective. The case of District Court Decision No. 44/Pid.B/2025/PN Bgr serves as the primary case study to examine the application of Article 363 paragraph (1) points 4 and 5 of the Indonesian Criminal Code (KUHP) in judicial practice and its implications for the effectiveness of law enforcement. This research employs a normative juridical approach combined with a case approach and a statutory approach. Data were obtained from court decisions, relevant legislation, academic literature, and previous related research. The analysis was conducted qualitatively by synthesizing normative and empirical findings to assess the consistency of legal norm implementation as well as technical-forensic and institutional barriers in handling such cases. The findings indicate that the elements of Article 363 paragraph (1) points 4 and 5 of the Criminal Code are fulfilled when the act is committed jointly and by means of damage, as reflected in the Bogor District Court’s decision, which imposed imprisonment and ordered the return of evidence. However, the effectiveness of law enforcement remains hindered by several factors, including the alteration of evidence (commercialization of spare parts), weak supervision of second-hand markets, limited forensic capacity, and a lack of inter-agency data integration. To overcome these obstacles, it is necessary to strengthen forensic capacity, develop an integrated national database of vehicles and spare parts, regulate second-hand markets and prosecute receivers of stolen goods, and integrate Islamic legal values into penal policy emphasizing rehabilitation and prevention