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Ema haridus ja pere elukoht eesti keelt emakeelena omandava lapse kasvukeskkonna mõjutajana [Education of the mother and residence of the family as factors influencing the linguistic developmental environment of children acquiring Estonian as L1]
No full textEesti keele kontekstis on vähe uurimusi, mis kirjeldaks eelkooliealise lapse keelelist kasvukeskkonda. Selle artikli eesmärk on anda ülevaade, millises keelelises kasvukeskkonnas kasvab eesti keelt emakeelena omandav eelkooliealine (vanuses 5−7 eluaastat) laps. Täpsemalt on 152 emaga tehtud poolstruktureeritud intervjuu abil kirjeldatud kodust keelekeskkonda iseloomustavate tegurite olulisust ja/või mainimise sagedusjärjestust, võrreldes seejuures ema hariduse järgi kahte rühma – kesk(eri)hariduse ja kõrgharidusega emadega peresid. Mõlema rühma sees on vaadeldud maa- ja linnakeskkonna erinevusi. Uurimuse fookusesse on valitud ema haridus ja elukoht, mida on nähtud mitmetes kasvukeskkonda avavates mahukates uurimustes (Hart, Risley 2003; Piccolo jt 2016; Gatt jt 2020) parima indikaatorina, eristamaks erinevaid sotsiaalmajanduslikke rühmi. Seega on üks uurimuse eesmärk anda ka ülevaade, kas ema haridus või elukeskkond tingib kasvukeskkonna erisusi ning kui jah, siis millised tegurid on mõjutatud haridustasemest ja/või elukohast ning on kõige esilduvamad. Artiklis on lähtutud seisukohast, et erinev kasvukeskkond tingib ka erineva keelekeskkonna ning keelelise kasvukeskkonna kujundamise ehk valikud, mida tehakse, ning uskumused selle kohta, mis on lapse keele arenemisel oluline, on mõjutatud laiemalt pere sotsiaalmajanduslikust staatusest. Uuringust selgus, et maapiirkonna emad rääkisid lastega prelingvistilisel perioodil rohkem, samuti olid nende suhtlusvõrgustikus olulisemal kohal vanavanemad, loeti rohkem raamatuid ning jutustati lugusid. Koduvälistel üritustel käijad olid sagedamini linnapiirkonna vanemad, kelle lapsed puutusid rohkem kokku ka teiste keeltega ning viibisid rohkem lasteaias. Emade haridus tingis erinevad uskumused lapse keeleliste võimete kohta. Kõrgharidusega vanemate lapsed tegutsesid enam üksi ning võrreldes kesk(eri)haridusega emade lastega viibisid vähem aega ekraani taga ning puutusid rohkem kokku võõrkeeltega. Kesk(eri)haridusega emade laste suhtlusvõrgustikus olid olulisemal kohal vanavanemad, viibiti kauem lasteaias ning mängiti enam eakaaslaste ja/või sõpradega kui üksi. Emade haridus tingis ka erinevad uskumused lapse keeleliste võimete kohta
Eesti ja saksa aktiivse värvisõnavara võrdlus [A comparison of Estonian and German active colourvocabulary]
No full textArtiklis võrreldakse empiirilise uurimuse käigus kogutud eesti ja saksa värviomadussõnu ja tuuakse esile, millised on vaadeldavates keeltes kasutatud värviomadussõnade morfoloogilised ja semantilised moodustuspõhimõtted, millised värvisõnad esinevad aktiivses kasutuses, milliseid kasutatakse harvem ning mis põhjusel. Kahe keele värvisõnade kõrvutuses näidatakse ära nende kasutussarnasused ja -erinevused.Empiirilises uurimuses esinenud värvisõnad on koondatud esinemistüüpide alusel tüpoloogiaks, mis võimaldab kahe keele katsetulemusi kvantitatiivselt võrrelda. Värvisõnade analüüsimisel võetakse aluseks iga sõna nimetamissagedus
Negotiating Normative Expectations, Problematic Sustainability and Disempowerment: The Conflicting Realities of Participation Practices in the Estonian Civil Society
No full textParticipation is a right held by all community members to engage in decision-making processes. The negotiation power of individuals and interest groups expressed through participatory practices is especially valuable in a young democracy with a short history of civil society and community initiative. Researching participation opens new perspectives into local agency and helps to identify various powers and ideologies in action. Estonian civil society has made notable progress since the country regained its independence, but participatory practices have neither improved in quality nor increased in volume. Furthermore, previous research indicates a discrepancy between normative expectations and empirical reality. This paper draws on a comparative study from 2016 and examines the differences between the Estonian non-profit and the public sectors’ experiences and expectations regarding participation practices. The qualitative content analysis method was employed on the interviews conducted with a total 65 public and third sector representatives. The results are contextualised through critical theories of participation which regard participation as a complex, multidimensional and strongly ideologised solution. The study concludes that the promises of empowerment typical to the mainstream participation rhetoric are yet to be rooted in the practices of participation in Estonian civil society, where instead the repeating motif in the participatory experience is disempowerment
Relocation and resettlement of refugees in the European Union – what has happened to solidarity?
No full textThe idea of a united Europe was created by people from different disciplines – scholars, philosophers, political leaders, artists, and religious leaders. It is also similar to the decision to start a war. It usually is a decision of leaders who think that this is the only way to resolve problems. Attempts to unify Europe were made after the emergence of cruel conflicts. The Romans tried to unite the European continent by conquering states during a period known as the post-Republican period of ancient Rome. This state was composed of large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, North Africa, and West Asia ruled by emperors. Rome remained the nominal capital of both parts until 476 AD. The fall of the Western Roman Empire to Germanic kings, along with the Hellenization of the Eastern Roman Empire into the Byzantine Empire, denoted the end of Ancient Rome and the beginning of the Middle Ages. But the wars and conflicts on the European continent continued.
Independence or Unification with a Patron State? Not Such Dichotomous Ideas as One Would Think: Evidence from South Ossetia
No full textIndependence or unification with Russia? That is a question that is constantly present in the South Ossetian public space. Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, two referendums have been held in South Ossetia on the issue of state sovereignty (in 1992 and 2006). Since 2015, many proclamations have been made by South Ossetian politicians about preparations for another referendum on the subject. In the case of South Ossetia, what one would think as dichotomous ideas – independence and unification with Russia – are in fact overlapping concepts. The aim of this paper is to contribute to a closer understanding of the puzzling current reality in South Ossetia in terms of the debate on unification versus independence. On the one hand, South Ossetia seeks independence, but on the other, it is constantly seeking to join Russia. The second goal of the paper is to identify the factors, which underlie the South Ossetian discourse supporting the idea of unification with the Russian Federation. As a result of the analysis, the author concludes that the issue of security and the idea of a divided nation play a crucial role in this discourse. These topics frequently appear in the statements of the South Ossetian political elite as the main arguments in favour of accession to Russia. In addition, there are several other important variables, which can explain this prevailing South Ossetian narrative: the lack of human and natural resources for a viable state, the fatigue of the South Ossetian population in the face of the incompetence of local elites, and their aspiration for Russian centralisation. Finally, because a fuzzy independence narrative has also been documented in other de facto states, the author seeks an answer to a more general question: Why does this overlap in the narrative of independence versus unification arise in de facto states
“I Proved in Court that I am Not a Camel”: Everyday Law among Businesspeople in Russian Local Communities
No full textWhile the rule of law has been an important topic of research for entrepreneurship in transition economies, the relationship entrepreneurs have with the body of law remains understudied. This article explores everyday legality among politically affiliated and non-affiliated businesspeople in Russia; that is, the role of laws, written rules, standards, and requirements in their everyday business activities. Drawing on interviews and participant observations in Russian communities, I trace how an individual’s political position impacts the ability of small entrepreneurs to navigate paperwork and bureaucracy. Utilizing a sociological approach to explore the behaviour of the law among businesspeople, my research demonstrates that although bureaucracy and written rules affect all entrepreneurs, multiple facets of the law constrain or promote an individual’s access to opportunities in different ways. I found that political affiliation strengthens the power to succeed in the bureaucratic game, and to protect one’s interests through court appeals. In contrast, non-affiliated entrepreneurs are limited in their capacity to deal with Russian bureaucracy, and to litigate the state using legal procedures. The main conclusion of the research is that political affiliation is the most significant line of differentiation and inequality among small and medium-sized enterprises because it affects their legal knowledge, their strategies for coping with paperwork, and their opportunities to mobilise the law. In addition, the study of small entrepreneurs also shows that in contemporary Russia everyone depends greatly on the power of the bureaucratic machine, rather than on the power of the law.
Two Problems with Lobbying Regulations in EEA Countries
No full textThis paper addresses the question of the major challenges for the regulation of lobbying in the European Economic Area countries. It attempts to disentangle this complex question by focusing, step by step, on three specific issues. First, the problem of the definition of lobbying, or the lack of one, is considered. The paper argues that even though European countries started to regulate lobbying already two decades ago, they have still not managed to arrive at a useful definition of the field and activity of lobbying itself, which considerably hinders their pro-transparency regulatory efforts. Second, the paper looks at other anti-corruption legislation in Europe and its links with lobbying rules. The evidence is inconclusive as to whether the level of corruption is significantly affected by the presence or lack of lobbying regulation. Finally, the paper shows that there is a noticeable weakness in the existing lobbying regulations in European countries in terms of enforcement. Without strengthening the enforcement mechanisms of lobbying laws, there will be no significant shift towards a better-regulated and more transparent lobbying environment in Europe
Editorial
No full textThe current issue of STSS includes five articles concentrating on three countries: Estonia, Lithuania and Poland.
Measuring Integration in the Labor Market – Which to Use, the Demographic or the Ethnic Concept?
No full textIn most countries, the data and the underlying theoretical approaches tend to emphasize the greater success of the natives or the ethnic majority in the labor market. When measuring integration and success in the labor market, different approaches can be used, for example, the demographic or ethnic concept. The ethnic concept refers to ethnicity, regardless of having an immigrant background or not. The demographic concept instead uses the native/immigrant dimension, usually considering first- and second-generation immigrants. Researchers’ use ofthese concepts varies by country but rarely do they discuss which concept would be more relevant to measure labor market differences and inequalities. Relevance is defined by how labor market differences and inequalities can be identified most clearly. In recent literature, it is suggested that in Baltic countries statistical categories of ‘international migrant/foreign–born’ (demographic concept) are not relevant to use because migration took place inside the borders. In the current article, the focus is on the Estonian context and the research question, therefore, asks which concept is suitable for the Estonian context when taking the Russian speaking population into consideration in labor market analysis. Results lead to the conclusion that using the demographic concept without making an ethnic distinction could lead to a distorted interpretation of the Russian-speaking population’s labor market integration in the Estonian context. This result also supports the recommendations from previous literature to use an ethnic concept. The study used the Labor Force Survey (LFS) 2013-2014 for the empirical analysis
Sõjalise doktriini loomine ajalookogemuse alusel 20. sajandi Saksamaa, Prantsusmaa, Iisraeli ja USA näitel
No full textArtiklis käsitletakse sõjaajaloo ja minevikukogemuse rolli või selle puudumist sõjalise doktriini kujundamisel. Analüüs põhineb neljal juhtumiuuringul: Reichsheer/Wehrmacht 1919–1940, Prantsuse armee 1919–1940, Iisraeli kaitsejõud 1948–1973 ja USA maavägi 1973–1991. Sünteesis kirjeldab autor sõjaajaloo rolli toimiva sõjalise doktriini loomisel sõja kolmel tasandil: taktikatasand, operatsioonitasand ja strateegiatasand. Hoiatavate näidetena meie kaasaegsetele poliitikutele ja otsustajatele tuuakse välja mõned sõjaajaloo kuri- ja väärtarvituse juhtumid