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Negotiating the Past: Some Issues of Transmission of Memories among Estonian Young People
No full textAll across Europe, the past has always played a significant role in youth activism and continues to do so, though in different countries the extent of this role may vary. This particular article deals with the question of how the issues of the past resonate in the lives of young people in Estonia. During recent decades, the tensions between hegemonic and alternative pasts have been a source of discursive as well as physical combats among the different socio-cultural groups in Estonia and are often loaded with a political and ideological burden. In 2007, these different understandings peaked with street riots, mostly dominated by young people. Thus, understanding the mechanisms of how young people make sense of the complicated past can tell us also a lot about the reasons behind their political activism (or lack thereof). The article is especially keen on exploring the questions of mechanisms of transmission of memory — how the past is socialised in different contexts (schools, museums, home), and how difficult pasts are dealt with and negotiated in groups of different ethnic and cultural background. By doing so, it will contribute to the theoretical discussions on relations of hegemonic past and communicative memory, how in different cultural contexts the hegemonic past is moulded or contested. It will be argued that young people actively contextualise and rework the matters of the complicated past in their everyday contexts. Neither hegemonic discourse nor the communicative past is absorbed without questions but constantly negotiated.
The dataset of this article consists of in-depth individual (84) and group interviews (5) predominantly with young people, but also other meaningful adults in the youngsters’ lives: their parents and grandparents, teachers and the like. In addition, participant observations are used as background data. The sample involves both ethnic Estonians and Russian-speaking minorities
Individualisation of Migration from the East? Comparison of Different Socio-Demographic Groups and their Migration Intentions
No full textRecent studies on Eastern European migration argue that moving for self-development reasons is becoming increasingly common among this group. Furthermore, it is suggested that migration from the East is becoming individualised and less dependent on social surroundings. Nevertheless, most such results rely on interviews conducted among certain social groups, such as the young and highly skilled. Hence, the comparison between different social groups and their motivations is rarely provided and, therefore, the claims about increased individualisation might be premature. This article uses the Estonian Household Module Survey, including responses from 620 Estonians intending to migrate, to evaluate if migration flows are indeed becoming more individualised and less dependent on social surroundings. Using cluster analysis, three different groups — self-development, economic and life quality migrants — are formed, which are then tested using regression analysis to check for the influence of socio-demographic variables. The article concludes that socio-demographic variables such as gender, age, ethnicity, family status and socio-economic status are still relevant for migration intentions. Indeed, a new group of Eastern European migrants, mainly oriented towards self-development, is emerging; however, it is small and consists mostly of young, Estonian-speaking females. The results complicate the notions of free mobility and liquid migration from Eastern Europe and illustrate that there is a need to pay attention to the increasing group differences in these societies
Regulating the Right of Entrepreneurial Freedom in the Area of Liquid Fuel in Estonia and Across European Countries
No full textWriting on the topic of regulating the right of entrepreneurial freedom in the area of liquid fuel is motivated by doubts and potential conflicts with the principle of legal certainty arising from section 10 of the Constitution upon legal regulation of the area of liquid fuel, by the effect of the regulation on the formation of monopolies, slowdown in the development of technology and reduction of tax evasion. It is important to find legal solutions in the area of liquid fuel that are less restrictive and less burdensome for business than security deposit requirements, thus enabling filling stations to design the procedure for submitting information associated with automotive fuel and increasing the liability based on the reliance of the handlers. Establishing the qualification requirements of a person renders restricting business less burdensome, makes taxation with excise duty more precise and enables identifying persons who engaged in value added tax evasion.
Promising Community-Based Practices to Postpone the Need for Institutional Elderly Care: a descriptive study of community developers in Estonia
No full textThe proportion of elderly people in the society is constantly growing. The elderly who live alone form one of the most vulnerable groups in the society that is also at considerable risk for poverty and social isolation. According to the last population census in Estonia (2011), 39.3% of the elderly (65+) lived alone. The ageing of the population is accompanied by novel challenges, among them especially the coping of the elderly living alone. In 2015, the research team at the Tallinn University School of Governance, Law and Society conducted a study to map Estonian community-based practices that are available for the elderly (65+), especially for those who live alone at home, and the way these practices support interdependent coping and prevent the need for institutional care. This study, based on qualitative and quantitative data collected in Estonian communities, suggests that cooperation between Estonian local governments and communities should be more effective and involve regular interaction. Promising practices include developing network-based community support models and broadening communication possibilities.
Барклай иль Кутузов [Barclay or Kutuzov]
No full textThis article points to a likely subtext of one of the passages in Joseph Stalin’s article “Otvet tovarishchu Razinu” (1947)—a private letter from Nikolai Bukharin to Stalin dated December 10th, 1937. It is possible that the doomed Bukharin’s letter, in which he compared himself to Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly, infuriated Stalin to such an extent that he alluded to this text in his article written almost ten years after Bukharin’s execution, and published “Otvet tovarishchu Razinu” on the tenth anniversary of Bukharin’s arrest
Eesti-läti koodikopeerimine: adaptsioon ja impositsioon [Estonian-Latvian code-copying: adoption and imposition]
No full textThe aim of the current article is to give an overview of Estonian-Latvian code-copying based on naturalistic language data. Th e article is based on my MA thesis, "Eesti-läti kakskeelse isiku keelekasutus" (Estonian-Latvian Bilingual Speech). I have used Lars Johanson’s code-copying framework to analyze the data. In the code-copying framework code-copying means that items and patterns from the model code are copied into the basic code. My aim was to observe copying in both directions and this framework is applicable in both copying directions. Th e copying process L1 > L2 is called ‘imposition’ (in this case Estonian > Latvian) and L2 > L1 copying is referred to as ‘adoption’ (in this case Latvian > Estonian). Code-copying can be classified as global, selective or mixed copying, according to the degree of copying involved. The data were collected in February 2013 and from 14 June to 20 September 2015 by recording the natural conversation of an ethnic Estonian informant (b. 1935) who has lived in Ainaži, Latvia for almost 40 years. She is fl uent in both Estonian and Latvian. The length of a conversation session is 50–60 min. The results show that code-copying occurs in both directions and global copies were used the most of all the types of copying.The most copied type of content words were nouns, but there were also some adverb and verb copies. Th e reasons for copying globally in both directions were semantic specifi city, pragmatic prominence and the similar origin of some words both in Estonian and Latvian. Very few discourse markers were copied in adoption, with more occurring in imposition. Discourse markers were used to direct, stress and express emotions. There were very few selective and mixed copies, regardless of direction. No mixed copies occurred in adoption. Code alternation occurred in both directions. Until now Estonian-Latvian bilingualism has not been studied by modern contact-linguistic research and using naturalistic language data. Usage of this method would provide a basis for further research of Estonian-Latvian bilingual speech
Loan translations as a language contact phenomenon: Crossing the boundaries between contact linguistics, second language acquisition research and translation studies [Tõlkelaenud kontaktlingvistilise nähtusena]
No full textThis article provides a review of loan translations as a language contact phenomenon from the perspectives of contact linguistics, second language acquisition (SLA) research and translation studies (TS). We discuss both similarities and differences in the ways in which loan translations are conceptualized across these three disciplines. The discussion highlights a common cognitive basis underlying bilingual language use, SLA and translation, while at the same time the prevailing attitudes to loan translations in these disciplines reveal differing underlying ideologies. This study is a contribution towards broadening the scope of language contact studies to cover related disciplines that examine similar phenomena
Estonian Lotfitka Romani and its contact languages [Eestis kõneldava roma keele Lotfitka murre ja selle kontaktkeeled]
No full textArtikkel kirjeldab Eestis kõneldud roma keele Lotfitka murde olukorda, lähtudes kontaktkeeltest ja nende mõjul toimunud keelemuutustest. Lotfitka murre on Lätis kõneldud roma keele murre, mille kõnelejad on asunud Eestisse püsivalt elama ja nimetavad ennast Läti (Lotfitka) või Eesti (Laloritka) romadeks. Artikli eesmärk on pöörata tähelepanu roma keelele kui Eesti vähemuskeelele, mida on Eesti kontekstis väga vähe uuritud. Artikkel keskendub vene, läti ja eesti keelele, mis on oluliselt mõjutanud Lotfitka murret. Lisaks kontaktkeeltele kirjeldatakse artiklis mõningaid Eestis kõneldava Xaladytka murde (Vene murre) mõjusid. Artikkel põhineb Helsingi Ülikooli roma keele dialektoloogia projekti raames kogutud 7 Eesti Lotfitka murde kõneleja ja 14 Läti Lotfitka murde kõneleja lingvistilistel tõlkeküsitlustel.
Kontaktkeelte mõju hindamiseks kasutatakse Thomasoni ja Kaufmani (1988) välja pakutud laenamise skaalat. Laenamisena mõistetakse keeleainese ülekandmist ühest keelest teise nii leksikaalsel tasandil kui ka foneetilisel, morfoloogilisel ja süntaktilisel. Laenamise skaala on rakendatav loomulikult edasi antud keelte puhul. Eestis kõneldavat Lotfitka murret on järjepidevalt esimese keelena peres õpetatud ning seega kuulub murre laenamise tüübi alla. Eestis kõneldavat Lotfitka murret on enim mõjutanud vene keel, mille mõju võib hinnata viietasemelise skaala piires foneetiliste joonte puhul neljandal ja muude tunnuste puhul kolmandal tasemel olevaks. Lisaks sõnavarale on laenatud mitmeid ai kseid, näiteks verbiprei kseid ja omadussõnalisi sui kseid, mida liidetakse ka algupärasele sõnavarale. Süntaktilise muutusena jäetakse vene keele eeskujul lausest välja koopula. Läti keele mõju võib hinnata tasemele kaks või kolm – laenatakse eessõnu, sidesõnu, verbiprefikseid ning läti keele mõjul eristatakse pikki ja lühikesi vokaale. Eesti keel on Eestis kõneldava Lotfitka murde kõige hilisem kontaktkeel ning lisaks sõnavara laenamisele on eesti keele eeskujul toimunud tähendusnihkeid. Eesti keelest laenatud sõnades säilitatakse vokaalid õ, ä, ö ja ü. Eesti keele mõju Lotfitka murdele on tasemel üks, sest peamiselt laenatakse sõnavara, mis ei ole põhisõnavara. Samas on eesti keele oskus Lotfitka romade seas levinud ning võib eeldada laenamise intensiivistumist. Eesti Lotfitka romad käivad küllaltki tihedalt läbi Xaladytka romadega ning Lotfitka murdes on märgata varieeruvust, mida mõjutab roma keele Xaladytka murre. Murded on lähedas suguluses, kuuludes roma keele kirderühma
Code-switching in emergent grammars: Verb marking in bilingual children’s speech [Koodivahetus arenevas grammatikas: verbi markeerimine kakskeelsete laste kõnes]
No full textArtiklis vaadeldakse kahe 3–7aastase eesti ja inglise keelt rääkiva kakskeelse lapse tegusõnade koodivahetust. Verbid osalevad tavaliselt nimisõnadest harvemini koodivahetuses ja seda eeldatavasti mitme teguri tõttu: keskne roll argumentstruktuuris, vähem spetsiiifiline semantika ning morfoloogiline komplekssus. Vaadeldavad andmed hõlmavad erinevaid morfoloogilisi võtteid ning sisaldavad ka näiteid, mis räägivad vastu hüpoteesile, et vaid infiniitsed verbid kannavad koodivahetuse puhul teise keele morfeeme. Need näited toetavad väidet, et laste koodivahetus ei allu samadele piirangutele nagu täiskasvanute koodivahetus
Grotesque-Dominated Postmodernism.Are the Normative Systems to Survive? Focusing on Monumental Art
No full textWe live in times of tough cultural clashes that we watch on TV news on daily basis. European fear of Eastern and Southern newcomers is economic, political, and ethnic, but most of all – cultural by nature. Today we realise that that we do not understand the co-existence of cultures at all (the failure of the infamous ‘multiculti’ ideologies), but then it would be natural to start at least some microanalysis of cultural shifts in our own culture. Thus, unexpectedly, the latest developments in postmodernistic culture – of its normative systems (law, ethics, aesthetical standards) – obtain more significant value than that of semiotic theorising.