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Ajalooline müüt Jaan Kaplinski draamas „Neljakuningapäev“ [Historical Myth in Jaan Kaplinski’s "Day of the Four Kings"]
No full textAjalooline näidend võimaldab end žanrina erinevalt tõlgendada – nii süžeepõhise rekonstruktsiooni kui ka kaasaegse allegooriana. 1960.–1970. aastate eesti draamas kasutasid mitmed autorid ümberütleva mõistukõne vormi, et käsitleda teemasid, mille otsene väljendamine olnuks keeruline või isegi võimatu. Üht kujukamat näidet pakub siin Jaan Kaplinski draama „Neljakuningapäev“, milles 1343. aasta Jüriöö ülestõusu sündmused on asetatud kaasaegse suvilapeo konteksti. Tekkinud paralleel osutus sedavõrd kõnekaks, et näidendi esmalavastus Tallinna Draamateatris 1977. aastal peaaegu maha vaikiti ning sisuliselt isegi keelustati. Kümme aastat hiljem Eesti NSV Riiklikus Noorsooteatris lavale jõudnud „Neljakuningapäeva“ uustõlgendus, mis lähtus üksnes välisest sündmusekujutusest, ei omandanud aga esmalavastusele ligilähedastki tähendust. Seega eeldab ajalooline müüdidraama tõlgendajatelt nii allegooriale sobivat kunstilist nägemust kui ka selle kontseptuaalselt veenvat lahtimõtestamist.
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This paper examines the phenomenon of historical myth, presented in the form of a piece of theatre. Jaan Kaplinski’s historical and allegorical drama Day of the Four Kings is presented as a prime example. The play is based on a well-known historical event, namely the brutal murder of ancient Estonian chiefs by German conquerors during the rebellion of 1343 (St. George’s Night Rebellion). As Estonian theatre researcher Piret Kruuspere has noted, during the 1970s, re-tellings of national history on the Estonian theatre stage were clothed in metaphors, allusions and secret codes – Aesopian language. In addition to this secret code, the author of Day of the Four Kings used a kind of doubling, placing historical events into the setting of a contemporary house party. This change of perspective causes some degree of alienation as well as amplifies the essential allegorical message of the drama. Representing the real run of historical events, the play is effectively communicating with a contemporary audience, dealing with the problems and themes closely connected with contemporary society. In addition to its allegorical meaning, the play underlines the importance of maintaining ethnical and archaic values and warns against sacrificing these in return for short-time utilitarian purposes. The allegory of the play was even too obvious, so that the first production of the play (in 1977) was practically banned by the official powers of Soviet Estonia. Contrary to the first stage performance of the play, the second attempt – which took place a decade later – was an unfortunate example of the disappearance of the mythical dimension of the drama. This kind of poor production was no longer able to overcome the historical-cultural and national psychological contradictions inherent in the play. The analysis is mainly based on reviews of the play from the period as well as the social and cultural conditions in existence when the theatrical versions were staged. It is easy to conclude that during the process of producing this kind of stage play, it is far more fruitful to accent all kind of allusions and allegorical metaphors than to simply follow the formal development of the external plot. If the mythical dimension disappears, the message of the play loses its essential meaning
The Socio-Economic and Demographic Factors of Online Activity among Right-Wing Radicals
No full textThis paper presents the results of a study on socio-economic and demographic factors that affect the intensity of right-wing radicals’ activity in the framework of the Russian-based social network VKontakte. Right-wing radical ideas expressed within the VKontakte network are most actively supported by the population of the regional centres (Moscow, St. Petersburg, Krasnodar Krai) and areas around these centres, which are defined as the semi-periphery in the core-periphery model. The intensity of the online activity of right-wing radicals is mostly influenced by demographic factors, including the average age of the population, the net migration rate coefficient; however, it is not affected by the indicators of economic well-being. The authors hypothesise that support for right-wing radical ideology on social media is determined not by the objective characteristics of the social and economic well-being of the population, but by subjective emotional factors (irritation, feelings of social injustice)
Contemporary International Society and Law: Kant versus Hobbes
No full textIn the Age of Enlightenment people began to believe that knowledge provided the power to change society in order to move towards a better, more progressive international society and law. The new issues dealt with concerned political freedom and sovereignty. How have these views affected the contemporary understanding of society and law? In the general context we can speak of two opposing approaches towards international society and law
Building Military Doctrine based on History and Experience: 20th century examples from Germany, France, Israel and the US
No full textThe paper will address the role (or lack thereof) of military history and past experience in military doctrine building. The analysis will be based on four case studies: the Reichswehr/Wehrmacht 1919– 1940, the French army 1919–1940, the IDF 1948–1973, and the US Army 1973–1991. In the synthesis, the author will present the role of military history in building efficient military doctrine on three levels of war: tactics, operational art, and strategy. Several kinds of abuses and misuses of military history will be singled out as a warning sign for con- temporary policy and military decision makers
A Generational Shift: The military history crisis in the Estonian military education 1919–1940
No full textThe article analyses the teaching of military history in the Estonian army in the interwar period. It argues that the basic concepts – the purpose, thematic distribution, teaching methods – were developed by the former professor of the tsarist military academy, Lt. Gen. Aleksei Baiov. Baiov stressed that history, along with strategy, was at the core of military science. However, Baiov and other Russian émigrés came under heavy criticism from the Estonian command, particularly Gen. Nikolai Reek, who thought Estonia was too small to require a school of strategy. In the background, there was the theoretical clash, carried over from the pre-war tsarist Russia, between the old generation of bayonet tac- tics and the new generation of fire and movement. In 1926, Baiov was fired, but Reek’s reforms, which subordinated history to the needs of tactical training, remained incomplete even at the end of the 1930s. A number of questions about the utility and the substance of military his- tory remained unresolved. Indeed, they are still not settled in Estonian officer education today
Traditsioon ja avangard eesti kirjandusõpetuse kujunemisloos [Tradition and Avant-garde in the Development of Estonian Literary Pedagogy]
No full textArtiklis tutvustatakse kaht traditsiooni, mis kujunesid eesti üldhariduskooli vanemate astmete kirjandusõpetuses 20. sajandil. Esimene neist on tava käsitleda kirjandust kahe eraldi valdkonnana, millest üks on eesti kirjandus, teine hõlmab muude rahvaste kirjandusi. Teine traditsioon puudutab õppesisu, õpitegevuste ja -väljundite laadi. Üldhariduses on kaua olnud esiplaanil ajaloolis eluloolised käsitlused kirjanduse kohta ning jäänud välja kujunemata süsteemne õpetus iseseisvast tööst kirjandustekstidega. Artikli viimases osas vaadeldakse 21. sajandi alguse õppekavaarenduses esile kerkinud nõudeid neid traditsioone muuta ja tasakaalustada ning arutletakse selle üle, milliseid ülesandeid need nõuded nüüdisaegse kirjandusõpetuse ja kirjandusteaduse ette seavad.
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The paper discusses two traditions that developed in the Estonian literary pedagogy of the twentieth century. The first one concerns the structure of the subject matter. Literature was taught as two separate sub-disciplines, one of them being Estonian literature and the other covering other literatures using varying terms. The composition of this other field of study has varied over time. The early focus on the Western canon, with a diversifying preference for neighbour literatures as well as other Finno-Ugric literatures, was fueled by the national romanticist ideology. It was then forcibly replaced by a strong priority for Russian literature and other Soviet literatures during the Soviet occupation. This shift was in turn in the 1990s followed by restoration of former priorities and updating of the learning content. The second tradition is that of a strong preference for bio-historicist narratives as learning content. This tradition was inspired by the early twentieth-century literary scholarship and was necessitated by the conditions of the Estonian literary field at the time: a relative lack of available translations and the general public’s limited literary education. Focusing on narratives of literary history created a tendency to perceive literature as a field of positivist knowledge instead of interpretive competences and activities. The Soviet literary pedagogy perpetuated that tendency. Finally, the paper describes the efforts of the twenty-first-century curriculum development that aims to change these two traditions. The goal is to introduce an integral view of literature, and to develop teaching of interpretive skills and critical reading. These elements have so far depended mostly on individual teachers’ efforts, without sufficient systematic support from literary scholarship in the form of adequately adapted skillsets. It is important that the academic discipline renew its own perspectives in order to contribute to the development of such skillsets for general education
Editorial
No full textWith the first guidelines for Plan S published a few days ago, I would like to think that it is high time for STSS. As some of you might know already, the European Commission and a number of other donors have been vehemently advocating in favour of Open Access in Science. Any publication funded by a H2020 project must be accessible online and guidelines have been issued to decrease the amount of public money spent buying academic publications. This means that H2020 grant holders must use a significant part of their funding to buy golden or diamond access for their articles. Alternatively, they can upload a pre-print version of the article into a university repository while being careful not to break any copyright agreements with major publishers.
Editorial
No full textWell-being and social benefits might be the keywords of the articles in this issue of STSS. The multi-dimensionality of the well-being concept is often highlighted in relevant discussions. It is debated whether well-being should be measured with objective or subjective measures. There have been academic debates and studies on well-being since the 1960s
Unternehmerische Freiheit im Bereich der Fflüssigen Brennstoffe in Estland und in Anderen Europäischen Staaten
No full textDer Anlass, das Thema der Regulation des Rechts der unternehmerischen Freiheit im Bereich der flüssigen Brennstoffe in Estland zu behandeln, ergibt sich aus den Fragwürdigkeiten und aus den möglichen Widersprüchen mit dem sich aus § 10 des Grundgesetzes (Põhiseadus)1 ergebenden Grundsatz bei der rechtlichen Regulation des Bereiches der flüssigen Brennstoffe, aus dem Einfluss der Regulation auf die Entstehung der Monopole, auf die Bremsung der technischen Entwicklung und auf die Reduzierung des Steuerbetrugs. Es ist wichtig, im Vergleich zu den Garantieansprüchen im Bereich flüssige Brennstoffe weniger restriktive und mit geringerem Aufwand verbundene rechtliche Lösungen zu finden, die es ermöglichen, die Vorkehrungen für die Bereitstellung der Informationen, die in den Tankstellen mit dem Treibstoff für Kraftfahrzeuge in Verbindung stehen, zu treffen und die Vertrauenshaftung der Betreiber zu erhöhen. Bei der Bestimmung der Qualifikationsanforderungen für die Personen ist die Beschränkung der unternehmerischen Freiheit im Bereich weniger belastend, macht die Versteuerung mit Verbrauchssteuer genauer und ermöglicht es festzustellen, wer die Steuerbetrüge veranlasst hat.
Из Именного указателя к «Записным книжкам» Ахматовой [From An Index to Anna Akhmatova’s “Notebooks”]
No full textThis article is yet another installment in the series of Roman Timenchik’s annotations to Anna Akhmatova’s Notebooks (see also the previous volume of Slavica Revalensia). This particular installment concerns the following persons mentioned in Akhmatova’s notes: Natan Al’tman, Lev Bruni, Du Fu (杜甫), Boris Grigor’ev, Aleksei Kepov, Fausto Malcovati, Pyotr Miturich, Alexander Morozov, Vissarion Sayanov (Makhnin), Grigori Sergeyev, Marietta Shaginyan, Nobori Shōmu (昇曙夢), Tinatin Taneyeva (née ჯორჯაძე [Dzhordzhadze]), Boris Tishchenko, and Pyotr Zheleznov. It also includes an entry on the Biblical Holofernes, and the hypostasis of the destructive spirit in Zoroastrianism – Ahriman