Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research (JOAPR)
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Formulation and evaluation of diclofenac emulgel using natural permeation enhancers
Get PDFBackground: This study aimed to formulate a stable diclofenac emulgel and determine the penetration rate using different natural penetration enhancers. Methodology: Carbopol (934) and Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) were utilized as gelling agents due to their favorable viscosity characteristics, which render them widely used for regulating the flow properties of topically administered dosage forms. In the research, diclofenac served as the active ingredient, while Carbopol (934) & HPMC (0.5%) acted as gelling forms to form a proper gel base. Emulsion contains Tween-20 (0.05%), PEG (0.6%), liquid paraffin (0.75%), span-20 (0.1%), along with natural penetration enhancers (0.3%) initially prepared gel base & the emulsion with natural penetration enhancers combine conjointly to shape an appropriate diclofenac emulgel. Results and discussion: According to the study, the improved batch exhibits a 95.08% release in 48 hours and remains stable for about three. The optimized batch exhibits 46.6% suppression in the microbiological assay, whereas the marketed treatment only demonstrates 32.3% inhibition. However, the skin irritation test results have no erythema or edema. The rabbits' skin showed no signs of discomfort. According to stability experiments, the synthesized emulgel's antifungal activity, rheological analysis, in vitro drug release, and physical appearance did not alter after three months of storage. Conclusion: Overall, it was recommended that, in contrast to cream, the emulgel formulation come after the drug release for controlled, long-term drug delivery
Exploring key compounds in callicarpa longifolia: a study on isolation and identification
Get PDFBackground: The present study aims to extract the bioactive phyto-components from the hydroalcoholic extract of Callicarpa longifolia. The study also aims to isolate and characterize the phytochemicals through quantitative and qualitative measures. Methodology: The mixture of Toluene, Ethyl Acetate, and Acetic Acid (8:4:0.4) was used as a solvent system with the thin-layer chromatography (TLC) technique. Twelve distinct spots were observed, indicating the presence of a variety of compounds with Rf values ranging from 0.12 to 0.89. The specific fractions were isolated using silica gel column chromatography, which was further analyzed with TLC. Results and Discussion: Fraction F showed consistency with standard terpenoids and was subjected to advanced analytical techniques for further evaluation. UV-visible spectroscopy identified a key absorption peak at 288 nm, while Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy revealed functional groups such as alcohols, hydroxyls, alkanes, alkenes, and carboxylic acids. The compound's structure and proton environment were confirmed through ^1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The compound was identified as Methyl 3,11-dioxo-olean-12-en-28-oate with the molecular formula C₃₁H₄₆O₄, supported by mass spectrometry (M+ peak at 482.33 m/z). Conclusion: The significant bioactive terpenoids identified in the C. longifolia hydroalcoholic extract highlight its potential for developing therapeutic agents, particularly for anti-inflammatory and anticancer applications. The detailed phytochemical characterization provides a robust foundation for future studies exploring the pharmacological and clinical applications of C. longifolia. Quantitative analysis and advanced spectroscopic techniques confirmed the compound's identity and established its importance in medicinal chemistry
Advancements in smart wearable patch systems for enhanced wound healing
Get PDFBackground: Chronic wounds afflict around 2% of the world's population and cost billions of dollars each year in medical costs. By some estimates, over 13 million people worldwide suffer from chronic wounds yearly. The absence of continuous surveillance in conventional dressings for wounds causes prolongation in the treatment and raises the danger of infection. Timely and practical assessment of wounds is key to reducing infection and healing wounds. This is possible by smart dressings with sensors continuously providing input while monitoring important wound variables involving pH, temperature, and moisture. Considering current and upcoming advancements, this paper examines how intelligent patches could transform healing. Methodology: The latest advances in the development, usage of intelligent patches, and their development by different researchers are highlighted in this review. It looks at how sensors are incorporated into these patches and provides an overview of developing intelligent wound dressings by integrating one or more sensors triggered by endogenous and exogenous stimuli. Results and Discussion: The fabrication and effectiveness of intelligent dressings have advanced significantly, but there are still issues with sensor precision and resilience, especially regarding the requirement for strict regulations. The discussion also explores the critical need to address legal and technological constraints to enhance the usefulness of such wearable gadgets in medical settings. Conclusion: Intelligent patches, a fascinating new development in wound care, enable customized therapy with continuous surveillance. Future studies should address real-world challenges to fully realize their potential to refine wound recovery outcomes in medical care
Development and validation of a stability-indicating RP-HPLC method for tizanidine hydrochloride using DOE
Get PDFBackground: Tizanidine hydrochloride (TIZ) is a centrally acting α2-adrenergic receptor agonist widely prescribed for managing spasticity. Given its therapeutic importance, a reliable, stability-indicating analytical method is crucial to ensure both the quality and regulatory compliance of Tizanidine hydrochloride. Existing RP-HPLC methods often lack robustness, sensitivity, or DoE optimization, highlighting the need for an improved approach. Methodology: A stability-indicating reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method with stability-indicating properties was developed and validated using a Design of Experiments (DoE) approach. A full factorial design was implemented, optimizing mobile phase composition and flow rate as key method variables. Chromatographic separation was achieved using an Agilent Zorbax Bonus RP column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) with a mobile phase of 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and acetonitrile (65:35 v/v) at a 0.5 mL/min flow rate. Detection was performed at 228 nm. The method was validated by ICH guidelines, evaluating parameters such as specificity, precision, accuracy, linearity, robustness, and forced degradation. Results and Discussion: The method demonstrated excellent linearity (r² = 1.00) across concentration levels ranging from 80% to 120% of the target concentration. The LOD and LOQ were 1.00 µg/mL and 3.04 µg/mL, respectively. High precision (%RSD < 2%) and accuracy (99–101% recovery) were observed. Forced degradation studies revealed notable degradation under oxidative (36.08%) and acidic (15.73%) conditions. Conclusion: The developed RP-HPLC method is precise, robust, and suitable for the routine quality control and stability assessment of Tizanidine hydrochloride in pharmaceutical formulations
Optimization of green LC-MS method for rosuvastatin and teneligliptin using AQbD chemometric approach
Get PDFBackground: Rosuvastatin combined with Teneligliptin formulation is commonly used in the treatment of Diabetic dyslipidaemia. However, only a few analytical methods have been published for the examination of this drug in a synthetic mixture or in a pharmaceutical dosage form. This study demonstrates the successful application of AQbD principles in developing a reliable, efficient, and environmentally friendly LC-MS method. Methodology: Box-Behnken Model: Design of experiment (DoE) strategy to identify and optimize critical method parameters using systematic risk assessment. Methanol: 10mM potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate [pH:6.0] (35:65v/v) was the mobile phase employed in the final optimized LC method, and this was using a Waters LC Xbridge C18 Column 5µm (4.6x250mm) as the stationary phase. The experiment was conducted at a flow rate of 1 mL/min, with a 10 µL injection volume, and an ESI-MS-QDA Detector for detection. An analytical method for validation was applied in accordance with ICH Q2 (R1) guidelines. Results and Discussion: The retention times of Rosuvastatin and Teneligliptin were observed at 4.392 and 3.202 minutes, respectively. The optimized technique showed excellent linearity, accuracy, precision, and robustness. Additionally, AGREE metrics and AES were used for assessing the eco-friendly nature of the developed method. Conclusion: The combination of green principles with AQbD experimental design ensures the robustness of the method. This combined framework is used for the first time in method development for the analysis of rosuvastatin with teneligliptin in formulations. Based on the above facts, an economical, robust, and time-saving method has been developed for assessing the quality control of rosuvastatin with teneligliptin in both pharmaceutical and pure forms
Pharmacognostic, in vitro antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity of leaves of garden croton, Codiaeum variegatum (Euphorbiaceae)
Get PDFBackground: Commonly referred to as garden croton, Codiaeum variegatum is a tropical decorative plant that is valued for both its therapeutic properties and its colourful foliage. The present study investigates the antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties of garden croton. Methodology: The phytochemical screening was conducted to determine the amount of polyphenols present in the sample. The Total Phenolic and flavonoid content was performed by the Folin and Aluminium chloride method, respectively. Furthermore, the samples were evaluated using various antioxidant methods. Hepatoprotective activities of the crude extract of the plant were carried out based on paracetamol-induced liver damage in mice. Serum biomarkers (AST, ALT, ALP, and hepatotoxicity index) were assessed to determine the effect. Histopathological examination was also performed on all groups of mice to further confirm the findings. Result and Discussion: The different methods revealed that the antioxidant potential increased with higher concentrations of polyphenols in the sample. The IC₅₀ values ranged from 99.28 to 115.22 µg/mL with three different methods. Pre-treatment of the mice with the crude extract of Croton significantly reduced ALP (p < 0.05), ALT (p < 0.05), and AST (p < 0.05) levels at all administered doses compared to the toxic group. Conclusion: Croton leaves may serve as a natural source of novel compounds with hepatoprotective properties. These results suggest that Ornamental plants also contain a higher concentration of bioactive compounds capable of neutralizing free radicals and show hepatoprotective activity at very low doses. However, further research is recommended to isolate and characterize the specific phytoconstituents responsible for the activity and to elucidate their mechanisms of action in greater detail
Phytochemical screening, antioxidant activity and GC-MS analysis of Syzygium diospyrifolium (Wall.Ex Duthie) S.N. Mitra: A medicinal plant from Meghalaya, India
Get PDFBackground: Syzygium diospyrifolium (Wall.ex Duthie) S.N. Mitra is a traditionally valued but underexplored medicinal plant from Meghalaya, India. This study aimed to assess the phytochemical composition, antioxidant potential, and GC–MS profile of its fruit and leaf extracts to explore their therapeutic prospects. Methods: Methanol and ethanol extracts of the fruits and leaves were prepared using a Soxhlet extraction apparatus. Percentage yields were determined, and qualitative phytochemical screening identified secondary metabolites. Total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were quantified spectrophotometrically, while antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH radical scavenging and reducing power assays. GC–MS analysis identified bioactive compounds. All experiments were performed in triplicate (n=3), and results were expressed as mean ± SD with significance at p < 0.05 (Student’s t-test). Results: Methanol extracts yielded higher percentages (fruit: 15.2% w/w; leaf: 14.4% w/w) than ethanol extracts. Both extracts contained alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, phenols, tannins, flavonoids, proteins, amino acids, and diterpenes. Fruits exhibited higher TPC (52.23 mg GAE/g) and TFC (152 mg QE/g) than leaves (26.96 mg GAE/g; 96.86 mg QE/g; p < 0.05). Antioxidant assays showed stronger activity in fruits (DPPH IC₅₀: 133.95 µg/mL) than leaves (215.11 µg/mL). GC–MS analysis identified sugars, fatty acid amides, sterols, terpenoids, and phenolic derivatives, including DL-Arabinose, D-Allose, and 13-Docosenamide (Z), reported for the first time. Conclusion: This first GC-MS-based phytochemical profiling of S. diospyrifolium (Wall.ex Duthie) S.N. Mitra reveals its fruits as rich in phenolic and flavonoid compounds with significant antioxidant potential, supporting its promise for nutraceutical and phytopharmaceutical application
Prevalence and awareness of text neck syndrome and text thumb syndrome in young adult population
Get PDFBackground: The term "text neck" can be defined as repetitive strain injury and pain due to excessive viewing and texting on a smartphone for a prolonged duration. Long-term untreated text neck results in inflammation of ligaments and muscles, which can lead to permanent arthritic changes. Many smart phone users experience thumb/wrist pain, but some people who develop pain are smart phone addicts. The present study checks the prevalence and awareness of text neck and thumb text syndrome in young adults. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 200 volunteers between 18-25 years age who have been using mobile phone in the last 5 years. A structured questionnaire was created, validated, and used for the study. Descriptive statistics was used to assess responses received from participants. The prevalence of text neck syndrome and thumb text syndrome has been established. Results: About 50.3% of the participants were unaware of text neck syndrome and 57.1% of text thumb syndrome. Maximum mobile phone usage included texting and calls. About 45.2% of the participants use their right thumb and index finger to text. 33% of people have a head forward posture when using mobile phones. An analysis of pain, discomfort, and duration during mobile phone use was done and will be presented at a forum. Conclusion: The prevalence of text neck and thumb text syndrome in the young adult population indicates the need to plan future pain management strategies and increase user awarenes
Development and validation of a QbD-based RP-HPLC method for vericiguat quantification
Get PDFAim: An RP-HPLC method for Vericiguat using the QbD approach was developed and validated by ICH guidelines. Method: The ICH (Q2R1) guidelines have been followed in the development and validation of an RP-HPLC technique by considering several validation parameters like linearity, precision, LOD, LOQ, and accuracy. The study was performed on Agilent Tech using the C18 column (4.6x250 mm; 5 µm) and Chemstation 10.1 software with statistical data analysis, and the detector used was UV (DAD). Results: The mobile phase used for separation was Methanol: 0.1% OPA in the ratio of (76:24) at room temperature, the flow rate was 0.8ml/min, and the wavelength was 331nm. The results indicated that the quantification limit was 0.7209 µg/ml, and the detection limit was 0.2379 µg/ml. Conclusion: The validation studies confirmed that the developed method is fast, accurate, precise, cost-effective, selective, and useful for routine analysis of vericiguat in tablet dosage forms
Design and characterization of glimepiride hydrotropic solid dispersion to enhance the solubility and dissolution
Get PDFBackground: Glimepiride lowers blood sugar levels in the body, and treats type 2 diabetes mellitus. But the main problem with the drug is its low aqueous solubility. The primary purpose of this study is to increase its solubility in an aqueous medium by using amphiphilic hydrotropic agents instead of harmful, volatile organic solvents. Methodology: A solubility study of Glimepiride was carried out using various hydrotropic agents at 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%. In mixed hydrography, 30% of the hydrotropic agents were chosen for making blends due to their highest solubility. The blend's solubility was raised more than 50 times at fixed concentrations of urea (20%) and sodium acetate (10%) in a mixed hydrotropic solution. The solubility of Glimepiride in distilled water is 0.0038 mg/ml; in 30% urea, 49.512 ug/ml; and in 30% sodium acetate, 40.43 ug/ml. The optimized blend prepared hydrotropic solid dispersions by physical mixing and solvent evaporation. It was evaluated for drug content, FTIR, SEM, X-ray diffraction, and in vitro drug release studies. Finally, the drug release profile of the prepared tablet is compared with an already available consumer product. Result: HSD-5 showed an in-vitro drug release of 84.77±0.44 at 90 min, which is higher than the remaining formulations, and no significant change was found in drug content or drug release after 15, 30, and 45 days of stability studies. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed homogenous solid dispersion, crystallinity was determined using X-ray diffraction, and FTIR showed good drug compatibility with carriers. The drug release profile of the prepared tablet was higher than that of the available consumer product. Conclusion: This study revealed that hydrotropic agents can potentially increase glimepiride's solubility and drug release. This approach can effectively enhance the solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs.