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Temporomandibular Joint Surgery in Internal Derangement
No full textThe internal derangement (ID) of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) refers to disc displacement with or without reduction. The main findings are severe pain and limited joint motion; joint sound may accompany it. The most controversial topics for oral and maxillofacial surgeons are the timing of the open joint surgery and deciding the proper surgical method for the treatment of ID. The most accepted assumption is that conservative and minimally invasive treatment methods should be implemented before TMJ surgery. However, certain exceptions that require TMJ surgery as the first-line treatment option should be considered. The aim of this chapter is to illustrate the open joint surgery techniques for the treatment of TMJ ID. Future horizons of TMJ surgery for ID are focused on tissue-engineered disc and regenerative medicine
Finding the Criminal Within: The Use and Meaning of Digital Evidence at Trial
No full textHow are our digital footprints used and interpreted in the courts? To answer this question, I analyze over 2,500 pages of trial transcripts for a keystone case in the use of digital surveillance at trial. Much like its use on both the front- and back-end of the criminal justice system, I find that it is used to link past actions to future ones. However, unlike previous research, I show that these conclusions are not drawn from actuarial modeling. Instead, the data are used to reveal – or refute – the defendant’s true or innate self, free of outside influence. I identify five characteristics of digital evidence that are used to speak to both past criminal propensity, before clear signs of criminal intent emerge, or what I term criminal retrojection, and to future criminal engagement, or criminal projection. By examining the social capabilities, or affordances, ascribed to digital evidence in the adjudication process, we see how these data do more than sort an ever-growing pool of ‘risky\u27 individuals. They also skirt thorny claims of innate criminality by providing a technoscientific basis for the impossible: foretelling inevitable criminal futures through our digital pasts
Clearing the JUNQ: The Molecular Machinery for Sequestration, Localization, and Degradation of the JUNQ Compartment
No full textCellular protein homeostasis (proteostasis) plays an essential role in regulating the folding, sequestration, and turnover of misfolded proteins via a network of chaperones and clearance factors. Previous work has shown that misfolded proteins are spatially sequestered into membrane-less compartments in the cell as part of the proteostasis process. Soluble misfolded proteins in the cytoplasm are trafficked into the juxtanuclear quality control compartment (JUNQ), and nuclear proteins are sequestered into the intranuclear quality control compartment (INQ). However, the mechanisms that control the formation, localization, and degradation of these compartments are unknown. Previously, we showed that the JUNQ migrates to the nuclear membrane adjacent to the INQ at nucleus-vacuole junctions (NVJ), and the INQ moves through the NVJ into the vacuole for clearance in an ESCRT-mediated process. Here we have investigated what mechanisms are involved in the formation, migration, and clearance of the JUNQ. We find Hsp70s Ssa1 and Ssa2 are required for JUNQ localization to the NVJ and degradation of cytoplasmic misfolded proteins. We also confirm that sequestrases Btn2 and Hsp42 sort misfolded proteins to the JUNQ or IPOD, respectively. Interestingly, proteins required for piecemeal microautophagy of the nucleus (PMN) (i.e., Nvj1, Vac8, Atg1, and Atg8) drive the formation and clearance of the JUNQ. This suggests that the JUNQ migrates to the NVJ to be cleared via microautophagy
Designing Equitable Media Literacy Interventions for Critical Youth Agency
No full textIn recent years, young people engaged in political discourse and civic action online. U.S.-based social movements centered on equity issues, such as Black Lives Matter, Dreamers, and March for Our Lives, engaged young people in shaping and publicizing the goals of these movements through digital platforms. Increasingly in communities at the margins, young Americans need digital and media literacy skills to supplement contentious education restrictions within the United States, as with many state bills curtailing the teaching of LGBTQIA+ histories and critical race theory. With these considerations in mind, our team conducted a national study of impactful media literacy in the United States. The study included an extensive literature review, interviews with key stakeholders, and a national survey of educators within the United States. Aimed at understanding the practices in formal and informal learning spaces, the research process inspired the creation of a field guide focused on offering resources for equity-focused media literacy practices that can support educators where professional structures could not, a core finding from our study on impactful media literacy. This paper shares the process for creating the Field Guide for Equitable Media Literacy Practices, developed and published as a form of public-facing scholarship to encourage all media literacy practitioners to undergo a transformative learning process. The field guide offers a series of approaches to equitable media literacy practices centered on equity and inclusion. While the research is U.S.-based, we believe the practices suggested within the field guide apply globally, especially as we see an increase in youth movements that impact beyond geographic and cultural boundaries
Social Policy Responses to Rising Inflation in Canada and the United States
No full textSocial policies’ responsiveness to rising inflation depends in large part on whether they contain automatic indexation mechanisms, which ensure that the real value of wages and benefits expands during inflationary periods. Here we compare how the indexation of Canadian and U.S. policies on pensions, minimum wages, and food security have affected their responsiveness to the recent cost-of-living crisis. Three main conclusions emerge from our analysis. First, automatic indexation is not necessarily a silver bullet to avoid policy drift. Second, automatic indexation and its design are not the only factors that matter to determine whether high inflation leads to policy drift. Finally, in times of higher inflation, social programs that lack automatic indexation can avoid policy drift, as long as a strong political consensus allows for ad hoc social policy expansion capable of offsetting the negative effects of inflations on social benefits
Developing a Framework for Equitable Media Literacy Practice: Voices from the Field
No full textThe article presents a framework for equitable media literacy practice (EMLP), which changes structure, action, and agency in service of an imagined and inclusive future and makes space for equitable civic and educational experiences. We derived this framework from 28 in-depth interviews with media literacy practitioners across the US. We asked these practitioners what EMLP would mean to them and what challenges and opportunities for EMLP emerge within their individual and organizational contexts. Interviewees acknowledge that equity is difficult to achieve given daily individual, community, and social concerns but is an important component of civic engagement
Synthesis and Evaluation of 1,3-Disubstituted Imidazolidine-2,4,5-triones as Inhibitors of Pyruvate Carboxylase
No full textSubstituted imidazolidinetriones (IZTs) have been identified as potent inhibitors of pyruvate carboxylase (PC) through an in silico screening approach. Alkyl 2-(2,4,5-trioxo-3-substituted imidazolidin-1-yl)acetates (6i–6r) are the most potent of the series, with IC50 values between 3 and 12 μM, and several IZTs demonstrate high passive permeability across an artificial membrane. IZTs are mixed-type inhibitors with respect to pyruvate and noncompetitive with respect to ATP. This class of inhibitors appears to be selective for PC. Inhibitors in the IZT series do not inhibit the metalloenzymes human carbonic anhydrase II and matrix metalloprotease-12, and they do not inhibit the related biotin-dependent enzyme, guanidine carboxylase. Altogether, IZTs offer promise as PC inhibitors with potential downstream applications in cellular and in vivo systems
Longitudinal Changes in Diffusion Tensor Imaging in Hemodialysis Patients
No full textIntroduction
Hemodialysis patients have increased white matter and gray matter pathology in the brain relative to controls based on MRI. Diffusion tensor imaging is useful in detecting differences between hemodialysis and controls but has not identified the expected longitudinal decline in hemodialysis patients. In this study we implemented specialized post-processing techniques to reduce noise to detect longitudinal changes in diffusion tensor imaging parameters and evaluated for any association with changes in cognition. Methods
We collected anatomical and diffusion MRIs as well as cognitive testing from in-center hemodialysis patients at baseline and 1 year later. Gray matter thickness, white matter volume, and white matter diffusion tensor imaging parameters were measured to identify longitudinal changes. We analyzed the diffusion tensor imaging parameters by averaging the whole white matter and using a pothole analysis. Eighteen hemodialysis patients were included in the longitudinal analysis and 15 controls were used for the pothole analysis. We used the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery to assess cognitive performance over the same time frame. Findings
Over the course of a year on hemodialysis, we found a decrease in white matter fractional anisotropy across the entire white matter (p \u3c 0.01), and an increase in the number of white matter fractional anisotropy voxels below pothole threshold (p = 0.03). We did not find any relationship between changes in whole brain structural parameters and cognitive performance. Discussion
By employing noise reducing techniques, we were able to detect longitudinal changes in diffusion tensor imaging parameters in hemodialysis patients. The fractional anisotropy declines over the year indicate significant decreases in white matter health. However, we did not find that declines in fractional anisotropy was associated with declines in cognitive performance
How LGBTQ+ People are Creating Change in Their Faith Communities
No full textFor LGBTQ+ people, religion can be a source of oppression as well as a source of healing and inspiration. Within three socially conservative religious traditions, the authors uncover LGBTQ+ adherents’ efforts to make their faiths more inclusive