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The Use of Behavior Modification Techniques to Accomplish Dental Treatment on a Retarded Boy : Two Case Studies
No full text50 leaves.The Problem: To investigate the effectiveness of dentist-administered reinforcement in controlling the behavior of a retarded boy during dental treatment.
Procedure: Case 1-A token reinforcement system was established. Tokens were contingent on the patient's compliance with dentist' requests and his toleration of treatment procedures. This reinforcement system was administered within an ABAB experimental design consisting of baseline, treatment (reinforcement), reversal and reinstatement of treatment conditions. Case 2 - Edible reinforcement was made contingent on the behaviors described in Case 1. During appointment nineteen selective physical restraints were introduced. These were used through appointment twenty six. The experimental design consisted of baseline, treatment, and treatment plus selective restraint conditions.
Findings: Case 1 - Our results show that the patient's time in position in the dental chair, his positive expressions concerning dental treatment, and the number of restorations accomplished increased during the operation of reinforcement procedures and decreased with the suspension of these procedures. His number of negative expressions concerning dental treatment decreased during the application of reinforcement and increased with its suspension. Case 2 - The patient's time in position in the dental chair and his positive expressions concerning dental treatment increased during the treatment condition. His negative expressions decreased but no restorative treatment was accomplished. When selective restraint was used in addition to reinforcement the patient's time in position increased and some treatment was accomplished. However, positive expressions decreased and negative expressions increased. Conclusions. It was concluded that reinforcement procedures can be used by dentists to effectively manage the behavior of a retarded child and increase the amount of treatment which he is able to deliver. When necessary, the use of selective restraint can facilitate dental treatment but the effects of this on his expressions concerning treatment is negative. Recommendations. Further research is needed to develop specific behavior modification techniques for use in the dental setting and to provide training packages for dentists. Comparative research investigating currently used management techniques as well as these suggested here with respect to economic advantages, health risks to patients, and patient training is also recommended
English Electives in Iowa High Schools: A Survey
No full text46 leaves.The problem. The purpose of the report was to determine the extent and nature of english electives programs being offered or planned in selected Iowa high schools.
Procedure. Fifty schools were selected through the use of the Iowa School District Directory, and were of three general enrollment sizes. Responses were received from forty-two of those originally selected. The returned surveys included brief descriptions of the elective courses, intended student clientele, and enrollment patterns or trends. The surveys were then tabulated and combined to form an overall list of coursss (i.e., similar courses under varying titles were combined). Related literature dealing with high school English electives was consulted for similar reports and criticisms.
Findings. The survey responses shared an extensive use of electives programs in all sizes of schools, in all areas of the state. Only three of the forty-two responding schools did not have electives proqrams. The combined list of courses fell into seven study areas: literature, composition, usage, journalism, speech and dramatics, communications, and humanities. Courses for advanced or mixed groupings tended to predominate over basic or remedial courses. The report was concluded with a list of ten recommendations for electives
program development
An Examinstion of Perseveration in Personality Inventory Responses
Get PDF52 leaves.The Problem: This study was designed to test the hypothesis that perseveration in personality inventories can be measured and used diagnostically. Perseveration is defined as the inability to shift or to break through an established set in order to perform a task. Possibilities of improving the method of measurement of perseveration were explored.
Procedure: Subjects used were nursing students and selected psychiatric patients. Subjects were divided into highperforming normals, low-performing normals, schizophrenics, and organics. The Psychological Screening Inventory (PSI) was administered to all subjects. Inventories were scored on two measures of perseveration and the four groups were compared. The groups were also compared with a normative group on selected sections of the inventory.
Findings: Results showed a weak but significant difference between organics and the other three groups on both perseveration measures. The other three groups did not differ on these measures, but, on the selected test sections, differences were found between observed frequencies of
perseveration scores and expected frequencies derived from the normative data.
Conclusions: It was concluded that perseveration does occur in personality inventories and that it can be used diagnostically. Furthermore, the results indicate that discriminative ability could be improved by reordering test items using normative data.
Recommendations: Further study of the perseveration phenomenon using tests with special item ordering could clarify the results of this study
The Rise and Impact of Anti-German Sentiment In Iowa 1917-1921
No full text110 leaves.The problem. This thesis attempts to find out exactly what happened to the German-Americans in Iowa in 1917-1921 and suggests reasons for the difficulties they experienced. The procedure. the Des Moines Register served as a starting point as did many secondary works dealing with the period. Scanning the paper provided the overall view of life at the time. Bibliographies provided additional sources. Most local and church histories used are in the author's personal collection of such items and are available from the institutions themselves. The government propaganda items quoted are in the collection of Cowles library, Drake University. The findings. During this period, everyone lived under a great deal of pressure from federal and local government. In Iowa, the Governor, by proclamation, forbade the use of any foreign language in school, church, or any public place. There was pressure to purchase Liberty Bonds and on the local level matters were often handled by "extra-legal" courts. Government propaganda was plentiful and did little to discourage anti-German feeling. Iowans of German birth or ancestry lived in every county of Iowa which insured their visibility in the state and their contact with other segments of the population. In some areas, competition between the groups existed and these factors added to the difficulties when war came. The indications are that the Germans were not disloyal and few cases involving them ever reached court
The Effect of Leucogenenol and Chemotherapy on Leukemia L1210
Get PDF55 leaves.The problem. This study determined the effect of leucogenenol, an untried immunostimulant, in conjunction with known effective chemotherapy on mouse leukemia L1210.
Procedure. L1210 infected animals in various treatment groups were monitored for changes in several parameters of the disease. Among these parameters were differential smears, hematocrits, total nucleated cell counts, spleen and liver weights to total body weight ratios and survival times.
Findings. Although some of the parameters of the leukemia were decreased after leucogenenol therapy, a minimal detrimental effect was observed in the survival times of the animals. The humoral antibody levels were elevated after leucogenenol and chemotherapeutic treatment, but these were obviously not effective in controlling the number of proliferating L1210 leukemic cells.
Conclusion. It was concluded that leucogenenol was able to increase the humoral antibody response but not the number of sensitized lymphocytes such that the residual leukemic cells could be destroyed immunologically. Hence, even in combination with chemotherapy, leucogenenol's action could not turn the race between the residual leukemic cells and sensitized lymphocytes in favor of the host.
Recommendations. The recent demonstration of immunological enhancement of a tumor by humoral antibodies makes it important to determine if leucogenenol's action is specific for the B lymphoid cells or does it affect both the B and T lymphoid cells? A method for determining the molecular action of leucogenenol might lead to a greater understanding of the control of hematopoiesis and leukemias
A World Within Herself : The Southern Mountain Woman in the Novels of Harriette Simpson Arnow
No full text129 leaves.The thesis concerns itself with major female characters in the four novels of Harriette Arnow. The women, all built upon the prototype of the Southern mountain woman, possess
the same qualities, though a definite pattern of refinement in construction can be followed from the first novel through the latest, reflecting both Arnow's development as a novelist and the various phases of the Southern mountain pioneer prototype.
The methods used in the thesis consisted of analysis of primary materials to note the pattern of development of characters, supported by analysis and definition of the prototype from secondary materials dealing with Southern Appalachian regionalism, geographical, sociological, and literary, from the early eighteenth century to the present.
Arnow's South Central Kentucky background has strongly influenced her work, letting the greater portion of it be set in that area and, giving all of it the hardy, Pelagianistic
philosophy of the once-pioneering southern mountaineer. Her novels have as their central figures women who are personifications of this mountaineer philosophy, strong-willed, independent, imaginative, and agrarian, they achieve their stature in the novels because they understand the implications of their circumstances and because they question those circumstances that can be changed.
As Arnow has completed each novel, the central figure pattern has undergone another phase in the process of evolution. Louisa, the central figure in Mountain Path is less refined and less complex than Suse of Hunter's Horn. Gertie of The Dollmaker is more refined than Suse. The process of evolution has its culmination in Susie of The Weedkiller's Daughter, who, though Arnow has moved her from the hills to
the suburbs, is still Louisa and Suse in quiet perception and Suse and Gertie in independence and in affinity with the land. The evolution and the order of the novels parallels the pioneer experience. Louisa goes into a new territory but retreats, Suse and Gertie struggle with the territory to make it liveable. Susie manages to reach the point of establishing a settlement that is in peaceful co-existence with the surroundings
An Experimental Study of the Effects on Academic Achievement and Anxiety Levels of High School Algebra I Students when Grade Results are Withheld for a Prescribed Period of Time
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The Effect of Trypan Blue on the Growth Rate of the Chick Embryo During Development
Get PDF50 leaves.The problem. This is a study to determine if the growth rate of the developing chick embryo is changed by the teratogenic agent, trypan blue.
Procedure. The eggs were divided into three groups, unopened controls, saline-injected (0.1 ml, 0.85 NaCl) standards and trypan-blue-injected (0.1 ml, 0.1% solution) experimentals. Injections were made into the yolk sac through the blunt end of the egg during the 48th hour of incubation. Six independent variables, wet weight, dry weight, ash weight, organic content, weight of water and per cent of water of wet weight, were used to determine the effect of the dye on the embryos growth rate. The measurements were taken daily over a 17 day incubation period (4th to 20th day). Findings. There were no consistently significant differences between the groups but a trend of lower weights for the experimental group developed over the last seven days. Constant death rate and early malformations observed point to the early effect of trypan blue on the chick embryo. On the 14th day significant differences were recorded for five of the six variables between the controls and experimentals. Conclusions. If there is an effect on total growth of the embryo in later development it is too small to be significant with the sample size used in this study. A long effect on total growth does not appear to be a mechanism for the teratogenicity of trypan blue. Recommendations. The development around the 14th day might be worth examining further to see if there is a triggering in the metabolic processes whioh cause the weights to be consistently lower the last seven days of development