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Barriers to Public Pension Program Participation in a Developing Country
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Increasing public pension participation rates in developing countries is an important policy
objective. We study three possible constraints to such participation by using a randomized control
trial and the administrative records covering about 40 percent of Mongolian subdistricts. We find
that providing information about subsidiary monetary benefits (survivors’ and disability pensions)
does not increase participation significantly. However, providing information about the mobile
phone payment of pension funds and dispatching experts to a pension administrative agency from
a foreign aid agency both increase payments. These results imply that perceived transaction costs
and trust affect demand for pension services. They also suggest that foreign aid can affect citizens’
participation in public services by changing their perception of these services.departmental bulletin pape
Determinants of the EIA Report Quality for Development Cooperation Projects: Effects of Alternatives and Public Involvement
Get PDFThe quality of environmental impact assessment (EIA) reports is fundamental to making good decisions and the low quality of EIA reports is a constraint in developed and developing countries. In developing countries, it appears to be very difficult to improve the quality of reports under present constraints such as limited funding, human resources, and information. The purposes of this study are to identify determinants of the overall quality of EIA reports for development cooperation projects that Japan International Cooperation Agency has supported, and to propose benchmarks for satisfactory quality reports under the present situation in developing countries. The study reviewed the quality of 160 reports from 2001 to 2016 and examined factors influencing the overall quality of reports using statistical tests, cluster analysis, and decision tree analysis. The study clarified that the two processes of alternatives and public involvement were determinants and their linkage affected the quality of reports. The study concludes that the just satisfactory grade of alternatives and public involvement at the scoping and draft reporting are the benchmarks for satisfactory EIA reports. Further verification through comparative studies and case studies, is needed to confirm how two processes have an effect on the quality of reports.departmental bulletin pape
Humanitarian Crises and the Rise of the Rest: The Future of Humanitarianism from the Perspective of Four Latin American Emerging Countries
Get PDFThis paper offers a critical perspective on the future of humanitarianism, drawing on the experience of four Latin American emerging countries: Brazil, Chile, Colombia and Mexico. Their experience in the region and beyond provides a mix of characteristics that result in a unique understanding of crisis and response. Latin America is rather well-off and—except for Haiti—is mostly outside the scope of major humanitarian emergencies. However, Latin America is still affected by high inequality, organized crime, and all types of disasters, while hosting a major population displacement in Colombia as a result of civil conflict. Thus, emerging countries of the region remain on the global humanitarian watch list. The paper explores this duality, based on over one hundred semi-structured interviews in the selected countries, complemented with direct observations and primary data analysis. Among significant findings, the paper describes a historical resistance from the region to be seen as the locus of humanitarian crisis, reflected both through capacity building and diplomacy. At least four older and more recent principles of action are identified, namely ‘non-indifference’, ‘reciprocity’, ‘sustainability’, and ‘horizontality’. In particular, horizontality underscores a rich diversity of South-South exchanges between line ministries and other offices in charge of specific crises that goes beyond being ‘donors’. Indeed, emerging countries explicitly challenge the traditional humanitarian establishment, so their contributions are better understood as reflecting ongoing transformations in their human development and security agendas.departmental bulletin pape
A Second Chance for Education: Examining the Roles of Education in Conflict and Peace based on Life Stories from Bosnia and Herzegovina
Get PDFThis study focuses on the second chance for education (SCE) experienced by children whose secondary education was at some point interrupted by the armed conflict in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the 1990s. Individual war experiences in that country had a significant impact depending on location, ranging from limited destruction to complete and violent ethnic cleansing. The availability of educational opportunities was similarly varied. Many schools continued to operate, some functioned intermittently depending on the intensity of local fighting, and others were shut down. Although few studies have specifically addressed the issue, a significant number of children who experienced interruption of their education were still able to obtain a second chance through their and their family’s efforts. This study applies the life story method to better understand how their education was interrupted, how and why SCE was obtained and discusses what SCE meant for them. 31 individuals were interviewed either face-to-face or by Skype, and this paper focuses on 13 of these individuals as detailed case studies. By bringing these neglected to date voices into the research on education, conflict and peace, the study determined that four roles can be played by education – including SCE - in a conflict-affected society. First, education may provide children with protection and help to sustain some partial normalcy in life. Second, it may help sustain hope for the future. As a third and related point, education offers an opportunity for self-realization, as students can obtain knowledge and skills that may help them to survive their ordeal. And finally, with the education and skills obtained, youth may be in a better position to contribute to social transformation as agents for peacebuilding. Therefore, for the sake of peacebuilding, more attention is required to support and sustain education in conflict-affected countries.departmental bulletin pape
貧困削減戦略（Poverty Reduction Strategy）の今日的意味
Get PDFポスト冷戦期において「貧困削減戦略（Poverty Reduction Strategy：PRS）」は急速に進化し、唱導され、形成された。本ペーパーは、PRS が当時の時代環境のなかで注目され、議論が白熱した国際開発戦略上の意味を抽出し、問うことを目的とする。PRS の潮流の背景には、統合機運の欧州が結束するなかで、グローバル化のリスクに対処するために中道左派（社会民主主義勢力）政権が台頭し、彼らの国内政策が国際開発にも応用されたこと、また途上国を含め公共セクターの制度改革が試みられ、それと PRS が密接に関連していたことがあった。そのアプローチは 2000 年代半ばから衰退する。ドナー側の要因としては、①中道左派政権が衰退傾向に入り、新興ドナーが台頭して、援助のアプローチが変化した、②2001 年の「9.11. 同時テロ」以降の援助が PRS から 3D に変化した1、③イラク侵攻が政治的安定をうまず、米英の民主主義のメッセージが色褪せた、④リーマン・ショックを契機に先進国の経済力が低下し、援助増大の機運が低下した。途上国側の要因としては、①アジアでは経済成長が持続し、所得貧困が激減した、②新興諸国が台頭し、低所得国でも資源開発を背景に外国投資ブームが起きた、③PRS の潮流も民間セクター開発への支援の割合が増え、同時にインフラの援助が増えた、④民主化政権がインフォーマルな権威主義体制を含むハイブリッド・レジームとして定着し、各種の制度改革にストップをかけたことが指摘される。最後に、PRS の将来へのインプリケーションについて言及する。departmental bulletin pape
The help-seeking pathways and barriers: Case of South Sudanese Refugees in Uganda
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Obtaining a Second Chance Education in Post-conflict Rwanda: Motivations and Paths
Get PDFThere has been an increasing effort to deliver Education in Emergencies (EiE) from the international community since the 1990s because of protracted humanitarian situations. Despite the growing attention to EiE, many children in conflict-affected situations miss schooling, especially at the lower secondary level, without having the opportunity to receive a second chance education (SCE) or to voice their perspectives on this situation. Given the gaps within EiE, this paper focuses on the largely overlooked issue of out-of-school children and young people resulting from emergencies and the potential for a second chance education (SCE). As a case study, it examines how and this group of children lost their schooling in Rwanda before 1994 but achieved their SCE in the post-genocide period. Rwanda is a crucial case in considering the relationships between conflict and education and the implications for EiE due to the significant scale of destruction of life and infrastructure, including that of education, during and after the 1994 genocide.
The research referred to in this paper is qualitative and interpretive in its design to promote understanding of how learners in post-genocide Rwanda made sense of the complex education journey that they undertook and their motivations for it. Based on 23 life story interviews conducted in Rwanda in 2016, the research uncovers how education contributed to dividing the society throughout the political contest and illustrates the various barriers existed to exclude individuals from schooling before, during and after the genocide. Motivations for SCE in this situation include: intrinsic motivations, such as cognitive rewards, and extrinsic motivations relating to skills, qualifications and livelihood; the influence of normative value; and that of restoration.
The contributions of this research are two-fold. First, successful pathways to SCE can indicate some conducive conditions, including alternative routes to formal education at primary and secondary levels. Second, learners’ motivations for the SCE vary, compared to the donors’ focus on skills, qualifications and livelihood. Learner perspectives on education are largely missing in the EiE field but have important implications for the practice of EiE.departmental bulletin pape
Deliberate Next Steps toward a New Globalism for Universal Health Coverage (UHC)
Get PDFMuch effort has been expended on promoting universal health coverage (UHC). We focus on four areas that, on current trajectories, are unlikely to achieve sufficient progress to meet Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3.8. These are also issues for which G20 can provide significant traction. The principle of “leaving no one behind” is central to UHC. Migrants and migrant health workers are too often overlooked, as is genuine support for primary health care at the community level. Prioritizing reliable domestic financing requires enlightened leadership and deliberate dialogue between finance and health ministries. Harnessing, and regulating, innovation for a future where multi-omics, immuno-biology, artificial intelligence, social communications and health care converge against threats from climate change, humanitarian crises and emerging and antimicrobial resistant infections requires judicious planning. Finally, mutual learning and harmonized aid amongst countries remain unfulfilled priorities of good governance.articl
Teacher Professional Skills: Key Strategies to Advance in Better Learning Opportunities in Latin America
Get PDFIt is widely recognized that teaching is a key driver to improve students’ learning. The
SDG 4 recognizes the importance of teachers and the urgency of having organized
systems of pre and in-service training. This policy brief offers policy recommendations
related to initial training improvement, introducing highly effective teaching practices,
rethinking the use of ICTs and adopting a renewed collaborative approach for teacher
professional development from a Latin American perspective. This is particularly
relevant in the context of the 2030 agenda which recognizes teacher shortages across
the world (UNESCO, 2016) and the need to address the learning crisis (TALIS, 2014).articl