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Strengthening Climate Resilience Through Farmer Field School Practices in Oromia, Ethiopia
Full text linkIn rural Ethiopia, small-scale farmers have suffered from recurrent extreme climate events, such as droughts, that have caused crop failures and the death of livestock. The Farmer Field School (FFS) approach is an agricultural extension approach considered to support climate-resilient farming and livelihoods.
Focusing on an FFS project implemented by the Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resource in collaboration with Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), this paper aims to observe the effectiveness of the FFS approach in strengthening the climate resilience of rural communities and to explore factors that further improve and enhance community resilience.
The analysis shows that the FFS project in Oromia contributed to strengthening the climate resilience of rural households in two ways: (i) income source diversification, nutritional diversification, and reduction of soil erosion were achieved, and (ii) the personal attitudes and behaviors of farmers were transformed; this was particularly observed where farmers started new processes to solve farming problems, developed new enterprises for income generation, and supported neighboring farmers to develop skills after the project ended.
Although the resilience of participating rural households against climate disturbances was strengthened, it is not clear whether their capacity to cope with and recover from prolonged climate disturbances was sufficiently improved. This can be addressed by integrating climate information and simulation practices into FFS curriculums. By contemplating the potential severity of climate disturbances, particularly recurring droughts, farmers and concerned stakeholders can develop and share images of what could happen and how they should prepare for it. Additionally, FFS should address the capacity of rural communities to expand networks with external stakeholders and initiate collective action to address common issues by themselves. Taking collective action is particularly important for ensuring that natural resources and ecosystems are cared for, which in turn, strengthens the climate resilience of socio-ecological systems at the community level.エチオピア農村部では、旱魃などの異常気象により、小規模農家が凶作や家畜死亡という被害に直面している。気候変動に対応し得る農業普及手法としてFarmer Field School（FFS）がある。本稿では、オロミア州農業・天然資源局と国際協力機構（JICA）が実施したFFSプロジェクトを取上げ、気候変動に対する集落のレジリエンス強化という観点から見たFFSの有効性と、更なるレジリエンス強化のための在り方を検討する。
本FFSプロジェクトは二点において農家のレジリエンス強化に貢献した。一つは、収入源の多様化、栄養源の多様化、土壌侵食の低減が実現した点である。もう一つは、人々の態度や行動が変容した点である。後者については、例えば、農家が課題解決のため自ら新しい活動に取り組み始めた、新しいビジネスを興した、近隣農家への助言を行い始めた、などの行動が観察されている。
FFS参加農家のレジリエンス強化が確認された一方で、それが気候変動に十分対応し得る水準なのか、という点は明らかではない。これについては、FFSカリキュラムに、気候変動による攪乱と影響に関わる情報を用いたシミュレーション活動を採用することで対応できる。旱魃など気候変動による攪乱の深刻さを具体的に想定することで、農家などの関係者は起こり得る事態を認識し、対応について検討できる。
FFSは、農家が外部ステークホルダーとネットワークを持つこと、また、集落課題の解決に向けた農家連携にも取組むべきである。集落内での農家連携は、自然資源や生態系の維持に重要であり、地域における社会・生態システムの強化に結びつく。research repor
アフリカへのビジネス展開における 日本企業のリスクの認識とアプローチについて －コーポレート・ソーシャル・アントレプレナーシップの視点から
Full text linkアフリカへの援助の在り方が転換点を迎え将来の市場としての成長に期待が寄せられる中で、日本企業のアフリカへのリスクの懸念からビジネス展開が進んでいない現状がある。そこでアフリカでのビジネスをCSE（Corporate Social Entrepreneurship）の観点から捉えて、「これから展開を目指す企業群」および「既に展開している企業群」という2つの企業群についてリスクに対するアプローチを調査・分析したところ、5つの要素が明らかになった。第一にビジネスリスクを全て予見することよりも発生時に柔軟に対応できる組織体制を整える。第二にCSE事業に必要なリソースを全て社内から探すのではなく推進者が社外ネットワークを拡張しながら獲得する。第三に日本人のネガティブな「アフリカ・スキーマ」は現地視察などの一次情報によって解消しうる。第四に現地公的機関との連携はリスク軽減効果が高いため、それに向けた国際機関や日本の公的機関の後方支援が有効である。第五にCSE事業の是非は最終的には企業理念との整合性に関わるため、経営層が長期的な方針を示せる組織が望ましく、オーナー企業は有利な傾向がある。それらを踏まえ、企業側とそれを支援する公的機関側の双方へインプリケーションを提示している。research repor
Competition of Foreign Military Bases and the Survival Strategies of Djibouti
Full text linkDjibouti is a small country that sits on the west coast of the Bab El Mandeb Strait, in East Africa. Due to its geostrategic value, five countries, including the United States and China, have military bases in the country. This paper examines whether attracting military bases is a rational choice for the current administration and the general public of Djibouti. First the paper reviews the intentions of the client countries to develop naval bases. It then discusses Djibouti's diplomatic strategy, before finally analyzing the factors that are seen an advantageous/disadvantageous to the survival of the nation. Through the analyses, the paper argues that attracting military bases accelerates the economic development of the nation, but distribution mechanisms need to be considered separately. While the power of the current administration in Djibouti has been strengthened by the presence of military bases, the benefits felt by the people, especially the poor, have been small.
Around the Red Sea, the competition over military port development is booming, and coastal nations are eager to grant naval access to the best offer. In that sense, Djibouti is a precedent case having already attracted military bases and pulled in funds and investments to develop the country. Thus, the analysis within this paper can be used as an important reference point for neighboring countries.ジブチはアフリカ東部のいわゆる「アフリカの角」地域に位置し、紅海の南の入り口であるバブ・エル・マンデブ海峡の西岸にある小国である。地政学的に重要な位置を占め、米国、フランス、日本、中国、イタリアの5 か国がジブチに軍事基地（日本の場合は自衛隊拠点）を置いている。本稿では、外国の軍事基地誘致はジブチの現政権及び一般大衆それぞれにとって、合理的な選択であるか否かを検討する。
本稿ではまず、ジブチに海軍基地開発をした、あるいはしようとしている国々の意図を検討する。次にホスト国であるジブチ自身の外交戦略について議論し、続いて、外国の軍事基地を誘致する戦略は国家の存続にとって有利か不利か、それぞれの要因を分析する。この分析を通じ、筆者はジブチの軍事基地誘致戦略は確かに国の経済発展を促進してきたが、一般大衆への分配メカニズムは国の経済発展とは別に考慮する必要がある、と主張する。ジブチでは現政権の権力が強化された一方で、国民、特に貧困層が感じられる恩恵は小さい。
紅海沿岸では軍港開発競争が激化しており、沿岸の国々は最も良い条件をもたらす国に軍港開発の権利を与えようと画策している。ジブチは既に多数の軍事基地を誘致しており、それを梃子に資金や投資を呼び込み、国の経済発展を促進した先例である。したがって本稿の分析は、紅海沿岸諸国の今後の戦略を検討するうえでも参考になると考えられる。research repor
Special Education Needs and their Multiplicity: Qualitative Analysis of Policy and Interview Surveys from the Communities Surrounding People with Hearing Impairments in Nepal
Full text link‘Inclusion’ refers to the state of diverse people recognizing each other’s individuality and needs and working and living together in a society. The idea of ‘inclusion’ as a state of ‘mutual recognition’ and ‘symbiosis’ emerged in the 1980s. It has gained increasing attention today, particularly since it was formally addressed in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) adopted in 2015. However, when focusing on inclusion, it must be noted that the concept has more than one meaning. It is a multifaceted idea that encompasses the various needs of the persons, organizations and communities concerned in each context and what is needed for diverse people to live together without conflict. Special education needs (SEN) is one of the people’s needs and inclusion can have different meanings in real societies depending on the multiplicity of SEN. Here, the author defines ‘multiplicity’ as multiple meanings in the diverse contexts where people live and have varying needs. To clarify the structure of multiplicity of SEN, this paper reports on a case study of the policy and community perceptions of people with hearing impairment in Nepal. The research includes an analysis of policies targeting people with disabilities and interviews with people with hearing disabilities, their education, and the stakeholders in it. Nepal has a diverse social and cultural background. As a result, unlike other countries it took a SEN-conscious approach to integrated education as ‘inclusive/special needs education (SNE)’ from the outset of inclusive education development. The results reveal that the diversity of SEN is not only due to the physical factor of disability but also to the difficulties and disadvantages caused by the variety of social contexts. Social disadvantages and difficulties, more than hearing impairment, hinder people’s inclusion through learning in school and working in society. Although the analysis in this paper is limited to the communities surrounding deaf and hard-of-hearing people in Nepal, the issue of the multiple contexts of SEN is of great interest when considering not only equality of educational opportunity but also the issue of equity in meaningful learning.departmental bulletin pape
Development of Environmental Public Interest Litigation in China: How Can Public Participation Play Its Role Beyond Environmental Authoritarianism?
Full text linkChina is well known as one of the longest-standing authoritarian countries ruled by a Communist party in the world. Nevertheless, both non-participatory and participatory approaches to decision making in environmental governance can be observed under this form of regime. How then can we identify their combinations in China’s environmental governance? In exploring this question, this study focuses on the recent development of environmental public interest litigation (EPIL) cases after the enactment of the revised Environmental Protection Law (EPL) in 2015, and tests the pro-authoritarianism assumption, “non-environmental spillover effects,” as a characteristic of Chinese “environmental authoritarianism” raised by earlier writers. Looking into the recent development of EPIL cases by NGOs and procuratorates carefully, it can be concluded that a kind of division of work between NGOs and procuratorates stipulated in the revised EPL could restrain authoritarian spillover effects, although there are disproportionately increasing numbers of cases by procuratorates than NGOs. Also, there are some cases where NGOs and procuratorates cooperate in EPILs. Furthermore, local NGOs can mobilize numerous volunteers in this process. The experience and knowledge accumulated among the broader group of locals in the country might bring an “environmental spillover effect,” which means a spillover toward pro-environmental democracy, to push EPIL reform toward a more participation-friendly style of involvement.中国は世界における共産党支配による長期にわたる権威主義国家として知られている。それにもかかわらず、環境ガバナンスにおいて非参加型—参加型アプローチの複合形態が観察される。中国の環境ガバナンスにおけるこのような複合形態の特徴をどのように理解すればよいのだろうか。本研究ではこの問いに答えるべく、2015年より施行された改正環境保護法以降の環境公益訴訟事例に着目し、先行研究で挙げられた中国的「環境権威主義」のもとでの「非環境的浸透（権威主義的スピルオーバー）」仮説を検証する。NGOと検察官による最近の環境公益訴訟の展開を注意深く観察すると、検察官による訴訟件数がNGOのそれよりも不釣り合いに増加している一方で、改正環境保護法で定められたNGOと検察官の間のある種の分業が権威主義的スピルオーバーを抑制しうることが明らかになった。また環境公益訴訟においてNGOと検察官が協力している事例がいくつか見られること、さらに現地のNGOがこの過程で沢山のボランティアを動員していることが指摘できる。こうして中国における幅広い地域の主体の間で蓄積された経験や知識は、むしろ「環境（民主）的浸透」をもたらし、環境公益訴訟をより参加的なスタイルへ改革を促す効果を持つかもしれない。departmental bulletin pape
Mechanization, Intensification, and Extensification of Agriculture: Evidence from Rice Farming in Tanzania
Full text linkThe use of agricultural machinery is increasingly common in sub-Saharan Africa. However, its potential benefits for smallholder farmers remain unclear. This study uses three-year panel data collected from rice farmers in Tanzania to examine the effects of four-wheeled tractors, small two-wheeled tractors, and draft animals on the expansion of the cultivated area (extensification), adoption of yield-enhancing technologies, land productivity (intensification), and labor productivity. We apply a multinomial endogenous treatment effect model with Mundlak-Chamberlain devices to account for the endogeneity problem. We find that large four-wheeled tractor use contributes to the extensification and increased labor productivity but has a negative effect on land productivity. On the other hand, small two-wheeled tractor use contributes to extensification, the adoption of yield-enhancing technologies, and an increase in paddy yield but has no impact on labor productivity. Our results suggest that large- and small-size tractors play different roles, but both can contribute to enhancing rice production in sub-Saharan Africa.近年、サブサハラ・アフリカにおいて農業機械化に注目が集まっている。しかし、農業機械化が小規模農家に与える影響については十分な研究がなされていない。特に、これまで大型トラクターと小型トラクターの比較は行われてこなかった。本研究ではタンザニアの3時点のパネルデータを用いて、大型トラクター、小型トラクター、及び牛耕が稲作の技術採用、土地生産性、労働投入及び労働生産性に与える影響を検証する。分析にはMultinominal endogenous treatment effect model及びMundlak-Chamberlain devicesを用いて、可能な限り農家による機械利用の内生性をコントロールした。その結果大型トラクターは耕作面積の拡大と労働生産性の向上に寄与するが、土地生産性を減少させることが明らかになった。他方、小型トラクターは耕作面積の拡大と労働集約的な技術の採用、単位面積当たりの収量を向上させるが、労働生産性には影響がないことが明らかになった。これらの結果は大型トラクターと小型トラクターが稲作生産向上に対して別の役割を果たしうることを示唆している。departmental bulletin pape
Developing Collective Impact to Improve Foundational Learning: Evidence from Madagascar After the COVID-19 Pandemic Shock
Full text linkAfter the school closures due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the recovery of foundational skills such as numeracy became a priority policy agenda in sub-Saharan Africa. In Madagascar, the Ministry of Education began scaling-up training on the pedagogical approach to numeracy, called “Teaching at the Right Level (TaRL),” for primary teachers and community volunteers. This training was part of a package of interventions that aimed at strengthening the capacity of the school management committee (SMC) to lead extra-curricular remedial activities. In parallel with the process of scaling up the package for primary schools, the Ministry organized a public education forum in the region to develop collaboration among different actors, such as educational administration and local governments, to improve foundational skills. As these interventions were scaled up progressively to increase their coverage of the regions, we used the settings to investigate their impact on numeracy for primary students, employing a difference-in-differences strategy. Specifically, we targeted the neighboring regions with similar social backgrounds and conducted a survey for those schools situated in communes near regional border. TaRL training plus the public education forum improved learning outcomes in numbers and four basic operations by 0.37 standard deviations. The collaboration of different actors to improve foundational skills in Madagascar shows an example of collective impact to address learning crisis in low-income country.サブサハラアフリカ地域において、新型コロナの感染拡大に伴う学校閉鎖が解かれた後、子ども達の数と計算等における基礎的スキルの改善は重点政策課題となっている。マダガスカルにおいて、同国教育省は、”Teaching at the Right Level (TaRL)”と呼ばれる、数と計算における基礎的スキルにかかる教授法の研修を初等教員及び地域ボランティアに対して実施した。TaRL研修は、学校運営委員会が同手法を用いて放課後の補習活動を実施するために開発された介入パッケージの一部である。TaRL研修の実施に並行し、マダガスカル教育省は、子ども達の基礎的スキルの改善に向けて教育行政や地方自治体等の多様なアクター間の協力を強化するため、県教育フォーラムを開催した。本研究では、これらの介入が学校年度毎に対象県を徐々に拡大する形でスケールアップされていった点に着目し、差分の差法を用い、小学生児童の学習に対する介入効果を推定する。具体的には、社会文化的背景の類似した隣り合う県を対象とし、それら県間の境界付近に位置する市の小学校を対象として調査を実施した。TaRL研修と県教育フォーラムの実施により、子ども達の数と計算にかかる学習成果は平均して0.37標準偏差、改善した。マダガスカルにおける本事例は、学習の危機に対し、子ども達の基礎的スキルを改善するためのコレクティブ・インパクト（社会課題の解決のための多様なアクター間の協力）を形成することが可能であることを示している。departmental bulletin pape
Financial Literacy and Remittances: The Case of Mongolian Migrants in Japan
Full text linkThis paper examines determinants of financial literacy and its effect on remittances among a rarely studied group – Mongolian migrants in Japan, a small but actively remitting population who have special financial needs related to remittances. Using primary surveys targeting both Mongolian migrants in Japan and their families staying in Mongolia, financial literacy of migrants are measured by a combination of three competencies: financial knowledge, financial behavior, and financial attitudes. Financial literacy of Mongolian migrants in Japan is primarily influenced by factors such as income, proficiency in the Japanese language, and educational attainment. Interestingly, while overall financial literacy does not seem to affect the decision to send remittances or the amount sent, individuals with stronger financial attitudes are less inclined to send remittances. This finding suggests that remittances are frequently utilized for immediate consumption rather than being allocated towards long-term financial goals.本論文では、在日モンゴル人移民における金融リテラシーの決定要因とその送金への影響について考察した。在日モンゴル人移民とその出身家族を対象とした調査により、移民の金融リテラシーを3つの能力（金融知識、金融行動、金融態度）の組み合わせで測定した。金融リテラシーの主な決定要因は、収入、日本語能力、教育レベルであることが分かった。しかし、全体的な金融リテラシーは、送金の意思決定および送金額には影響しないようである。むしろ、金融態度のスコアが高い移民ほど、送金をする可能性が低い。この結果は、送金が短期的な消費のために送られたり使われたりすることが多く、長期的な家計目標のために使用されているわけではないことを示唆しているのかもしれない。departmental bulletin pape
What Drives Implementation of City-Level Climate Action? Case Studies of Climate Change Action Plan at the Local Level in Ho Chi Minh City and Hai Phong City of Vietnam
Full text linkIn view of the growing recognition of the role of non-state actors as agents of implementation of addressing climate change under the Paris Agreement, this study sheds light on the measures taken by urban cities in developing countries. Beyond the process of formulating climate action plans reviewed in previous studies, this study aims to identify the factors that drive implementation of city-level climate action plans. To this end, the authors selected the Climate Change Action Plans (CCAP) of two leading cities in Vietnam, i.e., Ho Chi Minh City and Hai Phong City, and investigated the state of implementation based on the status of budget execution for the implementation measures listed in their CCAPs. As a result, the implementation status of the two cities was found to be significantly different. In order to identify the factors that brought about such results, the hypotheses, formulated based on relevant previous studies and adjusted for the Vietnamese context, were verified by empirical evidence. Among the seven possible factors examined, the authors identified the nature of measures expressed by concreteness and co-benefits, the commitment levels of local leaders, and local government institutional capacity as the key factors driving implementation. Based on the findings of the study, possible international support and domestic efforts are discussed as ways of addressing the implementation gaps in Vietnam.パリ協定の下、気候変動対策の実施主体としてノンステートアクターの役割に対する認識が高まる中、本研究は、開発途上国都市の役割に焦点を当てたものである。本研究では、先行研究がこれまで着目してきた気候変動行動計画の策定プロセスの側面を超えて、都市レベルの同計画の実施を促進する要因を明らかにすることを目的としている。そのため、ベトナムの先駆的な2都市、ホーチミン市とハイフォン市の気候変動行動計画（CCAP）を選定し、CCAPに記載される施策の予算執行状況を中心に実施状況を把握した。その結果、両都市の実施状況は大きく異なることが判明した。この結果をもたらす要因を明らかにするため、関連する先行研究とベトナムの文脈を勘案して策定した仮説を、実証的な証拠をもって検証した。その結果、本研究が同定した7つの要因のうち、施策の具体性やコベネフィットなどで表される施策の性質、首長のコミットメント、地方政府の組織・制度的能力が、計画の実施を促進する重要な要因であることが判明した。この結果を踏まえて、ベトナムにおいて実施ギャップを埋めるための国際的支援や国内対応のあり方を併せて議論した。departmental bulletin pape
Estimating the economic viability of long-term investment in flood protection: Case study of the Natorigawa River
Full text linkInvestments in disaster risk reduction are essential for mitigating disaster damage, an aim stressed by the Sendai Framework for Disaster Reduction. While a cost-benefit analysis is usually conducted for flood protection projects to confirm the viability of any new project, long-term economic analysis at the river basin or the regional scale has rarely been conducted. Policymakers need evidence that investments in flood protection contribute to regional growth. This study proposes a methodology for economic analysis of flood protection investments at the river basin scale and applies it to the Natorigawa River basin as a case study. The study estimates benefits, both past and future, by reducing damage caused by observed and simulated floods. It finds that the methodology is applicable and investments over the last seven decades in the river basin have been efficient, with an estimated benefit-cost ratio of 6.1. The methodology needs to be further simplified for application to developing countries, given the limited data and capacity in these countries. Moreover, methods for estimating the effects of climate change and the cost of replacing facilities need to be developed.departmental bulletin pape