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Patterns and Types of Youth Activism in Two Contrasting Locations in Estonia
No full textWhile some decades ago it was believed in European countries that the state should take the responsibility of assuring its citizens’ well-being (social citizenship), nowadays it is believed that individual autonomy and activism should have a more prominent role in well-being. This perspective raises questions about how large share of young people is socially and politically active and how is involvement in different activities correlated. Is activism predominantly cumulative with relatively few being relatively active or, instead, are relatively many involved in a relatively few activities?
The article explores youth activism patterns in two contrasting locations in Estonia. The analysis uses survey data collected in project MYPLACE, which contain a rich set of activism indicators. For establishing patterns of youth activism, cluster analysis is used. Analysis results show a considerable concentration of social and political activism in a relatively small fraction of young people while large part of young people is completely inactive or active only lightly. As a result, only a relatively small proportion of young people has the potential to make its interests and needs visible and politicised so that these could be taken into account. Such activism patterns are likely to lead to increasing inequalities instead on more just and equal society
Russian Youth on Labour Market: ‘Portfolioability’ as New Desire and Demand
No full textThis article contributes to the debate about portfolio and organizational careers and presents the results of qualitative research of Russian young employees. During perestroika, Soviet career structures were almost completely destroyed. This led to the fact that working population of post-Soviet Russia had to adapt to new structures and/or create new conditions to be able to work and to ensure security. Such local uncertainty and instability coincided with intensive globalisation of the national economy and society, which had an even stronger effect: local instability combined with global instability.The analysis of biographical interviews demonstrated that a lot of young Russians on contemporary labour market can be characterised by portfolioability—a property that unites young professionals with different type of employment. We mean by this term a kind of attitude towards work typical for Russian youth, which reflects inner flexibility, experience, transferable skills and multiple employment practices. Moreover, it is portfolioability that in some cases becomes a resource to improve security/confidence concerning the labour market, as well as to develop agency. Besides, the lack of portfolioability results in a more vulnerable position and dependence on conditions
International Law and some Contemporary Problems of the Use of Force
No full textOne of the most important but also one of the most controversial areas of international law is the legal regulation of the use of military force. The nature, content and effectiveness of this domain of international law expresses, much more clearly than any other branch, the very nature of international law. One of the most prominent 20th century international lawyers, Louis Henkin, wrote, ‘Almost all nations observe almost all principles of international law and almost all of their obligations almost all of the time.’2 This observation is true - almost all nations almost all of the time also observe the principle prohibiting the use of force and the threat of force in international relations. However, the use of military force between states belongs to what one may call ‘low probability-high consequence events’, and therefore every use of military force, even if relatively minor, has almost incomparable negative consequences in terms of human lives lost, properties and livelihoods destroyed, refugee flows created and all kinds of miseries increased. Therefore, a greater observance and respect for the principle of the non-use of force in international relations remains one of the most important tasks of international law and international lawyers.
Kes ja kuidas mõjutab Eesti alkoholipoliitikat?
No full textEesti alkoholipoliitikas toimuv on viimaste aastate jooksul püsivalt kirgi kütnud. Sel teemal on ilmunud lugematul arvul arvamusartikleid, milles ühed pooldavad karmi maid alkoholipoliitika meetmeid, rõhudes ühiskonna vastutusele alkoholiprob leemi lahendamisel, teised leiavad, et riik ei peaks olema lapse hoidja ja sekkuma inimese valikutesse. Ka ilma sügavama analüüsita on kõrvalt vaatajale nähtav, et Eesti alkoholi poliitikas on koondutud kahte üsnagi vastandlikku leeri. Kuigi alkoholi poliitikast on palju kirjutatud, pakub käesolev artikkel uudset analüüsirakurssi, suunates objektiivi poliitika (policy) sisult toimij atele ning nende stra teegil isele tegevusele, aidates seeläbi paremini mõista nii alkoholi poliitikas toimuvat kui ka poliitilise protsessi mõjutamise meetodeid
Eestimaalased välismaal: kaotatud ajud või Eesti saadikud? 2016. aasta Paide Arvamusfestivali diskussiooni edasiarendus
No full textEestimaa suvede üheks kultuurivaldkonna tipphetkeks on kujunenud Arvamusfesti val Paides, kuhu koondub tuhandeid ärksaid inimesi arutama Eesti ja maa ilma jaoks olulisi küsimusi. 12.–13. augustini toimunud neljandal festivalil oli esmakordselt rändeala, kus mõtiskleti sisserände mahtude ja ohtude, pagulaskriisiga toime tuleku ning lõimimise väljakutsete kõrval ka targa diasporaapoliitika üle
Рец. на кн.: Антропология культуры: Вып. 5. К 85-летию академика РАН Вячеслава Всеволодовича Иванова [Antropologiia kul’tury. Vyp. 5: K 85-letiiu akademika RAN Viach. Vs. Ivanova. A review article.]
No full textThis review summarizes 18 articles published on the occasion of Vyacheslav Vsevolodovich Ivanov’s 85th birthday. The articles’ scope varies from cultural anthropology to structuralist poetics, and the legacy of the Russian literary and scholarly avant-garde
Miks mõned riigid otsustavad toetuda paramilitaarsetele üksustele? [Why some countries decide to rely on paramilitary units?]
No full textJugoslaavia näide pärast I maailmasõdaThe example of Yugoslavia after WWI
The article analyses Yugoslavian politics in its border regions after WWI, as well as how the authorities took advantage of the local centuries-old paramilitary tradition for the purpose of ensuring order and suppressing resistance movements. The core of the approach is made up of examples from three events: suppression of rebellion in northern Montenegro in February 1919, the activities of the Chetniksin Macedonia in the spring and summer of 1919, and the organisation of the supporters of Albanian leader Essad Pasha in 1919–1920. In the Balkan Wars,Serbia annexed large areas which formerly belonged to the Ottoman Empireand were again transferred to Turkish control in WWI. Yugoslavia (Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes), which was born after the end of WWI, had to strengthen its borders while suppressing the separatism of Macedonians and the conflicts with Albanians and the Montenegro border area clans. The situation was further complicated by the fact that neither the Serbs, the Bulgarians nor the Greeks recognised the Macedonians as a separate nation, but as a part of their respective nations. There were also conflicts between the Serbs, the Croats, the Slovenes and the Bosnian Muslims
Arheoloogiline eksperiment Otepää varspüssi rekonstruktsiooniga [Archaeological experiment with a reconstructionof the Otepää handgonne]
No full textEesti vanima tulirelva taktikalis-tehniliste näitajate analüüsAnalysis of the tactical and technical characteristics of the oldest Estonian firearm
The paper describes a series of tests performed with a reconstruction of the oldest known firearm in Estonia – a 15th-century handgonne from the castle of Otepää. Th e purpose of the experiment was to investigate the impact of the earliest hand-held firearms on 15th-century European warfare. As there have been many well-documented experiments with reconstructed late mediaeval bows and crossbows published in recent years, it was possible to compare the results tothe performance of this reconstructed early hand-held firearm. The experiments included penetration tests into solid pinewood and muzzle velocity measurements. It was concluded that judging from the results of the experiments, the early hand-held firearms were vastly superior compared to the mechanical missile weapons of the time, both in terms of penetrative properties and the kinetic energy of the attack
Internet, Activism and Politics. The Repertoires and Rhetoric of Estonian Internet Activists
No full textThe literature on political participation and activism has gained from introducing a new term: ‘sub- activism’, which is used to describe individual, mostly internet-mediated activism of everyday choices. Yet there is ongoing work dedicated to the question of how these everyday choices relate to other repertoires of activism. Why do people choose to participate in politics in one form rather than in another? This paper contributes to the field by analysing the rhetoric and repertoire of activists who are organised around two NGOs: the Estonian Pirate Party and the Estonian Internet Society. Based on ethnographic fieldwork, analyses of online materials, and 15 in-depth interviews, findings indicate that the choice of repertoire is strongly connected to the activists’ views on the internet, activism and politics. Most importantly, understanding what ‘politics’ stands for influences the choice of sub- activism as suitable or unsuitable action for these groups. These findings are then discussed in the context of East European ‘apolitical’ activism and civil society