Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics (JDDT)
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Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B, Anti-Hepatitis C, Human Immunodeficiency Viruses and Treponema Pallidum among Random Blood Donors at Somali Sudanese Specialized Hospital (SSSH), Mogadishu, Somalia: Hospital based study: Somali Sudanese Specialized Hospital (SSSH)
No full textBackground: Blood transfusion is one of essential and important components in Human health care system. Blood transfusion at sometimes poses the risk of transfusion transmitted infections; HBV, HCV, HIV and Syphilis infections. The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of HBV, anti-HCV, HIV and syphilis in random blood donors.
Materials and methods: The study was descriptive cross-sectional hospital-based study conducted at Somali Sudanese Specialized Hospital, Mogadishu, Somalia, during the period from December 2022 to March 2023. Blood samples were collected from 420 random blood donors. A total of five ml of whole blood was collected from each participant and divided into EDTA ant coagulated containers for hemoglobin estimation and into sterile plain containers for HBV, anti-HCV, HIV and syphilis screening. Estimation of hemoglobin concentration was done by using Hematology analyzer (URIT 5380), where HBV, anti-HCV, HIV, and Syphilis screening was done by using Immunochromatographic test (ICT).
Results: The results of this study revealed that the prevalence of HBV and Syphilis in the donors was 2.1% and 0.7% respectively, where the prevalence of HIV and HCV was 0%. The distribution of blood groups was 4.0%, 12.4%, and 26.9%, 0.5%, 51.4% and 4.8% (AB+ve, B+ve, A+ve, A-ve, O+ve, and O-ve) respectively, this showed that the most frequent Blood group was O positive followed by A positive.
Conclusion: This study concluded that the prevalence of HBV and syphilis was high in blood donors, where HIV and anti-HCV had low prevalence rate in the study population.
Keywords: HBV, HCV, HIV, syphilis, blood bank, blood transfusion, viral screenin
High concentration Amiodarone continuous infusion induced Phlebitis: A Case Report
Get PDFPhlebitis caused by high concentration amiodarone infusion is a rather uncommon occurrence. Phlebitis is one of the most reported causes of high concentration amiodarone continuous infusion in bradycardia. We reported a case of patient with continuous infusion of amiodarone induced phlebitis. Patient felt pain along the path of cannula, erythema, induration, palpable venous cord. Visual Infusion Phlebitis Score was assessed and VIP Score was found to be 4. We suspected the incidence of phlebitis due to high concentration and continuous infusion of IV amiodarone. In this case report, we would like to discuss about the standard protocol of IV administration of amiodarone, evaluation of phlebitis by Visual Infusion Phlebitis Score, and management of Phlebitis.
Keywords: Visual Infusion Phlebitis Score, amiodarone, phlebitis, tachyarrhythmia, peripheral administration
A Comprehensive Review on Effervescent Tablets
Get PDFEffervescent tablets are becoming increasingly popular due to their ease of administration and rapid onset of action. They typically contain acidic materials and carbonates or bicarbonates that react quickly in the presence of water, releasing carbon dioxide and improving API solubility and flavour masking. However, effervescent tablets can be bulky, and the reaction rate is difficult to control due to water\u27s catalytic effect. This article discusses the advantages and disadvantages of effervescent tablets, common effervescent reactions, active ingredients that can be formulated, and the preparation and manufacturing process. It also evaluates effervescent granules and tablets and explores the latest advancements in effervescent technology. Overall, effervescent tablets offer a promising option for drug delivery, and ongoing research will undoubtedly yield even more advanced formulations in the future.
Keywords: Effervescent granules, Effervescent tablets, Hot melt granulation, Carbon dioxide content, Water activit
Effect of Ethanolic Fraction of Anogeissus Leiocarpa on Renal Function in Wistar Rat
Get PDFObjective : This study investigated the effects of acute administration of ethanolic extract of Anogeissus leiocarpa on renal function in Wistar rats.
Materials and Methods : Wistar albino spawn and Anogeissus leiocarpa root bark were used as biological material for this study. The method employed was to administer single doses of ethanolic extract of Anogeissus leiocarpa root bark orally. Urine and blood samples were collected followed by measurement of renal markers (blood and urine urea and creatinine levels, urea and creatinine clearance).
Results: Serum urea and creatinine levels were unchanged compared with controls. In contrast, extract and furosemide caused a significant (p < 0.001), dose-dependent increase in urinary creatinine. Ethanolic extract of Anogeissus leiocarpa, at doses of 300 and 500 mg/kg bw, significantly increased creatinine and urea clearance and thus glomerular filtration rate.
Conclusion : Levels and clearances of urea and creatinine, kidney biomarkers, were not altered. This study shows that the extract is not nephrotoxic.
Keywords : Anogeissus leiocarpa, glomerular filtration rate, nephrotoxic, urea, creatinin
Exploration of 4-Chloro-3-nitrocoumarin: Spectroscopic Analysis, DFT Insights, Molecular Docking, Assessments of Antibacterial and In Vitro Anticancer Activities as a Potent Bioactive Agent
Get PDFThe detailed theoretical and experimental (FT-IR, FT-Raman, UV-visible) spectroscopy analyses of the 4-Chloro-3-nitrocoumarin (CNC) molecule were carried out. The CNC compound\u27s pharmacological properties were also investigated utilizing antibacterial and anticancer activity investigations. Initially, the CNC molecule was optimized by the density functional theory B3LYP method with a cc-pVTZ basis set using the Gaussian 09W program. The optimized molecular structure provides the harmonic vibrational frequencies of the CNC molecule. The observed and computed vibrational wavenumbers were assigned and found to be well correlated. UV-Vis absorption spectrum analysis indicates that the molecule contains π→π* electronic transition. Frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs) analysis indicates that the LUMO of CNC molecule is mainly located over the nitro group, it indicates that the nitro group is particularly prone to accepting electrons from other molecules and participate in chemical reactions where acts as an electrophile. Mulliken atomic charge distribution analysis further confirms the FMOs results. The antibacterial test results validate that the CNC molecule exhibits a stronger inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus compared to the other tested bacteria. In vitro anticancer cytotoxicity analysis clearly evidences that the CNC compound inhibits the growth of HeLa cervical cancer cell lines more than A549 lung cancer cell lines. In silico molecular docking study further validates that the CNC molecule inhibits the function of the p38a Mitogen-activated protein kinase 14, which has been associated with cervical cancer. As a result, the present study paves the way for the development of new drugs to treat cervical cancer.
Keywords: 4-Chloro-3-nitrocoumarin; DFT; FT-IR; FT-Raman; Anticancer; Molecular docking; Cervical cancer drug
A study to assess the knowledge and practice regarding sanitation and hygiene among women in parts of Delhi, India
Get PDFBackground: Poor hygienic practices, inadequate water supply, and poor sanitary conditions play a major role in the spread of infectious diseases. So, safe drinking water and basic sanitation is of crucial importance to the prevention of health problems.
Objects: To study the knowledge, attitude, and practices related to drinking water and sanitation facilities among the urban slum population of different areas of Delhi.
Design: Open label, observational, non-randomized, community-based study.
Methodology: A cross-sectional study was designed to evaluate the knowledge of 297 females of different slum areas of Delhi regarding sanitation and hygiene, their attitude, and practices were collected using a previously validated questionnaire. The data obtained was analyzed on MS Office (Excel).
Major Outcome: Major Outcome: Findings of the study showed that 42% of the subjects had average knowledge and 75 % of the subjects followed unsafe practices on water, sanitation and hygiene.
Result: The study was conducted on 297 housewives having mean age as 34.14 years living mostly in joint family with 6000- 12000 monthly family income. 76.4% had toilet in their household but lack proper water disposal system.
Conclusion: Conclusion: The knowledge and practice on hygiene and sanitation among the households of slum areas of Delhi was found to be satisfactory. This study found significant association between knowledge, practice, age, education, occupation, family income per month. It was observed that young women had good knowledge however financial constrains rule the roast.
Keywords: Sanitation and hygiene; Knowledge; Attitude; Practices, WASH
A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Virulina® along with standard treatment as per hospital protocol for the treatment of novel coronavirus (COVID-19)
Get PDFBackground: There is a high priority for the treatment of mild or moderate COVID-19 in an outpatient setting.
Objective: To test the efficacy, safety and tolerability of Virulina® in mild or moderate COVID-19 patients.
Methods: We carried out a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial involving adult (18-70yrs) mild or moderate COVID-19 patients, randomized 1:1 on Virulina® (3 gm, maximum 14 days) or placebo respectively along with standard-of-care. The primary endpoint was the time taken for nasopharyngeal swab RT-PCR to test negative. And the average change in the ordinal scale from the baseline scores on the eight-point WHO ordinal scale was assessed.
Results: 30 outpatients were selected between 13 July 2020 to 13 August 2020. 93.33% of Virulina® treated patients were virologically cured compared to 53.33% in the placebo group (p= 0.001). The disappearance rates of major symptoms were significantly high in Virulina® plus standard treatment group compared with standard treatment alone.
Conclusion: Virulina® meets the primary and secondary endpoint criteria and exhibits statistically significant efficacy for mild or moderate COVID-19 patients. It is efficacious, safe, and well-tolerated at the tested dosage of 3gm for a maximum of 14 days.
Keywords: COVID-19; herbal medicine; immunomodulation; clinical trial
Histopatological Changes in Plasenta Previa, Plasenta Acreata and Normotensive Plasentas in the 3rd Trimestry of Pregnancy
Get PDFIntroduction: One of the consequences of improper placentation is placenta previa, a condition in which the placenta is located on or near the internal cervical os. This condition is the major cause of bleeding in the last trimester of pregnancy. It is one of the causes of both maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Placenta accreta is a disorder caused by abnormal invasion of the placental villi into the myometrium. In this study, we aimed to compare the histopathologic changes in placenta previa, placenta acreata and normotensive placentas during the third trimester of pregnancy.
Materials and methods: In our study, placentas of a total of 60 pregnant women including 20 placenta previa, 20 placenta acreata and 20 normotensive pregnant women were used and the placentas were compared histopathologically.
Results: In the control group placentas, the appearance of endothelial cells was normal, with a slight distribution of erythrocytes in the intervillous areas. Fibrinoid structures were observed to be smooth. Dysfunctional development of endothelial cells was observed in the sections of the placenta acreata group. Congestion and edema were observed in the vessels and degeneration was detected in the cells in the syncytial region. In placenta previa sections, muscle cells showed prominent pyknotic nucleus structures. Dilatations and fibronoid structures were seen in the vessels. Dense erythrocyte accumulation was detected in the intervillous areas.
Conclusion: In our study, we concluded that placenta previa and placenta accreta cause very serious degenerations on the placentas.
Keywords: Placenta, Placenta Previa, Plasenta Acreata, histopatolog
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: A Review
Get PDFTherapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is well known for adjusting a patient’s medication dose such that the level of drug in their blood remains within a therapeutic range. TDM requires the concentration of a medication to be measured in a variety of physiological fluids.The method by which the medicine is manufactured also has an impact, because certain synthesised pharmaceuticals behave differently in the body than their licenced counterparts. TDM is one of the numerous areas where pharmacoeconomics is now being used. This is happening as both physicians and the general public grow increasingly worried about rising health-care expenses and the preparedness that has been identified as a consequence of using TDM. TDM helps in minimising risk while taking drugs like digoxin, aminoglycosides and various other drugs with narrow therapeutic index. TDM helps in identifying safer drug and dose of a drug by analysing the effects of the drug. TDM is used to ensure that the dosage of medication that you are taking is safe and effective. TDM is the clinical practice that monitors a drug’s or its metabolite’s concentration to guide personalized dosing with the goal of achieving a concentration target that is related to a desired treatment outcome.
Keywords: Therapeutic drug monitoring, vancomycin, aminoglycosides, digitalis, adverse effects
A study on the reduction of antibiotic use by introducing organic acids in broiler chicken feed in the district of Abidjan - Ivory Coast
Get PDFThe use of organic acids in the diet of animals is potentially beneficial for maintaining intestinal hemostasis and controlling the growth of pathogenic bacteria. The objective of this study was to experiment with organic acids as additives to antibiotics used by farmers. A total of 490 broilers were studied in this study and were divided into 5 lots of 98 subjects. The experimental core consisted of Fysal, Fysal-Selko, Selko, Patheryl (reference antibiotic) and Control. The experimental products were introduced in the drinking water (Selko pH) and in the feed (Fysal MP). A high feed consumption was noticed in the Fysal lot with 80.44±44g/chicken followed respectively by the Pteryl lots with 79.48 ± 42.25g/chicken, Fysal-Selko with 79.34 ± 43.62g/chicken, Selko with 77.27 ± 41.39g/chicken and finally Control with 76.01 ± 39.41g/chicken. The weight gain was high in the Fysal lot with 1770 ± 623.38g followed respectively by the Fysal-Selko lots with 1709 ± 606.05g, Pteryl with 1619 ± 577.70g, Selko with 1607 ± 567.90g against the Control lot with 1550 ± 544.41g. A mortality rate of 3.06% was recorded only in the Selko lot. Economically, the lots (Fysal, Fysal-Selko and Selko) that consumed the feed and water containing organic acids recorded higher profits compared to the Control and Pteryl batches. The organic acids such as Fysal MP and Selko pH could be used as alternatives to antibiotics in poultry farming.
Keywords: Broiler, growth performance, organic acids, antibiotic