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「人間の安全保障」に見る日本の援助の特色―外務省・JICA 文書のレビューより
Get PDF本研究は、日本の開発援助への導入から現在にいたる「人間の安全保障」に関わる言説と活動の経緯 を跡付け、活動における成果／意義と限界を明らかにし、日本の援助の特色を示して、ODA 歴史研究に貢献する、ことを目的とし、①日本の開発援助の「理念」としての「人間の安全保障」とはどのようなものであ ったか、②開発援助理念としての「人間の安全保障」の「実施方針」「実施体制」「実地活動」はどのようなも のであったか、③「人間の安全保障」の理念は日本の開発援助活動にどのような独自の影響を持ったか、
④援助理念としての「人間の安全保障」はどのような限界を持ったか、の 4 つの論題への答えを外務省と国際協力機構（Japan International Cooperation Agency：JICA）の文書の検討を通して追求し、以下の結論を得た。
日本の「援助理念」としての「人間の安全保障」についての外務省とJICA における概念規定は曖昧であり、旧来の開発志向に比しての独自の意義が損なわれた。「重点課題」の設定は一貫せず、実施上の「視 点」あるいは「ポイント」とその運用方法は不適切であり、改革の柱としての「人間の安全保障」という理念が、 組織としての JICA の実地活動の変化を導き律することはなく、現実界での援助の実地活動には有意な影響を及ぼさなかった。これは、理念 （「言語界」）が実地活動 （「現実界」）を律することはない、という日本の援助の特色をあらためて示すものであった。departmental bulletin pape
The Historical Development of Japanese ODA Policy in the OECD: A Corpus Analysis of DAC Aid Reviews
Get PDFThis paper provides a discussion on the historical development of Japanese ODA policy and practice through a linguistic study of policy documents. The study applies corpus linguistic methods to analyze OECD-DAC Annual Aid Reviews to reveal patterns within relevant texts over three decades (from 1962 to the 1990s).
Policy discussions have been generated by interpreting the linguistic patterns in tandem with existing literature on international development aid policy and practice.
Findings have revealed that several theoretical policy narratives that are used to describe Japanese ODA policy are consistent with the linguistic characteristics of OECD policy documents drafted by the Japanese government. While these findings do provide some additional support for existing theories on development cooperation, they are insufficient in providing new insight and a deeper understanding about the history of ODA.
Newer and notable insights and observations into historical trends in apanese ODA policy have instead been produced through deep readings into counter-intuitive patterns within the data. These include the seemingly politically motivated gaps in the language-use and terminology utilized between the OECD and Japanese authorities; a notable absence of coverage on characteristic policy decisions and actions taken by the Japanese government (i.e., relatively few mentions of China despite being the largest recipient of Japanese ODA); and the discovery that while many have long asserted that Japan’s ODA has identified itself through a strong focus on self-help, the concept itself originated from OECD-DAC discourse.departmental bulletin pape
Second-chance Education in Post-conflict Timor-Leste: Youth and Adult Learners’ Motives, Experiences and Circumstances
Get PDFTimor-Leste is a post-conflict nation that marked its independence in 2002, becoming the newest sovereign state in Asia. Due to prolonged periods of armed conflict and poverty worsened by the conflict, one-fifth of the population (200,000 people) were unable to complete their basic education. Against this background, the Timor-Leste government started the Equivalency Program (EP) in 2010, an accelerated education program for youths and adults whose education was interrupted. The program offers a condensed basic education curriculum that is equivalent to primary and pre-secondary education.
This paper examines the motives, experiences and circumstances of the youth and adult learners who have had the opportunity to receive second-chance education (SCE) in Timor-Leste. The study describes their life journeys in a conflict-affected environment with the goal of understanding the meaning of learning as they attend an education program. This study utilized a mixed methods approach, with life-story interviews being the primary data-collection method, complemented by focus-group interviews and a questionnaire survey.
The study finds that many participants indicate a longing to learn again, primarily from an intrinsic desire to seek greater knowledge and gain self-confidence, a desire that grew with the emergence of the post-war society. Their life-stories illuminate the ordeals of losing the opportunity for schooling amidst conflict, with many despairing that they had become a ‘lost generation.’ EP restored their chance to attain the inner satisfaction of learning and a sense of self-worth as they gained a sense of autonomy and agency. Their desire to learn was bolstered by the post-conflict euphoria and the advent of a new society that seemed to promise a better future. This euphoria offers a momentum that can be used to achieve learning for all and promote human dignity.departmental bulletin pape
Japan’s Foreign Aid and ‘Quality’ Infrastructure Projects: The Case of the Bullet Train in India
Get PDFThis paper analyses Japan’s motivation for supporting the high-speed rail (HSR or bullet train) project in India, its largest ever single-country Official Development Assistance (ODA) yen loan project. The paper explores the strategic underlay for Tokyo’s new thinking about ODA projects, centered on ‘quality’ infrastructure, and argues that by nature, scale, and location, the HSR project is an outstanding example of Japan’s contemporary strategic aid. Concerned with ‘comprehensive national security,’ this aid is mindful of Japan’s economic interests as well as its national security and defence. India’s rising economic potential as a huge future market has great appeal for Japan, but foremost it is India’s current strategic importance in the context of power shifts at Asian regional and global levels that steers Japan’s rising interest. The HSR project’s multiple strategic dimensions are also shaped powerfully by the moves of China, Japan’s key economic and strategic competitor. Since these circumstances heighten the strategic stakes for guiding the region’s infrastructure development, Japan’s HSR ODA project for ‘quality infrastructure’ in India provides new insights into not only the country’s current relationship with India, but also Tokyo’s broader thinking about strategic aid, especially through the ‘quality’ lens in its contemporary aid narrative.departmental bulletin pape
Transforming Education towards Equitable Quality Education to Achieve the SDGs
Get PDFoai:jicari.repo.nii.ac.jp:00001000Schooling systems face some limitations in providing quality education
for all. The gap between the dominant and the marginalized in access to
education is getting wider, and accessing education does not guarantee
real learning. Furthermore, in this rapidly changing world, delivering
quality education does not only mean raising cognitive knowledge but
also equipping learners with socioemotional skills. Many researchers
find the development of socioemotional skills requires care in early
childhood development. STEM education is also vital, considering that
SDGs will never be achieved without taking full advantage of advanced
technology.articl
A Gendered Perspective on Changing Demographics: Implications for Labour, Financial and Digital Equity
Get PDFThe demographic transition has been one of the greatest phenomena affecting
development worldwide and its effects on gender equity are undeniable. Lower
fertility and ageing populations create both challenges and opportunities for
gender equity, while women still face obstacles towards labour, financial and
digital inclusion. G20 countries are at very different stages of the process, yet most
have birth rates below replacement levels and population is ageing. Adopting a
comprehensive and intersectional approach to women’s economic empowerment
that contemplates age- and gender-specific rights, priorities and needs is crucial
to both fulfilling women’s rights and facing the challenges associated with
demographic change.articl
Leveraging Science, Technology and Innovation for Implementing the 2030 Agenda
Get PDFGlobal technology regimes and international organisations have played a
significant role in facilitating Science, Techology and Innovation (STI)
cooperation to cater to diverse needs in the areas of development and
sustainability. However, the existing technology transfer models are found
to be inadequate to meet the needs of developing countries. In this context,
this Policy Brief examines the significance of Science and Technology
(S&T) and availability of innovation driven solutions, to address
sustainability challenges. Additionally, the Brief highlights role that G-20
may play in promoting the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) through
supporting the best practices adopted for technology cooperation. It also
puts emphasis on building technological as well as financial capacities,
facilitating intellectual property regimes for fostering STI partnerships.articl
Fiscal and Debt Sustainability in Africa
Get PDFFiscal sustainability concerns in Africa have increased recently following heightened fiscal vulnerabilities attributed to external factors including falling commodity prices that weakened fiscal revenues and growth, particularly for commodity-exporting African countries. To entrench fiscal sustainability, countries need to strengthen domestic resource mobilization and improve public investment management. Consequently, measures to increase tax revenue collections, savings mobilization and efficiency of public spending are critical. The G20 should support debt reporting, data harmonisation, tax compliance, combating illicit financial flows and developing effective debt resolution frameworks.articl
Industrial Development and ICT in Africa: Opportunities, Challenges and Way Forward
Get PDFThis policy brief explores how African countries can leverage digitalization and ICTs to further their goal of industrialization. With increasing digitization of global manufacturing, there is a risk that opportunities for African countries to industrialize will erode. The world economy is already undergoing a trend where historically labor-intensive production is being “reshored” to “smart” factories in developed and emerging economies. This policy brief explores strategies for enhancing African economies’ manufacturing capabilities, especially in the traditional labor-intensive sectors through leveraging Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs).articl
Technology Adoption, Impact, and Extension in Developing Countries’ Agriculture: A Review of the Recent Literature
Get PDFGiven the stagnant agricultural productivity and persistent food insecurity in low-income countries—notably in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)—there has been continued interest in the adoption of new technology and its impact on productivity in these regions. Interestingly, there are signs of Green Revolution in maize and rice in SSA, reflected in sharply increasing yield trends in advanced regions. To increase crop yields and sustain yield gains, recent case studies of technology adoption unanimously recommend the adoption of integrated farm management systems, particularly in SSA. On the other hand, since the 2010s, there have been increasing numbers of studies on social network or farmer-to-farmer technology extension. These studies explore more efficient extension systems than traditional public-sector extension approaches. This article reviews both recent case studies of technology adoption and its productivity impacts as well as studies on agricultural extension to identify common findings, shortcomings, and major remaining issues.departmental bulletin pape