AGROSAINSTEK: Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Pertanian
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Potensi Pemanfaatan Teknik Molekuler Berbasis DNA dalam Penelitian Penyakit Bulai pada Jagung: Potensi Pemanfaatan Teknik Molekuler Berbasis DNA dalam Penelitian Penyakit Bulai pada Jagung
No full textDowny mildew is one of the major diseases in maize that may decrease maize production in Indonesia. Downy mildew in maize is caused by Peronosclerospora spp. that are obligate parasites that cannot be grown in a synthetic growth medium. Efforts to control the disease by using resistant maize varieties and fungicides often did not give the expected results, this might be due to the variations of the pathogen that have diverse nature and responses. Identification and the understanding of the biodiversity of downy mildew are major key aspects in efforts to control the disease. The Identification of species morphologically is often difficult due to the limited distinguishing characteristics and close similarities between them. Molecular biology methods are now starting to be widely used because they can provide information about the diversity of an organism genetically quickly and accurately. Therefore molecular biology methods can be used to support the morphological observations. The use of molecular markers such as RAPD, RFLP, AFLP, and SSR as well as direct sequencing of specific DNA regions (rDNA, ITS region of rDNA and mtDNA) can represent the diversity of downy mildew. In Indonesia, generally, there are three main species that cause downy mildew in maize i.e, P. philippinensis, P. maydis and P. sorghi. In the future, the use of new molecular biology techniques may provide more information faster and accurately that may be able to open more possibilities for disease control efforts.Penyakit bulai merupakan salah satu penyakit utama yang menyerang tanaman jagung yang dapat menurunkan produksi jagung di Indonesia. Penyakit bulai pada jagung disebabkan oleh Peronosclerospora spp. yang bersifat parasit obligat sehingga tidak dapat ditumbuhkan di media kutur sintetik. Upaya pengendalian penyakit dengan penggunaan varietas jagung yang tahan penyakit bulai dan penggunaan fungisida seringkali tidak memberikan hasil yang diharapkan, karena patogen penyebab penyakit bulai yang beragam jenisnya sehingga memberikan respon yang berbeda pula. Identifikasi dan pemahaman tentang biodiversitas patogen penyebab penyakit bulai sangat penting dalam upaya pengendalian penyakit bulai. Identifikasi spesies secara morfologis terkadang sulit dilakukan karena karakter pembeda yang terbatas dan mirip. Metode biologi molekuler saat ini mulai secara luas digunakan, karena dapat memberikan informasi keragaman dari suatu organisme secara genetik secara cepat dan akurat. Oleh karena itu metode biologi molekuler dapat digunakan untuk mendukung hasil pengamatan secara morfologis. Penggunaan marka molekuler seperti RAPD, RFLP, AFLP dan SSR serta sekuensing region DNA tertentu (rDNA, region ITS rDNA dan mtDNA) secara langsung dapat menggambarkan keanekaragaman patogen penyakit bulai. Di Indonesia terdapat tiga spesies utama penyebab bulai yaitu P. philippinensis, P. maydis dan P. sorghi. Kedepan penggunaan teknik-teknik biologi molekuler baru dapat memberikan informasi yang lebih banyak, cepat, dan akurat akan dapat membuka lebih banyak kemungkinan bagi upaya pengendalian penyakit ini
Identifikasi dan Toleransi Kemasaman Mesofauna Indigenous Tanaman Lada untuk Pertumbuhan Bibit Lada (Piper nigrum L.): Identifikasi dan Toleransi Kemasaman Mesofauna Indigenous Tanaman Lada untuk Pertumbuhan Bibit Lada (Piper nigrum L.)
No full textLow soil fertility in Bangka becomes the main problem in permanent pattern of pepper cultivation. Utilization of micro and mesofauna plays a role in the decomposition of organic matter, improving soil structure, recycling of nutrients and reducing nutrient loss. This study aims to identify the potential of mesophuna isolation under the stand of pepper in stimulating the growth pepper seedlings. The initial stage of the activity is the identification and analysis of the abundance of mesofauna soil samples taken from South Bangka production centers of pepper plants. The potential tolerance of mesofauna acidity by growing pot system nursery pepper at different media acidity levels. The results showed that mesofauna obtained from Acari and Collembola species from Neanuridae family, Hypogastruridae, Entomobrydae, Sminthuridae, Cypoderidae, Mesotigmata. Based on tolerance to mesophyroid pH identified in this study are indifferent groups living on acid and alkaline pH conditions. Mesofauna can improve soil fertility as indicated by an increasing C-organic content, macro nutrients P, K, soil pH and soil aeration. Increasing macro nutrients and improving soil porosity of the planting media will stimulate root development and growth of nursery pepper.Rendahnya kesuburan tanah di Bangka menjadi permasalahan utama dalam pola budidaya lada secara menetap. Pemanfaatan mikro dan mesofauna berperan dalam dekomposisi bahan organik, memperbaiki struktur tanah, daur ulang hara dan mengurangi kehilangan hara. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi potensi mesofauna isolasi dibawah tegakan lada dalam memacu pertumbuhan bibit lada. Tahapan awal kegiatan yaitu identifikasi dan analisis kelimpahan mesofauna contoh tanah yang diambil dari Bangka induk dan Bangka Selatan sebagai sentra produksi tanaman lada. Uji potensi toleransi kemasaman mesofauna dengan menumbuhkan bibit lada secara pot sistem pada tingkat kemasaman media yang berbeda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan mesofauna yang diperoleh jenis Acari dan Collembola dari famili Neanuridae, Isotomidae, Hypogastruridae, Entomobrydae, Sminthuridae, Mesotigmata, Cyphoderidae. Berdasarkan toleransi terhadap pH mesofauna yang teridentifikasi adalah golongan indifferen yang hidup pada kondisi asam dan basa. Mesofauna mampu memperbaiki kesuburan tanah ditunjukkan dengan meningkatnya kandungan C-organik, hara makro P, K, pH tanah dan aerasi tanah. Perbaikan kimia tanah dan porositas tanah akan memacu perkembangan akar dan pertumbuhan bibit lada
Pengaturan Waktu Panen dan Pemupukan Nitrogen Tanaman Utama Terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Ratun Padi pada Lahan Pasang Surut: Pengaturan Waktu Panen dan Pemupukan Nitrogen Tanaman Utama Terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Ratun Padi pada Lahan Pasang Surut
No full textRice cultivation with a ratoon system is one of the efforts to increase rice production in tidal land. This study aims to determine the effect of harvest time and nitrogen fertilization of the main plant on the growth and yield of ratoon rice in tidal swampland. This study was conducted in the Experimental Field of Banyuasin District Agriculture Office in Tanjung Lago Regency. The design used in this study was the Split Plot Design which was repeated three times. The Main Plots: Fertilization N (N) consists of N1;½ dose at planting + ½ dose of primordia phase, N2; 1/3 dose at planting + 1/3 dose at primordial phase + 1/3 dose at harvest, and N3; 1/3 dose at planting + 1/3 dose at primordia phase+ 1/6 dose at harvest +1/6 dose at 21 days after harvest.Plot: Harvest time (W) consists of W1; the main crop is harvested 5 days before 100% ripening, W2; main crop is harvested when 100% ripening, and W3; the main crop is harvested 5 days after 100% ripening. The results showed that the harvest time and N fertilizer of the main plants affected the growth and yield of ratoon rice in tidal land. Treatment of harvest time 5 days before 100% ripening and N fertilization has given 1/3 dose at planting + 1/3 dose of primordia phase +1/3 dose at harvest, tended to show higher growth and yields of ratoon rice than other treatments, that is 2.06 tons/ha or 54.2 percent compared to the main crop.Budidaya tanaman padi dengan sistem ratun merupakan salah satu upaya peningkatan produksi padi di Lahan pasang surut. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh waktu panen dan pemupukan Nitrogen tanaman utama terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil ratun padi di Lahan pasang surut. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan April – Agustus 2019 di Lahan Percobaan Dinas Pertanian Kabupaten Banyuasin di Desa Seri Menanti Kecamatan Tanjung Lago, yang terletak pada -203’45, 972”S 104045’36,054”E. Rancangan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Rancangan Petak Terbagi (Split Plot Design) yang diulang sebanyak tiga kali. Adapun Petak Utama: Pemupukan N (N) terdiri dari N1; ½ dosis saat tanam + ½ dosis fase primordia, N2;1/3 dosis saat tanam + 1/3 dosis fase primordia + 1/3 dosis saat panen, dan N3; 1/3 dosis saat tanam + 1/3 dosis fase primordia + 1/6 dosis saat panen + 1/6 dosis pada 21 hari setelah panen. Anak Petak : Waktu panen (W) terdiri dari W1; tanaman utama dipanen 5 hari sebelum 100% masak, W2; tanaman utama dipanen saat 100% masak dan W3; tanaman utama dipanen 5 hari setelah 100% masak. Hasil penelitian menunjukan, waktu panen dan pemupukan N tanaman utama berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil ratun padi di Lahan pasang surut. Perlakuan waktu panen 5 hari sebelum 100% masak dan pemupukan N yang diberikan 1/3 dosis saat tanam + 1/3 dosis fase primordia + 1/3 dosis saat panen (W1N2), cenderung menunjukkan hasil ratun padi lebih tinggi dibanding perlakuan lainnya, yaitu sebesar 2.06 ton ha-1 atau 54.2 persen dibanding hasil tanaman utama.
 
Identifikasi Perubahan Sifat Fisik Jambu Biji Merah (Psidium guajava L.) Selama Masa Penyimpanan pada Pendingin Evaporatif Termodifikasi: Identifikasi Perubahan Sifat Fisik Jambu Biji Merah (Psidium guajava L.) Selama Masa Penyimpanan pada Pendingin Evaporatif Termodifikasi
No full textGuava (Psidium guajava L.) is one of the horticultural products that could live in tropical areas and has a high economic value. Tropical fruit used to be damaged quickly remaining due to the temperature and humidity condition. Postharvest treatment is required to extend the shelf life of products and to maintain the quality of products such as evaporative coolers for storage. This research aims to: 1). Calculating the rate of decrease for red guava fruit quality during storage in an evaporative cooler and room temperature. 2). Analyze transformation in the physical properties of red guava fruit during storage in an evaporative cooler and room temperature. Variables measured are the effectiveness of cooling, temperature, relative humidity, moisture content, weight loss, hardness, brix levels, and colors. The method of this study was experimental with the object of research is guava, which has a diameter of 7-8 cm horizontal and vertical length of 6-8 cm. Guava fruits that used were obtained from guava plantation in Kampung Penyisihan, Ketenger Village. Data analysis in this study using the equations of kinetical reaction. The results showed that the treatment of evaporative cooling storage can maintain the quality of weight loss, color (Lab), and violent guava. While the temperature treatment room can maintain the quality of the water content, brix levels guava during storage.Jambu biji merupakan salah satu produk hortikultura yang dapat hidup di daerah tropis dan memiliki nilai ekonomis cukup tinggi. Buah pada daerah tropis cepat mengalami kerusakan terutama disebabkan oleh kondisi suhu dan kelembaban. Diperlukan penanganan pascapanen yang dapat memperpanjang umur simpan produk dan dapat mempertahankan mutu produk seperti alat pendingin evaporatif sebagai tempat penyimpanan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: 1). Menghitung laju penurunan mutu buah jambu biji merah selama masa penyimpanan pada pendingin evaporatif dan suhu ruang. 2). Menganalisis perubahan sifat fisik buah jambu biji merah selama penyimpanan pada pendingin evaporatif dan suhu ruang. Variabel yang diukur meliputi efektifitas pendingin, suhu, kelembaban relatif, kadar air, susut bobot, kekerasan, kadar brix dan warna. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian adalah metode eksperimental dengan objek penelitian yaitu jambu biji merah dengan ukuran diameter horizontal 7-8 cm dan panjang vertikal 6-8 cm. Jambu biji merah yang digunakan diperoleh dari perkebunan jambu di Kampung Penyisihan, Desa Ketenger. Analisis data pada penelitian ini menggunakan persamaan kinetika reaksi. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa perlakuan penyimpanan pendingin evaporatif dapat mempertahankan mutu susut bobot, warna (Lab) dan kekerasan jambu biji merah. Sedangkan perlakuan suhu ruang dapat mempertahankan mutu kadar brix jambu biji selama penyimpanan
Uji Daya Hasil dan Seleksi Famili Padi Generasi F4 dan F6 Hasil Persilangan Sintanur x PTB 33 dan Pandanwangi x PTB 33 di Jatinangor: Uji Daya Hasil dan Seleksi Famili Padi Generasi F4 dan F6 Hasil Persilangan Sintanur x PTB 33 dan Pandanwangi x PTB 33 di Jatinangor
No full textHigh yielding is one of main objectives on rice breeding. A preliminary yield trial is one of steps in the selection process of developing new varieties. Selection for yield and its component traits is a complex process due to the nature of quantitative traits. The right selection approach may improve the effectiveness of the selection. It is therefore the objective of the current study was to select high yielding rice genotypes. A total of 10 promising rice families were evaluated and compared to four check varieties. Least Significant Increase (LSI), and selection index (Mulamba & Mock and Genotype Ideotype Distance index) analysis were performed. LSI test showed that PP48-5 and SP101-3-1-5 had the best performance in almost all traits compared to the lowest average of the check variety. The selection index found that SP101-3-1-5 had highest yield selection index and was recognized as superior family by selection index. SP101-3-1-5 is selected as potential family to be developed as a new high yielding rice varietiesKarakter daya hasil tinggi adalah salah satu target utama dalam pemuliaan padi. Pengujian daya hasil merupakan salah satu tahapan uji dalam proses seleksi varietas baru. Seleksi pada karakter daya hasil merupakan proses yang kompleks karena berkaitan dengan karakter kuantitaif. Pemilihan metode yang tepat akan meningkatkan tingkat keberhasilan proses seleksi, sehingga tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menyeleksi genotip padi yang memiliki potensi hasil tertinggi tercapai. Percobaan dilaksanakan pada bulan Juli 2018 sampai Maret 2019 di Kebun Percobaan Ciparanje Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, Sumedang Jawa Barat. Material genetik yang digunakan adalah lima famili padi generasi F4, lima famili generasi F6, dan empat varietas padi sebagai cek. Keseluruhan karakter agronomis dan komponen hasil dievaluasi menggunakan uji Least Significant Increase (LSI), dan indeks seleksi (indeks Mulamba dan Mock, dan indeks jarak genotipe-ideotipe). Berdasarkan hasil uji LSI, famili PP48-5 dan famili SP101-3-1-5 menunjukkan penampilan terbaik pada hampir keseluruhan karakter dibandingkan dengan rata-rata terendah varietas pembandingnya. Berdasarkan nilai indeks seleksi hanya famili SP101-3-1-5 yang memiliki nilai indeks seleksi daya hasil tertinggi. SP101-3-1-5 terpilih sebagai famili yang berpotensi sebagai padi berdaya hasil tinggi
Seleksi Galur Generasi F4 Padi Beras Merah Tahan Rebah: Seleksi Galur Generasi F4 Padi Beras Merah Tahan Rebah
No full textLodging of the paddy plants causes a decrease in rice plant production. Lodging resistants rice plants can be produced through plant breeding. The purpose of the research is selection lodging resistant F4 lines. The research was carried out from December 2018 to May 2019 in the ultisol field, Bangka Regency, Bangka Belitung Province. The F4 lines were planted by a single plant design. Plants were selected using the pedigree method. The result showed that the characteristics of rice F4 lines from crossed were less than 90 cm of height and 70 selected F4 lines seemed to have lodging resistance based on the plant height character and also supported by stem diameter, panicle height, stem strength, and pithy seeds weight per clump.Kerebahan menyebabkan penurunan produksi tanaman padi. Tanaman padi tahan rebah dapat dihasilkan dari kegiatan pemuliaan tanaman. Tujuan penelitian adalah seleksi galur F4 tahan rebah. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Desember 2018 hingga Mei 2019 di lahan ultisol, Kabupaten Bangka, Provinsi Kepulauan Bangka Belitung. Penanaman galur dilakukan secara single plant. Metode seleksi yang digunakan adalah seleksi pedigree. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa karakteristik galur F4 padi terseleksi memiliki tinggi tanaman kurang dari 90 cm. Terdapat 70 galur F4 terseleksi memiliki ketahanan rebah berdasarkan karakter tinggi tanaman dan didukung oleh karakter diameter batang, panjang malai, kekuatan batang, dan berat biji bernas per rumpun
The Corn Development Strategy in Peat Soil With No Burning and Traditional Methods
Get PDFThe study aims to analyze the differences in the development of corn cultivation in peat soils between no-burning and traditional methods or with burning in Rasau Jaya District, Kubu Raya District. The fact that currently clearing forests is still using burning on agricultural land in general and especially on peat soil that is feared to experience underground burning is difficult to overcome and cause many losses. The development of corn on land without burning on peat soil is a solution for the community in maintaining ecosystem sustainability. The explanatory research is directed at testing hypotheses and following research objectives. Data collection by interview and questionnaire to 60 respondents were corn farmers on peat soil. The average difference test is used in explaining the difference in yield between the two methods of planting on peat soil. The results found that there were significant differences in the application of corn cultivation on peat soil without burning compared to the traditional method on the variables fertilizer, pesticide, business costs, and yields. In contrast, the planting area variable had no significant difference.The study aims to analyze the differences in the development of corn cultivation in peat soils between no-burning and traditional methods or with burning in Rasau Jaya District, Kubu Raya District. The fact that currently clearing forests is still using burning on agricultural land in general and especially on peat soil that is feared to experience underground burning is difficult to overcome and cause many losses. The development of corn on land without burning on peat soil is a solution for the community in maintaining ecosystem sustainability. The explanatory research is directed at testing hypotheses and following research objectives. Data collection by interview and questionnaire to 60 respondents were corn farmers on peat soil. The average difference test is used in explaining the difference in yield between the two methods of planting on peat soil. The results found that there were significant differences in the application of corn cultivation on peat soil without burning compared to the traditional method on the variables fertilizer, pesticide, business costs, and yields. In contrast, the planting area variable had no significant difference
Pengendalian Organisme Pengganggu Tanaman Melalui Solarisasi Tanah: Pengendalian Organisme Pengganggu Tanaman Melalui Solarisasi Tanah
No full textPlant-disturbing organisms such as pests, pathogens, and weeds cause problems in crop cultivation so they need proper handling. Soil solarization is an alternative to pest control. This paper discusses information on the control of disruptive organisms by solarizing technology. Some of the components that play a role in the solarization process, namely the sun as an energy source, plastic mulch as an energy source converter, and soil moisture as a trap and conductor of heat produced by plastic in deeper soil depths. Solarization of the soil is environmentally friendly and is carried out before planting by managing heat energy from solar radiation. The best soil solarization is by using transparent plastic sheets because they are translucent, where most of the light is transmitted through the plastic sheet and only a little is absorbed and reflected. High soil temperatures due to soil solarization can suppress soil pathogens, soil pests, and weed propagules and can increase soil fertility, growth, and crop yield.Organisme pengganggu tumbuhan (OPT) seperti hama, patogen, dan gulma menimbulkan masalah dalam budidaya tanaman sehingga perlu upaya penanganan yang tepat. Solarisasi tanah merupakan salah satu alternatif pengendalian OPT tersebut. Makalah ini membahas informasi tentang pengendalian organisme pengganggu tanaman dengan teknologi solarisasi. Beberapa komponen yang berperan dalam proses solarisasi yaitu radiasi matahari sebagai sumber energi, mulsa plastik sebagai pengubah sumber energi, serta lengas tanah sebagai penangkap dan penghantar panas yang dihasilkan plastik pada jeluk tanah yang lebih dalam. Solarisasi tanah bersifat ramah lingkungan dan dilakukan sebelum tanam dengan mengelola energi panas dari radiasi matahari. Solarisasi tanah terbaik yaitu dengan menggunakan lembaran plastik transparan karena bersifat tembus cahaya dimana sebagian besar cahaya ditransmisikan melalui lembaran plastik dan hanya sedikit yang diserap dan dipantulkan. Suhu tanah yang tinggi akibat solarisasi tanah dapat menekan patogen tanah, hama tanah, dan propagul gulma serta dapat meningkatkan kesuburan tanah, pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman
Evaluasi Karakter Agro-Morfologi pada 20 Genotipe Hasil Seleksi Temu Hitam (Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb.): Evaluasi Karakter Agro-Morfologi pada 20 Genotipe Hasil Seleksi Temu Hitam (Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb.)
No full textThe present study aimed to evaluate different agro-morphological traits among twenty genotypes of Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb. and three varieties of Curcuma zanthorrhiza Roxb. Agro-morphological data traits were investigated based on qualitative and quantitative parameters from PPVFRA descriptors with modification. All the recorded data was analyzed through SPSS 16.0 and R 3.4.2 for ANOVA and similarity analysis, respectively. Significant differences (P <0.05) were observed in the traits studied of the habit of the rhizome, the shape of the rhizome, length of primary rhizome, number of mother rhizome, plant height, pseudostem diameter, number of leaves, leaf length, leaf width, and number of shoots. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) classified the genotypes into three groups. The principal component analysis (PCA) were showed consistent with results of the HCA. These genotypes could be used as novel genotype in agricultural biochemistry for breeding programs.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi karakter agro-morfologi yang berbeda pada dua puluh genotipe temu hitam dan tiga varietas temulawak. Data karakter agro-morfologi dikarakterisasi berdasarkan parameter kualitatif dan kuantitatif sesuai deskriptor PPVFRA yang dimodifikasi. Semua data dicatat dan dianalisis dengan menggunakan SPSS untuk ANOVA dan R 3.4.2 untuk analisis kemiripan. Habitus rimpang, bentuk rimpang, panjang rimpang primer, jumlah rimpang induk, tinggi tanaman, diameter batang semu, jumlah daun, lebar daun, dan jumlah anakan merupakan karakter yang menghasilkan keragaman signifikan (P < 0.05). Analisis kluster hirarki mengklasifikasi kemiripan genotipe ke dalam tiga kelompok. Hasil yang sama juga ditunjukkan berdasarkan analisis komponen utama. Dengan demikian, genotipe tersebut dapat digunakan sebagai bahan genotipe yang baru dalam biokimia pertanian melalui program pemuliaan tanaman temu hitam
The Effects of Fertilizer Treatment, Rhizome Seed Size, and Day of Harvest In Java Turmeric (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.)
Get PDFJava turmeric (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) is cultivated as a secondary crop, resulting in variable rhizome quality which can be increased by suitable cultivation methods. This study investigated the effect of different cultivation methods on the rhizome yield of Java turmeric. Different fertilizer treatments(none, organic, inorganic, and semi-organic fertilizer), three groups of rhizome seed size (small (50–80 g), medium (100–150 g), and large (200–250 g)) and three groups of harvesting age (eight, ten, and twelve months after planting) were evaluated in a split plot design experiment. Results show that large rhizome seed size together with organic fertilizer treatment increased secondary rhizome production, yielding the highest number, weight and diameter. As high levels of starch in the primary rhizome are crucial for growth of the plant, the use of large rhizomes for propagation is indicated in Java turmeric cultivation. The highest weight and number of primary rhizomes were yielded when plants were harvested twelve months after planting.Java turmeric (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) is cultivated as a secondary crop, resulting in variable rhizome quality which can be increased by suitable cultivation methods. This study investigated the effect of different cultivation methods on the rhizome yield of Java turmeric. Different fertilizer treatments(none, organic, inorganic, and semi-organic fertilizer), three groups of rhizome seed size (small (50–80 g), medium (100–150 g), and large (200–250 g)) and three groups of harvesting age (eight, ten, and twelve months after planting) were evaluated in a split plot design experiment. Results show that large rhizome seed size together with organic fertilizer treatment increased secondary rhizome production, yielding the highest number, weight and diameter. As high levels of starch in the primary rhizome are crucial for growth of the plant, the use of large rhizomes for propagation is indicated in Java turmeric cultivation. The highest weight and number of primary rhizomes were yielded when plants were harvested twelve months after planting