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First Years of the Re-establishment of Estonia’s Naval Defence
No full textThe Navy and the fleet had been very important to Estonia during the War of Independence of 1918–1920. The British fleet that arrived at the roadstead in Tallinn in December fended off the threat of the Soviet Russia’s Baltic Fleet and guaranteed supply channels for weapons, volunteers and other aid to be brought to Estonia.
History and historians played an important role in the restoration of Estonian naval defence: the Estonian Academic Military History Society was founded in the Maritime Museum in 1988, and the Guild of Estonians Who Served in the Finnish Navy during World War II was established in autumn 1991. The submarine ‘Lembit’, which had been launched in 1937, once belonged to Estonia and was reclaimed from the Baltic Fleet in early 1992, became the first vessel of the Estonian Navy. The first naval units of the Defence League were also restored in 1992 and they took over a number of patrol boats of the Soviet border guard.
The naval defence of Estonia was built up in the cooperation and competition of several institutions – the Defence Forces, the Border Guards and the Estonian Maritime Administration. The establishment of maritime border guard units was considered of primary importance. Estonia received ships and boats from the Nordic countries, Germany and the US, and some Soviet vessels were also in working order.
Structuring the Naval Forces of the Estonian Defence Forces started later and the Commander of the Navy was appointed in February 1994. There were five officers, five non-commissioned officers and five conscripts serving in the Navy at the time. The Estonian flag was hoisted on the Estonian Naval Base at the Mine Harbour in Tallinn in September 1994. In the same year, Estonian seamen participated in the first major international naval exercise BALTopS ’94
Testing the Myths of Transition: Was Estonia Following the Shock Therapy Model and Slovenia Following the Gradualist Model in 1991-2000?
No full textThe aim of this paper is to conduct an exploratory analysis of factors that might explain the cross-national variations in the level tax morality across the European Union. In order to do this, three competing explanations for the cross-national variations in tax morality will be evaluated which variously view lower levels of tax morality to be a result of either: under-development (a modernisation explanation); high taxes, state corruption and too much state interference (a neo-liberal explanation), or too little state redistribution and intervention to protect citizens (a structuralist explanation). Evaluating the cross-national variations in tax morality reported in a 2007 Eurobarometer survey using multi level econometric techniques, the finding is that the tax morality of a baseline European citizen is higher in more developed and less corrupt nations and in countries with higher levels of taxation, social protection and redistribution. The outcome is a call for a synthesis of the three explanations in the form of a new neo-modernisation explanation which, contrary to neo-liberal discourse, argues that developed nations with higher levels of taxation, greater levels of social protection and higher levels of redistribution have higher levels of tax morality. The tentative policy implications are then discussed
Об одной шекспировской цитате в «Поэме без героя» [A Shakespeare Quote in “Poem without a Hero”]
No full textThe purpose of this article is to explain Anna Akhmatova’s decision to rewrite the following stanza from “Poema bez geroia” (1940—1962):
Ne otbit’sia ot rukhliadi pestroi,Eto staryi chudit KaliostroZa moiu k nemu neliubov’.I mel’kaiut letuchie myshi,I begut gorbuny po krysheI tsyganochka lizhet krov’.
The final version of the stanza —
Ne otbit’sia ot rukhliadi pestroi.Eto staryi chudit Kaliostro —Sam iziashneishii satana,Kto nad mertvym so mnoi ne plachet,Kto ne znaet, chto sovest’ znachitI zachem sushchestvuet ona.
— alludes to Shakespeare’s Sonnet 151. The penultimate line of the final version of the stanza (“Kto ne znaet, chto sovest’ znachit…”) paraphrases the opening line of the sonnet (“Love is too young to know what conscience is…”); the sonnet’s keywords — “love,” “conscience,” “young,” “guilty of my faults” — correspond to the central themes of Poem without a Hero
Указатель содержания сборников "Studia Slavica" за 1999–2011 гг.
No full textOverview of the indexes of previous numbers of Studia Slavica (years 1999—2011)
Lõimiv koolivalik kui võimalus avalikkuse taastootmiseks kaasaegses haridusvalitsetuses
No full textThe aim of this article is to indicate critical aspects related to contemporary educational governance in a pluralistic framework. The problem of educational governance is viewed from the perspective of school choice, i.e. choice as a response to differentiated social pluralism, and choice as a move toward democratic governance, to stress the era of active citizenship and post-dichotomized understanding of citizen/government relations, where governments have the role of initiating deliberation on publicness. Using three ideal-typical educational governance models, the article illustrates how the role of choice, the meaning of education, and the education system’s ability to contribute to the public good has been changed. The conceptual model of integrative choice and reflexive educational governance is proposed by combining deliberative forums and the mechanism design approach
Наука о литературеи литературная классика: Опыт критического обзораюбилейной гончаровской литературы [Literary criticism and the literary canon: A survey of the literature devoted to Ivan Goncharov´s bicentennial (2012)]
No full textThe present critical overview of nearly 50 studies published on the occasion of Ivan Goncharov’s bicentennial raises the question of why many students of Goncharov take for granted such 19th-century concepts as a classic writer, literary canon, etc
Eesti isade-emade hoidjakeel: kes küsib, kes käsutab, kes räägib rohkem [Estonian fathers’ and mothers’ child-directed speech: who asks more questions, who gives orders, and who speaks more?]
No full textThe article tries to determine whether and in what sense Estonian fatherese and motherese differ from each other. The amount and mean length of utterances (MLU) were observed, as well as their function in conversation. Seven and a half hours of audio recordings of children aged 5 to 11 talking with their parents were analysed, and the results were compared to language data from dialogues between two pairs of adults (two hours). The research data confirmed previous results (Matychuk 2005) and showed that in terms of the total number of utterances in an hour-long conversation, the Estonian fathers and mothers used roughly equal amounts of language while speaking with children, i.e. the average number of utterances in child-directed speech (CDS) did not differ significantly between fathers and mothers. However, it appeared that the mothers’ utterances were on average two words longer than those of the fathers. No significant variation was found in the frequency of speech acts with different functions. Fathers’ and mothers’ CDS formed a joint register that differed greatly from the use of language in adult-directed speech (ADS) but did not depend on the gender of the parent. Differences were noticed between CDS and ADS. Both fathers and mothers used an average of 30–50 utt erances more when speaking with children than in speaking with another adult. The difference was clearer in MLU; when speaking with an adult partner, mothers’ mean MLU was two words longer and fathers’ MLU even four words longer than when speaking with a child. The comparison between utterances with different communication purposes produced the expected results: more declaratives and fewer directives and questions were used in ADS compared to CDS. The number of declaratives in ADS was on average 20% higher than in CDS, which resulted in the lesser use of other types of utterances
Eesti kaudse evidentsiaalsuse morfoloogilise markeri omandamisest: mõistmiskatse tulemused [The acquisition of the morphological marker of evidentiality in Estonian: the results of a comprehension experiment]
No full textThe aim of the article is to establish when Estonian children begin to understand the Estonian morphological evidential (e.g., ole-vat “supposedly, it is”) as an indirect evidential. Estonian is one of the few languages in Europe with a grammatical evidential. However, the Estonian evidential is an atypical evidential. It has developed from a partitive case form of a nonfinite verb (the partitive evidential) and, therefore, gives rise to epistemic modal readings as well. Another relevant factor that was taken into account in this study was the interdependence of linguistic and social cognitive development in the acquisition of evidentials. Of the age groups that were studied—four-, six-, and nine-year-olds—only nine-year-olds had already reached the social cognitive development level necessary for understanding indirectness: the realization that a statement is mediated. Therefore, the acquisition of the Estonian morphological evidential marker is a valuable source of evidence in many respects. The experiments conducted with children separated purely indirectness-related semantics from epistemic modal semantics. At the age of four, only half of the children interpreted the evidential as an indication of indirectness. This age group may have understood the evidential form as an epistemic modal or not understood it at all. At the age of six, sixty-six percent of the children understood the form as a vehicle of expressing indirect evidence. Nine-year-olds were already confident in interpreting the partitive evidential as an indirect evidential, since 95% of them att ributed the information that they were presented with as indirect and not deriving from the speaker herself as the original source of the conveyed information
Letter-name spelling in Polish and English: Different languages, the same strategy(?) [Tähenime järgi kirjutamine poola ja inglise keeles: eri keeled, sama strateegia (?)]
No full textVarasemad lastele suunatud kirjutamise uuringud on näidanud, et lapsed võivad foneemi õnnestunud kodeerimiseks kasutada tähenime (nt ingl CR ‘car’). Artiklis on esitatud mõned tulemused poola keele suunatud häälimise uurimisest ja kirjeldatud varase kirjaoskuse arengut. Eesmärgiks on kirjeldada vigu, mida poola lapsed teevad kooli minnes ja võrrelda tähenime häälimise strateegia levimust poola ja inglise keeles. Kahe keele võrdlus kinnitab, et see strateegia on poola keeles ulatuslikult kasutusel. Kahe ilmekaima väärkirjutuse – poola RBA ’ryba’ ehk kala ja inglise HLP ‘help’ ehk aita – võrdlus näitab, et kirjaoskuse saavutamise moodusel ehk sellel, kas õpetatakse lugema tähenimedega või fonoloogiliselt, on suur tähtsus koolieelikute oskusel grafeeme ja foneeme hiljem vastavusse seada
Census-linked study on ethnic fertility differentials in Lithuania
No full textFertility transformations observed since the early 1990s and their determinants have been rather thoroughly investigated in Lithuania. There are fairly numerous national and international studies devoted to this topic, mainly based on survey data. However, none of these studies looks into the effect of ethnicity on fertility. It is, to a large extent, caused by limitations of sample survey data. This study demonstrates potentials of census-linked fertility data to estimate robust and nationally representative parity-specific period fertility measures by ethnicity. The findings of this first systematic study of ethnicity-specific fertility differentials in Lithuania indicate that ethnicity does matter for fertility even in such ethnically homogenous country as Lithuania. Fertility among Lithuanians is higher than in the other ethnic groups, especially among Russians. Lower fertility in the Russian ethnic group is mainly explained by differences in the risk of having the second child. Importantly, this disadvantage remains significant even after controlling for selected compositional characteristics including urban-rural place of residence and education. The approach used in this study may be applied for Latvia and Estonia, where national minorities constitute substantial shares of the entire populations and significantly contribute to overall fertility levels