Berkala Arkeologi (E-Journal)
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PERANAN ARCA CATUḤKĀYPERANAN ARCA CATUḤKĀYA PADA MASA BALI KUNOA PADA MASA BALI KUNO: Fungsi dan Makna arca catuḥkāya pada masa Bali Kuno
No full textCatuḥkāya is a monolithic statue featuring four human figures carved on its sides, representing the cardinal directions: south, east, north, and west. This study examined the function and meaning of catuḥkāya statues in ancient Balinese. Data collected from field surveys and literature reviews was analyzed with the iconographic and comparative approach. Study results’s shows that the catuḥkāya statue is the development of Mukhaliṅga. In the past, the catuḥkāya statue was most likely part of the Shiva Tantrayana’s ritual and used for abhicāra (ceremonies for destroying enemies). The meaning implied in the catuḥkāya statue is the embodiment of universe (microcosm and macrocosm) consist of soft form (tānmatra) and rough form (mahābhūta).
ABSTRAK
Catuḥkāya merupakan salah satu bentuk arca yang dituangkan dalam satu batu tunggal (monolith), bagian sisinya dipahatkan empat tokoh manusia yang menempati empat arah mata angin (timur, selatan, barat, dan utara). Sejauh kajian yang ada temuan arca catuḥkāya hanya ditemukan di wilayah Bali. Untuk itu, penelitian ini akan mengkaji peranan arca catuḥkāya pada masyarakat Bali Kuno. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan cara survei lapangan dan kajian pustaka. Analisis yang digunakan ialah ikonografis dan komparatif. Berdasarkan hasil kajian ini menunjukkan bahwa arca catuḥkāya sebenarnya perkembangan bentuk dari Mukhaliṅga. Dapat dikatakan arca catuḥkāya adalah salah satu perwujudan dari Dewa Siwa. Perananan arca catuḥkāya pada masa lalu kemungkinan besar digunakan sebagai ritual tantrayana dalam lingkup Siwa, serta digunakan untuk upacara abhicāra (upacara dalam menghancurkan para musuh). Makna yang terkandung dalam arca catuḥkāya adalah wujud dari alam semesta (mikrokosmos dan makrokosmos) yang terdiri dari wujud halus (tānmatra) dan kasar (mahābhūta). Di sisi lain juga mengandung makna sebagai wujud aksara suci untuk pemujaan Siwa.
Kata Kunci: Arca Catuḥkāya, Peranan, Ritual Tantrayana, Ikonografi
 
Adaptation strategy of Toalean lithic artefact technology at Leang Jarie and Cappalombo 1, South Sulawesi : Strategi adaptasi teknologi artefak litik Toalean di Situs Leang Jarie dan Cappalombo 1, Sulawesi Selatan
No full textPenelitian artefak litik Toalean yang semakin intensif masih belum banyak melakukan perbandingan teknologi pembuatan alat batu. Studi perbandingan perlu dilakukan untuk mengetahui kemungkinan adanya perbedaan strategiadaptasi teknologi berdasarkan aspek lingkungan. Tulisan ini membahas studi perbandingan artefak litik Toalean dari situs Leang Jarie yang ada di dataran rendah Maros-Pangkep dan situs Cappalombo 1 di dataran tinggi Bontocani. Metode yang digunakan adalah klasifikasi dan analisis temuan artefak litik, serta survei dan observasi sumber bahan baku di sekitar situs. Hasil studi perbandingan menunjukkan adanya strategi adaptasi terhadap kondisi bahan baku dan menghasilkan tren teknologi yang berbeda di kedua situs. Kualitas chert yang kurang baik di dataran tinggi Bontocani mendorong pembuatan alat batu di Cappalombo 1 menerapkan strategi pemanfaatan bahan baku yang beragam dan lebih sering menerapkan teknik bipolar untuk mereduksi dan meretus serpih. Sebaliknya, pemanfaatan bahan baku chert di Leang Jarie cenderung homogen dan lebih sering menerapkan teknik pukul langsung
DEVELOPMENT OF STONE FLAKE ARTIFACT TECHNOLOGY IN THE EARLY HALF OF HOLOCENE AT LEANG BATTI, SOUTH SULAWESI: PERKEMBANGAN TEKNOLOGI ARTEFAK SERPIH BATU PADA PARUH AWAL HOLOSEN DI LEANG BATTI, SULAWESI SELATAN
No full textAbstract
Intensive research in prehistoric caves in South Sulawesi has shown the cognitive capability of Sulawesi inhabitants that might not be possessed by other explorers in Wallacea. In the early half Holocene, the ability shown was to modify the shale tool known as the Toalean techno-complex. However, the view of the development of stone artifact technology in the period between before and early development of the Toalean techno-complex is rarely studied intensively. Leang Batti site is the occupation sites that can fill the information gap through the study of flakes artifact technology. 1376 artifacts were classified and analyzed for flakes by observing morphometric dynamics and tool type technology between the Early to Middle Holocene. The results that in the Early Holocene, the dominant technology was large flakes without modification. In the Middle Holocene, the size of the flakes began to change due to the influence of Toalean with the character of the modified flake technology began to enter in the basic concept of making tools, but not too strong.
Abstrak
Penelitian yang intensif di gua-gua prasejarah Sulawesi Selatan telah menunjukkan kemampuan kognitif penghuni Sulawesi yang mungkin jarang dimiliki populasi lain di Wallacea. Pada paruh awal Holosen kemampuan yang diperlihatkan adalah memodifikasi alat serpih yang dikenal dengan tekno-kompleks Toalean. Namun demikian, gambaran perkembangan teknologi artefak batu pada masa antara sebelum hingga awal perkembangan tekno-kompleks Toalean masih jarang diteliti secara intensif. Situs Leang Batti adalah situs hunian yang dapat mengisi kekosongan informasi melalui studi teknologi artefak serpih. Artefak berjumlah 1376 buah diklasifikasi dan dianalisis pada serpih dengan mengamati dinamika morfometrik dan teknologi tipe alat antara Holosen Awal hingga Tengah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada Holosen Awal, teknologi yang dominan adalah serpih yang digunakan sebagai alat secara langsung tanpa dimodifikasi. Pada fase Holosen Tengah, ukuran serpih mulai mengalami perubahan karena pengaruh Toalean dengan karakter teknologi serpih yang dimodifikasi mulai masuk dalam konsep dasar sipembuat alat, namun tidak terlalu kuat
CAVE SETTLEMENT POTENTIAL OF CAVES AND ROCK SHELTERS IN ACEH BESAR REGENCY: POTENSI HUNIAN GUA DAN CERUK DI KABUPATEN ACEH BESAR
No full textAbstract
The evidence of prehistoric life in Aceh has been proven by the results of archeological research conducted by the North Sumatra Archaeological Institute. Until now, the research only focuses on the eastern coast and the central mountains of Aceh. The western coast of Aceh, which also has the potential to provide information, has never been studied. The western coast of Aceh is an area that has a wide karst landscape with many caves that might be used as a settlement in the past. One method used to predict such caves included a topographic map, a geological map, and a digital elevation model (DEM). The inventory results of caves on the western coast of Aceh were also used as preliminary data to obtain the distribution of caves and rock shelters. In this study, the area surveyed was Aceh Besar Regency. Three parameters of inhabited caves, i.e. morphology and genesis, environment, and archaeological content, were used to describe the potential of each cave. Of eleven caves and rock shelters, three caves are qualified as the past settlement and potential for further research, four caves are qualified as the past settlement but not potential for further research, and four caves are neither qualified as a settlement nor potential for further research.
Abstrak
Bukti adanya kehidupan masa prasejarah di Aceh telah dibuktikan dengan hasil penelitian arkeologi yang dilakukan oleh Balai Arkeologi Sumatera Utara. Sampai saat ini penelitian masih terfokus di pesisir timur dan pegunungan tengah Aceh, Pesisir barat Aceh belum pernah diteliti. Pesisir barat Aceh merupakan wilayah yang memiliki bentangalam kars cukup luas, dan memiliki potensi gua yang mungkin digunakan sebagai lokasi hunian pada masa lalu. Salah satu metode yang digunakan adalah memprediksi keberadaan gua dengan peta topografi, peta geologi, serta digital elevation model (DEM). Selain itu, hasil inventarisasi gua yang pernah dilakukan di wilayah pesisir barat Aceh juga digunakan sebagai data awal untuk memperoleh sebaran gua dan ceruk. Pada penelitian ini lingkup wilayah yang disurvei adalah Kabupaten Aceh Besar. Tiga parameter gua hunian, yaitu morfologi dan genesa, lingkungan, serta kandungan arkeologis, digunakan untuk memperoleh gambaran potensi masing-masing gua. Sebelas gua dan ceruk yang telah ditemukan menunjukkan adanya tiga buah gua berpotensi sebagai lokasi hunian dan diteliti lebih lanjut, empat gua berpotensi sebagai lokasi hunian tetapi tidak berpotensi untuk diteliti, dan empat gua berkategori tidak potensial sebagai lokasi hunian
Technology and raw material sources of pottery from Mulyosari Site based on petrographic analysis: Teknologi dan sumber bahan gerabah Situs Mulyosari berdasarkan analisis petrografi
No full textSince the research in 2018 until 2019, pottery sherds are the most dominant artifact from Mulyosari megalithic site amongst other. Hence, analysis conducted towards pottery directly associated with the megaliths are important. Petrographic analysis that was applied in this research is aiming to understand the technology and the material source of pottery at Mulyosari Site. It is necessary to know whether the pottery is locally made or imported from other region. Petrographic analyses were carried out to several excavated pottery samples. All the samples were not randomly chosen; instead they were based on specific character of pottery sherds. The result of analysis shows that the source of pottery material located within geological formation of researched area comprises Sukamade, Merubetiri, Batu Ampar, and Merubetiri limestone. The result of analysis also shows advanced pottery making technology using spinning wheel and open firing at 400 Celsius degrees
IDENTIFIKASI ARCA TOKOH BERKEPALA SINGA DI MUSEUM PENATARAN
No full textAbstract
The field study that was organized by the committee of Premodern Java Summer Programme in 2016 targeted several museums in East Java, especially in Mojokerto-Penataran area. That field study was intended to provide an understanding about the development of cultural arts during the end of Hindu-Buddhist period of Majapahit Kingdom. This paper is discussing about one of the objects that was being observed during that Summer Programme. The object of discussion is the lion-headed figure, stored in Museum Penataran. During the Summer Programme, some participants have predicted that the statue is Lord Vishnu in his Narasimha form. That prediction was mainly based on the statue's head which resemble a lion's head. Through several studies, such as the description of the statue, the literature study of iconography, and analysis about the special iconographic character, this paper concluded that this figure is a manifestation of Ganesha, named Simha-Ganapati. The worship of Simha-Ganapati has a purpose not only to bring strength and courage, but also to provide confidence in facing problems by destroying all forms of negative thoughts
KESULTANAN TIDORE : BUKTI ARKEOLOGI SEBAGAI PUSAT KEKUASAAN ISLAM DAN PENGARUHNYA DI WILAYAH PERIFERI
No full textAbstract
The sultanate of Tidore is not only an area of Islamic influence residing in Tidore Island, as it is widely understood all along. Tidore Sultanate, is actually one of the centers of Islamic power that has a broad influence to other areas in the Maluku Islands and in Papua. Tidore with Ternate, is the most developed region, as both are able to expand influence and control other areas. This study is a literature study, through historical data and archaeological data from previous studies, to explain the development of the Tidore Sultanate as a center of power and influence in the Tidore power periphery region. The results of the study explain, based on historical data and archaeological evidence, Tidore developed as a center of power with the character of a sultanate city, and has a broad influence to other areas both in the Maluku Islands and in Papua which is the periferinya territory or the territory of Tidore Sultanate