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An Actuarial Description of Penitentiary Inmates
Get PDF27 leaves.The problem. The problem was to obtain Q sort statement assignments for two code types of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) profiles and compare these applications with a random sample to determine whether any patterns of differences exist and to state these differences.
Procedure. MMPI profiles were obtained from inmates incarcerated at the Iowa State Penitentiary. Two code types were selected from the population of one thousand inmates. Q sort statements were selected and raters were chosen to assign the Q statements to each subject. Raters were instructed to read the subject's treatment file and assign Q statements ranging from "most descriptive" to "least descriptive." The same assignment process was then applied to a random sample.
Findings. Percentage agreement between the raters was recorded and analyzed. The 4'2 and 4'9 profile code types were selected. The investigator found several similarities and differences between the two codes and the random sample. Several areas of contrast were also noted in descriptive data which was recorded in the treatment files: age, prior incarcerations, attitude regarding childhood, etc.
Conclusions. The investigator's findings appeared to correspond with those found by Marks and Seeman in their atlas. It appears that Q statement applications in a penitentiary are similar to those found in other clinical settings.
Recommendations. A recommendation for future studies is to identify additional profile code types and eventually use for prediction of inmates' adjustment to incarceration
The Isolation and Identification of the Anthocyanin in the Leaves of Oxalis Ortgiessi
Get PDF24 leaves.The problem. The purpose of the present investigation was to isolate and identify the anthocyanin in the leaves of Oxalis ortgiessi. Procedure. The leaves were extracted in 1% HCl in methanol for 24 hours. This extract was concentrated in vacuo and then streaked on 3 mm Whatman chromatography paper. The chromatogram was developed by ascending chromatography in 1% HCl. After separation the band was cut out and eluted in 0.01% HCl in methanol. These solutions were reduced in volume under vacuum and absorption spectrum determined. The purified elute was spotted on Whatman No. 1 and the Rf values of the pigment determined in four different solvent systems. Acid and alkaline hydrolysis was carried out to identify the aglycone, glycosides and organic acid. Findings. The anthocyanin of the leaves of Oxalis ortgiessi was identified as malvidin-3-rhamnoglucoside-5-glucoside from the Rf values, spectral maxima and color observations. Conclusion. The anthocyanin of the leaves of Oxalis ortgiessi probably could not be used to aid in taxonomic work because the species is an ornamental plant developed for the color of the leaves. Recommendations. Further studies of the flower pigments of Oxalis ortgiessi is needed to see if there are any relationships between leaf and flower pigments. Isloation and identification of pigments in other species in the Oxalidaceae family needs to be done to aid in taxonomic study of this group to show relationships
A Cost Per Behavior Change Analysis for Physical Therapy-Behavior Modification Projects
Get PDF48 leaves.The problem. To develop a method which could be used to determine the effects and related costs of producing certain physical-motor skills in multiple handicapped retardates. This study should provide a data base for later cost-effectiveness studies.
Procedure. Child development workers on the program unit were trained to conduct physical therapy-behavior modification projects. The effectiveness of these projects was evaluated by comparing performance prior to intervention with performance following intervention. Costs for achieving this change in performance were presented in five separate categories. The first was the number of hours of treatment necessary to produce the behavior change multiplied by the hourly wage of the CDW who conducted the treatment, the second was the cost for medical intervention, the third was the cost for reinforcers and the fourth represented the costs of consultation by the physical therapist and the behavior modifier. The final category was simply the total cost of treatment.
Fingings. It was possible to isolate the cost variables necessary for producing behavior change. Cost per behavior change was determined for twenty-six specific behaviors.
Conclusion. Direct treatment by non-professional CDWs was shown to be an effective means of producing behavior change and treatment by these non-professionals was found to be economically feasible.
Recommendations. The data from this study and similar studies should be used to develop a model which can be used to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of such programs
A Follow-Up of Drake University College of Education Graduates (1965-1971)
No full text111 leaves. Advisor: (none)The problem. This study was to collect data from recent graduates in an attempt to determine how well their programs prepared them for their
chosen vocation, and to provide input to the College of Education Departments for their consideration in program improvement.
Procedure. A mail questionnaire was developed to answer the following questions:
1. Where are the graduates now working?
2. Have they earned any advanced degrees? (If so, where?)
3. What vertical or horizontal professional changes have they made?
4. What are their evaluations of the program(s) from which they graduated?
The questionnaire was mailed to a random sample of 984 Bachelor's degree graduates and to all 917 graduates of advanced degree programs, using a procedure of an initial mailing to the sample and two subsequent follow-up mailing three weeks apart to non-respondents. The returns were tabulated for each of the four program areas: Teacher Education, Curriculum and Instruction, Counselor Education, and Educational Administration.
Findings. There was an average return of 74 percent of the questionnaires mailed. The lowest percent was in Teacher Education; the highest
return was by Educational Specialists in Administration graduates. The evaluation items were rating of the College by rating preparation in defined program performance skills. The responses are broken into two-year graduation periods and presented in table form by percentages
of positive responses. General conclusions are that the graduates: (1) liked their program of study, (2) thought it was effective, (3) would return to Drake for more coursework, (4) are employed consistent to their degree objectives, (5) are employed by local school districts, and (6) less than half have undertaken additional course work or earned advanced degrees
The Cretan Glance : The Syncretic Spirit in the Novels of Nikos Kazantzakis
Get PDF226 leaves.The seven novels of Nikos Kazantzakis' great period of 1942-1956, i.e., Freedom or Death, Zorba the Greek, The Last Temptation of Christ, The Greek Passion, Saint Francis, The Fratricides, and the Report to Greco, are examined in order to make evident the spirit of synthesis in perceiving the chaos of life the novels express. The spirit of synthesis is essential to the making of a myth for modern man. Myth is considered to be identical to a religion in that it structures beliefs and attitudes for a social group. Because the novels are heroic in scope and partake of the mythic hero cycle in expression, the delineation of that cycle as offered by Joseph Campbell in Hero With a Thousand Faces is used as a basic guideline to the spirit of synthesis in the novels. Pertinent sections of Kazantzakis' philosophic writings, i.e., Saviors of God: Spiritual Exercises and The Odyessey: A Modern Sequel, are mentioned in order to determine the Kazantzakian framework within which the hero cycle can be applied. Interpretation of the novels and the philosophic writing is done in the light of English language critical writing about Kazantzakis and also the structures delineated in the areas of mysticism and myth offered in the work of Jung, Kerenyi, ancl Eliade. The major influences on the thought of Kazantzakis, i.e., Bergson, Nietzsche, the Christ and Buddha myths, and Marxist theory, are considered in a secondary light to the mythic structures in order to determine further the Kazantzakian frame of reference.
The monomyth or hero cycle is found to apply in all of the novels under consideration, with emphases which illuminate Kazantzakis' evolutionary and vitalisticallv spiritual philosophy. The novels, read together as a single work, are seen as a single hero cycle--Kazantzakis' own. Symbols pertinent to this latter hero cycle are examined in order to ascertain Kazantzakis' failure or success in delineating myth for modern man. The symbols, principally "God" and the "ascent," are dependent upon making new the symbols "death," "freedom," "suffering," and "evolution"; the principal symbols "God" and "ascent" are interchangeable and coequal. It will be noted that these symbols are names of processes; the final symbol is the process of Kazantzakis' own life. All the symbols are those of failure. Kazsntzakis, although more honest and Promethean than any other twentieth century novelist in his attempt to delineate a structuring myth for modern man, falls prey to cultural lack of place for symbols. He is not a myth-maker for modern man on the level of Homer in an earlier time; the ultimate symbol of synthesis, "spirit," is not acceptable to modern man
Effects of Contingent and Non-Continguent Tutor-Received Reinforcement on Peer Tutoring
No full text42 leaves.The Problem: To determine the effect of peer tutoring by ninth grade math students; under the conditions of no reinforcement, tutor-received reinforcement that is contingent upon tutee homework improvement, and tutor received non-contingent reinforcement; on low achieving seventh grade math students' performance and attitude change.
Procedure: Ss served in either the nontutored control condition, the tutor received non-contingent reinforcement condition (NCR), or the tutor-received contingent reinforcement condition (CR). During phase 1 no specific reinforcement was received by the control Ss, tutors, or tutees. During phase 2 each tutor in the CR condition received reinforcement each week that his tutee scored above his baseline homework performance which had been determined at the end of phase 1. The NCR tutors received reinformcement in the same frequency as the CR tutors but regardless of tutee homework performance. Changes in performance were measured by the California Arithmetic Test, an attitude survey, grades, and homework.
Conclusions: Homework performance significantly differed under the three conditions with the CR tutees best, followed by the NCR tutees, and finally the nontutored Ss. The tutored Ss maintained significantly more positive statements on the attitude survey than the control Ss. No significant differences between treatment groups were found for math achievement or grades. Recommentaions: Further study under conditons on tutor-received reinforcement, tutee-received reinforcement, and combined tutor and tutee-received reinforcement should be conducted to find the relative merits of each condition
Rate of Food Consumption of Acris Crepitans Blanchardi Harper in South-Central Iowa
Get PDF55 leaves.The problem. The relationship between food consumption and seasonal activity was not known for Acris crepitans blanchardi Harper, Blanchard's cricket frog, nor had the rate of food passage through the stomach of this species been calculated. This study determined these factors and calculated a yearly insect consumption figure for Acris in southcentral Iowa.
Procedure. An analysis of the diet of Acris was correlated with various features of the frog's life cycle. A total of 340 frogs were captured from 5 April 1972 until 27 October 1972. Stomach contents of 218 frogs were analyzed. The remaining 122 cricket frogs were used to determine the rate of food passage from the stomach.
Findings. Acris were active from early April to late October. Juveniles first appeared in August. and by October were the same size as April specimens. Nearly all the items in the stomachs were arthropods. Insects contributed the largest percentage of numbers and volume followed by arachnids. Food items passed through the stomachs in approximately eight hours. Acris fill their stomachs three times daily.
Conclusions. A typical Acris consumes approximately 4,840 food items each year. Agricultural pests consumed included members from Aphididae, Cicadellidae, Curculionidae, Syrphidae, and Locustidae.
Recommendations. The techniques developed for determining the rate of food passage can be applied to studies of other anurans. Field cages should be used to reduce unnatural conditions
A comparative Study of the Population Densities of Various Tardigrada Species
Get PDF45 leaves.The problem. The purpose of this investigation was to compare the population density of tardigrades in regions as related to: (a) high and low particulate counts without reference to the nature of the particulate present and (b)high and low traffic flow density without reference to particulate counts. Procedure. Bark-lichen samples were collected from 12 species of deciduous trees from 12 locations in Polk County, Iowa. The regions varied in particulate count, measured in tons of dust fall per month, and traffic flow density, measured in number of cars per year. Tardigrades were collected from samples, mounted in lactophenol, and identified. The area of bark-lichen samples was measured and the densities calculated in number of tardigrades per square centimeter.
Findings. It appears from this study that tardigrades are sensitive to high amounts of dust fall and high amounts of automobile exhaust.
Conclusions. There appears to be a direct relationship between tardigrade population density and particulate count and traffic flow density. The higher the particulate count the lower the population density of tardigrades. The higher the traffic flow density the lower the tardigrade population density.
Recommendations. More work needs to be done in this area. There are many variables to take into consideration. Tardigrades may require certain conditions for growth which were not accounted for in this study. More needs to be learned about the tardigrade itself before this study becomes meaningful
Prevalence of Coccidia in Game-Farm Reared Pheasants in Iowa
Get PDF36 leaves.The problem. The present study was undertaken in order to obtain information concerning the kinds of coccidian species harbored by pheasants raised under game-farm conditions, and to determine the levels of infection of the coccidian species found.
Procedure. Fecal samples collected from a mixed flock of 450 game-farm reared, adult ring-necked pheasants during a 20 week period beginning January 21, and ending June 3, 1973, were examined for coccidian oocysts. The number of oocysts per gm. of feces was determined for each week's sample by using a modified McMaster's helminth egg counting technique, and the proportion of the Eimeria species present in the block was determined by performing differential counts of the samples collected. One-hundred newly hatched pheasant chicks were also sampled for coccidian oocysts during a 5 week period beginning May 5, and ending June 3, 1973. The samples taken from the young birds were processed in a manner similar to that for the adult birds.
Findings. Only four of the eight recognized species of Eimeria reported to infect the pheasant were found to be present in this study. They are Eimeria phasiani, E. pacifica, E. duodenalis, and E. tetartooimia. E. phasiani and E. pacifica were the most prevalent species in the adult birds each averaging 42.0 percent of the mean differential counts for the entire survey. E. tetartooimia and E. duodenalis were the next most prevalent species averaging 10.5 and 4.0 percent of the mean differential counts, respectively. E. phasiani, alone, dominated the differential counts of the samples taken from the young birds and occurred with 75.0 to 94.0 percent frequency. E. pacifica, E. tetartooimia, and E. duodenalis were the next most prevalent, respectively, all with percentages below 10. A small number of coccidian oocysts resembling those of Isospora lacazei were also found but these were considered to be contaminants from passeriform birds.
Conclusions. As stated in the findings, four species of Eimeria and one of Isospora were found to be present in the ring-necked pheasants of this study. Oocyst production
appeared to vary with the climatic conditions; if the climatic conditions were stable, the oocyst production was relatively stable, but if the climatic conditions were abruptly altered, the oocyst production appeared to increase. Immunity appeared to be well established in the young birds within 5 weeks after hatching and apparently a state of premunition existed within the hosts by this time.
Recommendations. The epidemiological factors influencing coccidian infections are relatively unstudied. Investigations which attempt to analyze the influence of these factors on the etiology of coccidian infections should be of value not only from an academic point of view, but also from a practical point of view, namely, the control of the disease
