Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics (JDDT)
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Literature Review on the Therapeutic Potential of NAMPT in Brain Diseases
Get PDFNicotinamide Phosphoribosyl transferase (NAMPT) is an important enzyme in the biosynthesis NAD+ and the byproduct nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) is also a vital intermediate in NAD+ synthesis. More importantly, the enzyme has been found to have therapeutic potential in the management and treatment of brain diseases such as stroke, depression, and cerebral ischemic injury. In this review, we looked critically at studies that have sought to explore the activities of NAMPT in the brain, the relevant pathways, the byproducts, and precursors of NAMPT with the hope to utilizing the knowledge gotten from the studies to project the possibility of utilizing the enzyme as a better way to treat brain diseases. The enzyme is projected to have a double-edged influence on cell processes and aging Likewise, it has neuroprotective advantages in neurons that express them. More scientific studies have shown that NAMPT is involved in the chain of activities involved in preventing depression. This review further elaborates on the therapeutic potentials of NAMPT, and also seeks to recommend further studies in this field to be carried out on a regular basis due to its promising potential.
Keywords: NAMPT; Brain; Therapeutic potential; Diseases; NAD; Cerebral ischemic injury, Strok
A Review on Strategies for COVID-19 Vaccine Development and Regulatory Requirements
Get PDFScientists first identified Human Coronavirus in the year 1965. Then, a study was performed on different human and animal viruses, which were named based on their crown-like appearance. Human coronaviruses are responsible for many children\u27s upper respiratory tract infections. At least five new human coronaviruses have been identified since 2003, including the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus, which caused significant morbidity and mortality.1 Per NL and the New Haven, the virus associated with upper and lower respiratory tract disease and likely common human pathogens are identified as the Group-I coronaviruses (SARS- CoV-I). The novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-II), which appeared in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, is responsible for Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and causes respiratory symptoms that can feel like a cold, flu, or pneumonia. Geographical transmission of the virus and the sudden increase in cases are much faster than SARS and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). COVID-19 is the first global pandemic caused by a coronavirus causing outbreaks in 211 countries. The vaccine against COVID-19 is an effective prophylactic strategy for controlling and preventing the virus. The vaccine is being developed in about 90 institutions worldwide. This research paper focuses on COVID-19 vaccine development strategies implemented by various institutions and pharmaceutical companies worldwide and regulatory requirements for vaccine approval.
Keywords: Human Coronavirus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), COVID-19 vaccine development strategie
Exploring the Potential of Ketoprofen Nanosuspension: In Vitro and In Vivo Insights into Drug Release and Bioavailability
Get PDFLow water solubility and high permeability present formulation challenges for drugs categorized as Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) Class II, resulting in reduced bioavailability. This research focuses on addressing the solubility issues of BCS Class II drugs, including Simvastatin, Ketoprofen, griseofulvin, ibuprofen, ketoconazole, and carbamazepine, which exhibit high permeability but poor solubility. A potential strategy to improve the solubility and bioavailability of these drugs is the utilization of nanosuspensions.
This study investigates the application of nanosuspension technology to enhance the solubility of Ketoprofen, a BCS Class II drug. By reducing the drug\u27s particle size within the nanosuspension, solubility is improved, leading to increased bioavailability and optimized therapeutic efficacy. The research includes in vitro and in vivo experiments to evaluate the drug release profiles and bioavailability of Ketoprofen-loaded nanosuspensions.
Significant findings from this research include the demonstration of improved bioavailability and enhanced drug release properties achieved with the nanosuspension formulation. In vitro studies show increased drug dissolution rates and improved release profiles compared to conventional formulations. In vivo experiments reveal enhanced pharmacokinetic parameters and therapeutic effectiveness of Ketoprofen when administered through the nanosuspension.
These results highlight the potential of nanosuspensions as an efficient drug delivery system for BCS Class II drugs, addressing their solubility limitations and improving their bioavailability. The findings contribute to the development of novel strategies in pharmacology for enhancing drug solubility and therapeutic outcomes. Overall, this research emphasizes the significance of nanosuspension technology in optimizing the delivery of BCS Class II drugs and offers valuable insights for future formulation development and therapeutic applications.
Keywords: Ketoprofen, Nanosuspensions, Ultrasonication, Precipitation, Dissolution rate, Oral bioavailability
Formulation and evaluation of Polyherbal tablet by using Neem, Tulsi, Turmeric and Ginger extract
Get PDFIntroduction: Cold and cough is the common disease condition which effects patient of every age. The treatment approach of medicinal herbs has been recognized for many decades and even longer for the treatment and prevention of cold and cough. The aim of the study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of polyherbal tablet. Polyherbal tablet containing herbs like Neem (Azadirachta indica), Tulsi (Ocimum tenuiflorum), Ginger (Zingiber officinale), Turmeric (Curcuma longa) is used for curing cold and cough. This tablet formulation reduces the healing time for sore throat and boost up the immunity.
Materials and methods: The preparation of the extract and manufacturing of the polyherbal tablet is by processing technique with extract based herbal formulation and evaluation for analytical standardization including qualitative and quantitative determination were carried out. The tablets were weighed individually, the hardness and thickness were measured, friability of the tablet was measured, and the disintegration time was observed. The colour was observed to be brownish yellow and no odour.
Discussion: When combining the multiple herbs in a particular ratio, it will give a better therapeutic effect and reduce the toxicity. This review mainly focusses on importance of the polyherbalism and its clinical significance.
Keywords: Polyherbal tablets, formulation, evaluation, hardness, disintegration time
Saccopetalum tomentosum: Review of Its Botany, Medicinal Uses, Pharmacological Activities and Phytochemistry
Get PDFGreen medicine, or pharmaceuticals made from plants, has gained widespread interest since they are thought to be more trustworthy and safe than expensive synthetic drugs with side effects. Miliusa species include Saccopetalum tomentosum (S. tomentosum). Plants of S. tomentosum are abundant in tropical and subtropical areas, particularly in mainland Asia. In examining phytochemical and pharmacological features, more than ten Miliusa species were highlighted. S. tomentosum from Vietnam, Taiwan, and China was one of the main targets for phytochemical research. The isolation of numerous secondary metabolites has been successful. Alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, styryls, and lactones are just a few of the chemical components obtained from S. tomentosum, but serial new derivatives of geranylated homogentisic acid may serve as biomarkers for differentiating Miliusa species. Simple, alternating, ovate, pubescent to glabrous, membranous leaves. Flowers solitary, fascicled or in cymes, extra-axillary or axillary, with oval or obovate bracts, monoecious, dioecious, or occasionally polygamous. Three sepals, valvate, Petals are arranged in two series, six in total, and are valvate in the buds. The outer petals resemble sepals in size and shape, while the inner petals are larger and thinner. Anthers are globose and extrorse, the connectives are slightly apiculate, and the stamens can be definite or indeterminate. Ovules 1–10, stigma club-shaped, style often short, and carpels indefinitely linear-oblong in shape. Numerous, stalked or subsessile, ovoid or rectangular, ripe carpels 1-2 or more seeds.
Keywords: S. tomentosum, Phytochemistry, Pharmacological activity, Ayurveda, Medicinal use
Comparative Study on the Efficacy of Vipadika Hara Ghrita and Taila Prepared with Go Ksheera and Arka Ksheera in the Management of Vipadika Kushta: A Case Study
Get PDFObjective: In Ayurveda, majority of skin diseases are dealt under broader term Kushta. As per acharya Charaka, Vipadika kushta is classified under Kshudra kushta. This can be correlated with Palmo-plantar psoriasis, which mainly effects palms and soles of a person causing cracks associated with severe pain, itching, discolouration and burning sensation. In the present study, an effort is made to compare clinical efficacy of Vipadikahara ghrita and taila prepared using go ksheera and arka ksheera in two different batches for the treatment of Vipadika kushta. Intervention: Vipadikahara ghrita & taila is a yamaka preparation that is mentioned in both charaka samhitha and ashtanga hridaya kushta chikitsa adhyaya, in the context of vipadika kushta. In this formulation ksheera is one of the ingredients, where specific type of ksheera to be used is not specified in charaka samhitha. Whereas in ashtanga hridaya commentary by Kaviraj Athrideva Gupta, usage of arka ksheera is mentioned. As specific ksheera is not mentioned in Charaka samhitha, go ksheera is taken and its effect is compared with the arka ksheera. Vipadikahara Ghrita & taila is administered externally for 15 days and changes are noted. Results: Vipadikahara ghrita & taila prepared with go ksheera helped in reducing only pain, whereas that prepared with arka ksheera reduced pain, itching, discolouration and size of the lesion. Conclusion: Hence it can be said that arka ksheera is found to be more effective in the present case study.
Keywords: Vipadika kushta, Vipadika hara ghrita & taila, Go ksheera, Arka ksheera, Palmo-plantar Psoriasis
Contemporary Review on Solubility Enhancement Techniques
Get PDFThe limited water solubility of pharmacoactive molecules hinders their ability to be used as pharmacological agents, yet the indispensability of a certain solubility parameter precludes any compromises. To overcome this challenge, various methods are employed in order to increase their bioavailability. Pharmaceutical molecules with lower solubility present an elevated risk of failure for drug development and innovation. Their solubility affects important processes such as pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, distribution, protein binding, and absorption. As a result these parameters are greatly impacted by the dissolution rate of a particular molecule. Out of all pharmaceutical dosage forms, more than half are oral. For the drug molecule to reach its target site and be effective therapeutically, solubility and bioavailability must be taken into consideration. Unfortunately, during screening programs conducted by the pharmaceutical industry it became evident that nearly 40% of new chemical entities (NCEs) face various roadblocks when transitioning from formulation to development due to their poor solubility and bioavailability. The pharmaceutical industry is constantly confronted with the difficulty of improving drug bioavailability and solubility in formulations. This article covers a range of technological advancements to boost the solubility of insoluble drugs, such as complexation, emulsions and micelles production, microemulsion generation with cosolvents, polymeric micelle preparation methods, particle size decrease techniques, pharmaceutical salts application, prodrugs usage, solid-state alteration practices, soft gel technology implementation crystal engineering approaches and nanomorphology. Through this review, we will discuss a variety of more complex methods for improving solubility and bioavailability such as crystal engineering, micronization, solid dispersions, nano sizing, and use of cyclodextrins, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNPs), colloidal drug delivery systems and drug conjugates. We\u27ll also provide references to studies that have been conducted in connection with these topics.
Keywords: Solubility, permeability, bioavailability, nano particles drug delivery systems, microemulsions, low water solubilit
Transferosomes: A Novel Topical Approach: A NOVEL TOPICAL APPROACH
No full textTransdermal drug delivery technologies have gained attention in recent years due to their advantages over conventional drug delivery systems. Transdermal drug delivery is limited because the stratum corneum functions as a barrier. Transferosomes are ultradeformable vesicles consisting of a lipid bilayer with phospholipids and an edge activator. After topical treatment, transferosomes can deliver larger quantities of active ingredients to deeper skin layers than liposomes. Generally, molecules with a molecular weight of more than 500 Daltons cannot penetrate through skin. As a result, this route can only be used to give a few medications. Therefore, this issue can be solved by encapsulating the medicine in a transferosome. Drugs that are hydrophilic, lipophilic or amphiphilic can be enclosed in transferosomes, which have a bilayer structure and a higher penetration efficiency than traditional liposomes. The most prevalent lipid found in a cell membrane, phosphatidylcholine, is found in high concentrations in the majority of transferosomes. Surfactants including sodium deoxycholate, Tween 80, and span 80 are frequently utilized as edge activators since they increase skin tolerance and reduce the chance of unfavorable effects. Due to their elastic nature, transferosomes can bend and squeeze themselves as a complete vesicle through tiny pores that are much smaller than their size.
Keywords: Transferosomes, Transdermal drug delivery, stratum corneu
Comparisons between Hydro and Steam Distillation Processes to Extract Prunella Vulgaris Volatile Compounds, and their Anti-oxidative Activities
Get PDFObjective The aim is to verify our earlier suggestion which accounted for the dynamics of volatile compounds extraction from the herb Prunella vulgaris (PV) using steam distillation. Then, the anti-oxidative property of PV is explored.
Methods Because we suggested earlier that the inefficient extraction using steam distillation was due to the obstruction of a mass of herb in the steam flow path, we used hydro distillation which tried to eliminate this obstacle. We used GC-MS to characterize the volatile compounds extracted, and thus compare the extraction efficiency. Then, treating the cancer cells from the SCC154 cell-line with the distillate, the cancer cell cytotoxicity was assessed using the colorimetric test reagent, the Cell Counting Kit-8. To assess the anti-oxidative activity of the PV distillate, Folin-Ciocalteu reagent was used.
Results We successfully showed that the removal of the obstacle, formed by the mass of herb in the steam flow path, enhanced the efficiency of volatile compound extraction. Also, we showed that the PV distillate did not exhibit anti-oxidative activity.
Conclusions Hydro distillation is a more efficient method than steam distillation to extract volatile compounds from the PV herb. However, mild heating did not provide sufficient energy to the convection of the boiling water to move the floating herb; the obstacle still existed and limited the efficiency of extraction also. For another issue of the antioxidant effect of the volatile compounds from PV, it was studied using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. It showed that the PV volatile compounds did not possess antioxidant property.
Keywords: Prunella vulgaris, Xia Ku Cao, Chinese Medicine, steam distillation, hydro distillation, anti-oxidative effec
