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1921 February rebellion as a manifestation of Armenian war of independence
No full textGeorgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia declared their independence in the spring of 1918. After the signing of the Armistice of Compiègne and the annulment of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk that had been agreed upon between Soviet Russia and the Central Powers, the Soviet Red Army started a campaign to capture the areas that had belonged to Russia. Armenia had to fight two enemies – the Turkey of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk on the one side and Soviet Russia on the other. Turkey attacked Armenia in the autumn of 1920. Even though Soviet Russia had signed a treaty with Armenia in August, the Armenian Bolsheviks, supported by the Red Army, proclaimed the Soviet Republic of Armenia in November and began Sovietization of the country, accompanied by repressions against Armenian national politicians, military leaders and intellectuals. As a result of an uprising that began in February 1921, the Bolsheviks were ousted from Yerevan, the capital of Armenia, but the counter-offensive of the Red Army in April restored the Bolshevik rule in Armenia
Eesti tööturu etnilist ebavõrdsust kujundavad hoiakud ja väärtused eri rahvusrühmade subjektipositsioonide kontekstis
No full textEthnic inequalities attitudes and values in the Estonian labor market in the context of subject positions of different ethnic groups
The aim of the article is to analyze the situation of ethnic inequality in the Estonian labor market, the mechanisms of its reproduction, and its transformation through the understanding of the attitudes and values inherent in different subject positions.
The study focuses on the analysis of the relational causes of ethnic stratification and the attitudes of different subjects that have been confirmed in Estonian society in order to find answers to the questions of whether and to what extent Estonians and Russians perceive this phenomenon as subjects in different positions. The empirical data of the study are based on the data of the study DIMA (Political and socio-psychological determinants of inclusive integration context, funded by the Norwegian Financial Mechanism EMP 138, 2013-2017) conducted in 2013-2017.
According to the author, the most important conclusion of the analysis is that despite years of work and efforts to reduce ethnic inequality in Estonia, integration has not yielded such results that the gap between Estonians and Russians has narrowed. If we add to this the growing public debate in recent years about the privileged position of Estonian as an indigenous people and the Estonian language at the political level, these circumstances do not give hope of reducing inequality between the two ethnic groups
Eesti perehüvitiste mõju laste vaesusele
No full textImpact of Family Benefits on Child Poverty in Estonia
The Strategy of Children and Families 2012–2020 set a target to reduce the at-risk-of-poverty rate of children. Later, the Welfare Development Plan 2016–2020 set a goal to reduce also absolute poverty of children. From the second half of 2013, the Estonian family benefits system has undergone several changes, but the effect of the increased family benefits on child poverty has not been studied in detail. Previous analyses have mostly focused on the annual child poverty rates, and persistent poverty has not been sufficiently studied. The analysis is based on the Estonian Social Survey datasets from 2013–2020, conducted by Statistics Estonia as part of Eurostat’s Income and Living Conditions Survey. In addition to the annual relative and absolute child poverty, for the first time, this analysis explores whether and to what extent family benefits help reduce persistent child poverty. Furthermore, this analysis uses the micro-simulation approach to assess the potential effect of increased benefits. The analysis shows that child poverty has fallen significantly since the increase in family benefits, especially for children with several siblings
Итальянские мотивы в поэме Пушкина «Анджело» [Italian Motifs in Pushkin’s Poem _Andzhelo_]
No full textPushkin’s poem Andzhelo (1833) is based on the plot of Shakespeare’s Measure for Measure (1623). However, Pushkin changed the location from Vienna to “happy Italy,” and the article offers some explanations of the change. Besides the location and names of characters, the poem has no Italian ethnographic details but instead includes several allusions to Dante absent in Shakespeare. It seems that through them Pushkin amalgamated Dante and Shakespeare, providing an intertextual substitute for the Italian couleur locale.
Locally Embedded Civil Society Organizations and Public Diplomacy: the Advocacy Roles of the “Mothers of Srebrenica” in Promoting a Culture of Remembrance
No full textIncreasingly, non-state actors exercise unofficial forms of influence within international affairs. Analyzing the actions and platforms in which they operate offers a broader perspective on their influence within diplomatic spheres traditionally occupied by state actors. This paper explores the relationship between victim-oriented advocacy roles taken by the NGO ‘Mothers of Srebrenica’ and the resulting formulation of a ‘culture of remembrance’ as an unofficial part of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s cultural and public diplomacy portfolio. We examine the Mothers’ advocacy work in promoting genocide remembrance and fighting genocide denial within the country’s foreign policy agency framework. We scrutinize under which circumstances their advocacy shapes or is formulated in parallel with official state diplomacy. We trace three types of advocacy engagement and discuss the influence in contributing to the country’s cultural and public diplomacy. This analysis contributes to scholarship on the influence of non-state actors in public diplomacy by examining the role of advocacy organizations on local, regional, and global levels and expanding the scholarship about the intersection of non-state actors and cultural and public diplomacy to include states undergoing transition, particularly post-conflict states
«Мертвые Цари всегда должны по смерти своей быть судимы»: Посмертная судьба одного древнеегипетского обычая в русской и европейской словесности XVI – XIX вв. [“Dead Kings Must Always be Judged after Their Demise”: The Afterlife of an Ancient Egyptian Custom in the Russian and European Literature of the 16th to 19th Centuries]
No full textIn his Bibliotheca historica, Diodorus Siculus described a peculiar Egyptian custom of judging all the dead (including the pharaohs) before their burial. The Greek historian saw it as a guarantee of Egypt’s prosperity, since the fear of being deprived of the right to burial served as a moral imperative. This story of an Egyptian custom fascinated the early modern authors, from lawyers to novelists, who often retold it in their own manner. Their interpretations varied depending on the political context: from the traditional “lesson to sovereigns” to a reassessment of the role of the subject and the duties of the orator. This article traces several intellectual trajectories that show the use and misuse of this Egyptian custom from Montaigne to Bossuet and then to Rousseau—and finally its adaptation by Pushkin and Vyazemsky, who most likely became acquainted with it through the mediation of French literature.
The article was written in the framework (and with the generous support) of the RANEPA (ШАГИ РАНХиГС) state assignment research program
The War is not Over? On the Continuity and Discontinuity between the Great War and the War of Independence as Experienced by the Lithuanian Soldiers
No full textPeter Holquist, Roberth Gerwarth and other historians argue that, for Eastern Europe, the Armistice of Compiègne, signed in November 1918, did not mean an end of fighting and violence but a ‘continuation and transformation’ of the world war. However, a precise definition of the viewpoint is important when it comes to continuity. Is it from the perspective of soldiers, civilians or war refugees? For example, many of the Lithuanian veterans of World War I did not fight in the Lithuanian War of Independence from 1919 to 1920. The exceptions included officers, non-commissioned officers, and medical doctors. As a consequence, most of the Lithuanian army in 1920 was comprised of men who had not fought in World War I. In the war experience of the majority of Lithuanian soldiers, the Lithuanian War of Independence was not a continuation of World War I
Field Courts Martial, the Cheka and Penal Policy in the Estonian War of Independence in 1918–1920
No full textBetween December 1918 and December 1920, less then 300 men and women were sentenced to death in Estonian army field courts martial. Meanwhile the Red Terror of Cheka yielded 600 to 700 fatalities between December 1918 and early spring of 1919. It’s difficult to judge how Penal Policy of both sides affected soldiers. On both sides the majority of those who received the capital punishment were civilians, not soldiers. The legal basis for both sides offered a lot of freedom of interpretation with sentencing. Four months after the creation of Estonian field courts martial these institutions received quite detailed instructions. The Cheka however continued to work on guidelines of the ‘Red Terror’ Decree dated September 5th 1918, allowing them much wider freedom. However Estonian Field Courts Martial but also local Chekas worked in various ways. Also, it can’t be ruled out that Estonian society did not get the full picture of Penal Policy from newspapers
Еще раз об андерсеновском следе в романе В. Набокова «Король, дама, валет» [Once Again on Hans Christian Andersen’s Presence in Vladimir Nabokov’s Novel _Korol’, dama, valet_ (_King, Queen, Knave_)]
No full textThis article is an inquiry into the possible origin of the title of Vladimir Nabokov’s second Russian novel King, Queen, Knave (Korol’, dama, valet, 1928). It proves a long-forgotten hypothesis that the title’s likely source is a lesser-known fairy-tale by Hans Christian Andersen, published in several translations into Russian in Berlin and Riga émigré newspapers at the very end of the 1920s
Эпистолярия как литературные беседы: Письма Г. В. Адамовича А. В. Бахраху [_Epistolaria_ as Literary Conversations: Letters of Georgy Adamovich to Alexander Bacherac]
No full textThis article is an attempt at close reading an extensive ego text (Georgy Adamovich’s letters to Alexander Bacherac of the 1940s – 1972) as a thirty-year-long literary conversation of two Russian émigré writers. Regarding the letters as a single cultural text, and relying on the hermeneutic and semiotic approaches, the article singles out three major layers of the text in question, and analyzes the textual body “inwardly,” i.e. starting from the purely existential-informational upper layer, proceeding to the layer of literary criticism, and finally reaching the layer of literary quotations and cultural allusions used as one of the basic devices forming Adamovich’s epistolary style. Comparing the letters with Adamovich’s famous Literary Conversations (Literaturnye besedy) of the 1920s, the author argues that in his correspondence with Bacherach Adamovich followed the tradition of the Russian friendly literary-philosophical discourse borrowed from the West in the 1800s and developed in the 1820s – 1830s by Alexander Pushkin and his circle