Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics (JDDT)
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Evaluation of In-vitro Antioxidant and Antimutagenic Effect of Annona squamosa Leaves Extract
Get PDFGreen medicine, the drugs derived from plants attained a wide spread interest, as believed to be safe and dependable, compared with costly synthetic drugs that have adverse effects. In this study, Annona Squamosa (A. squamosa) have been investigated for their phytochemical, antioxidant, antimutagenic activities. Qualitative analysis of various phytochemical constituents and quantitative analysis of total phenol were determined by the well-known test protocol available in the literature. The extraction yield was found in the order: methanol>water>ethyl acetate>hexane. The extracts found to possess saponin glycosides, cardiac glycosides, phenolics, terpenoids, sterols, and flavonoids. The total phenolic content of hexane, ethyl acetate, methanolic and aqueous extract of A. squamosa were 3.04±0.37, 5.83±0.29, 31.42±2.35, and 27.21±1.06 GAE mg/g, respectively. The methanolic extracts exhibited highest amount of total polyphenol content compared to all other solvent extracts. The ethyl acetate, methanolic and aqueous extracts were evaluated for their antioxidant potential in terms of DPPH radical scavenging capabilities. The scavenging was found to dose dependent with IC50 value of 185.24, 103.09 and 160.17 µg/ml for the ethyl acetate, methanol and aqueous extracts respectively. The antimutagenic potential of the methanolic extract was studied using Ames test using T98 strain of Salmonella typhimurium applying NPD as the mutagen. The number of reverant colonies were counted using a digital colony counter and the reduction in colonies was calculated as the activity (%) of the extract at four doses. The reverent colonies were visible as lawn like structures on the surface of the plate and were significantly lower compared to positive control in the extract plate and the negative control. The extract was able to control the growth of reverant colonies upto 79.30% in comparison to the mutagenic control. The results show that the methanolic extract of A. squamosa leaf was able to exhibit a dose regulated antimutagenic activity by inhibiting the growth of His+ reverant colonies of Salmonella typhimurium.
Keywords: Green medicine, Annona Squamosa, Phytochemical, Antioxidant, Antimutagenic activities, Salmonella typhimuriu
A comprehensive analysis of Cestrum nocturnum: Its phytochemical composition, pharmacological applications, and toxicity profile in the context of traditional medicinal practices
Get PDFAccording to traditional medicine, the study gives a full look at the phytochemical makeup, pharmacological uses, and toxic profile of Cestrum nocturnum (night-blooming jasmine). The review sought to connect traditional knowledge with scientific evidence, assessing the therapeutic potential and safety concerns linked to this plant. The methods involved conducting a comprehensive search of peer-reviewed literature and ethnobotanical databases. The focus was on studies that examined the chemical composition, pharmacological effects, and toxicological properties of Cestrum nocturnum. The data pertaining to traditional uses, active compounds, therapeutic effects, dosage, and adverse reactions were thoroughly extracted and carefully analyzed. The results indicate that Cestrum nocturnum contains a range of phytochemicals, such as alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, and essential oils. Pharmacological studies have extensively documented its various effects, including anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial, anticonvulsant, and sedative properties. Common applications involve the treatment of ailments like epilepsy, anxiety, and skin disorders. Nevertheless, there have been some concerns raised about the plant\u27s toxicity, specifically related to the presence of solanine alkaloids. In conclusion, Cestrum nocturnum shows great potential as a source of bioactive compounds that could have valuable therapeutic applications. However, more research is needed, including thorough clinical trials and toxicity assessments, to determine the safety and effectiveness of this treatment for specific conditions. This review highlights the significance of combining traditional knowledge with scientific validation to fully harness the potential of Cestrum nocturnum in modern medicine, while also prioritizing its safe and responsible utilization.
Keywords: Cestrum nocturnum, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, traditional medicin
Successful Outcome of Secondary Infertility with Multidrug Therapy in a Long-Standing Case of multisystem involvement
Get PDFA case of secondary infertility with multisystem involvement is being presented herewith. Secondary infertility indicates previous pregnancy but failure to conceive subsequently. Numbers of secondary infertility are growing day by day. Many factors like age, unwholesome lifestyle, disturbed schedule, diet, stress is accountable for it. Due to involvement of these all factors sometimes a female may expose to multiple metabolic disorders resulting into infertility. Aim: To study the outcome of Ayurvedic treatment in management of secondary infertility. Objective: To access the role of Ayurvedic management in secondary infertility. Methodology: It is a single case study of secondary infertility due to multiple metabolic disorders. Case description: A female aged 31years, had pain during menstruation and regular cycles with history of left tube removal due to ectopic pregnancy visited for wants to conceive. She had history of treatment at various private centers and had multisystem metabolic disorders. She was advised Ayurvedic oral medications along with yogabasti. Outcome: After Ayurveda interventions she conceived. Conclusion: Ayurvedic management by improving the health and reproductive ability of a woman may help to conceive. The probable mechanism for the efficacy of multidrug therapy in multisystem disorders gives ray of hope to numerous.
Keywords: Infertility, Conception, Menstrual Cycle, Hydrosalpin
A Systematic Review of Nano-Encapsulation for Improving the Bioavailability of Dietary Supplements and Nutraceuticals
Get PDFNanoencapsulation is a growing technique in the field of nutraceuticals and dietary supplements, offering several advantages over non-encapsulated forms. This systematic review assesses the impact of nanoencapsulation on key factors such as bioavailability, stability, tolerance, and encapsulation efficiency. The selected studies demonstrate that nanoencapsulation enhances the protection and controlled release of bioactive compounds, leading to improved efficacy and therapeutic potential. Furthermore, it increases the bioavailability of nutrients and active ingredients while maintaining their stability under different conditions. The review also highlights the positive effects on product safety and consumer tolerance, making nanoencapsulation a promising strategy for optimizing the formulation of dietary supplements. These findings suggest that nanoencapsulation could play a critical role in advancing the effectiveness of nutraceutical products.
Keywords: Nanoencapsulation, dietary supplements, nutraceuticals, efficacy, bioavailability, stabilit
Timolol Maleate Microspheres: An Ingenious Carrier for Sustained Release Antihypertensive Formulation
Get PDFBackground: Timolol maleate is classified as a BCS Class I drug and functions as a non-selective β-adrenergic receptor blocker. Its ability to lower heart rate and cardiac output has led to its widespread use in the treatment of hypertension.
Objective: Timolol maleate has a short half-life and is rapidly cleared from the body, which limits its therapeutic effectiveness, requiring frequent dosing and potentially affecting patient adherence. To overcome these challenges, sustained-release microspheres of Timolol maleate were developed using the ion gelation method.
Method: The ion gelation technique was employed to create the microspheres due to its various advantages, including ease of use, scalability and gentle processing conditions.
Results: All batches exhibited a comparatively lower swelling index in 0.1M HCl (pH 1.2) than in SIF (pH 6.8). It was observed that increasing the concentration of sodium alginate resulted in higher drug content. The microspheres were sized between 400 and 900 μm and demonstrated excellent flow characteristics. An optimized batch achieved an entrapment efficiency of 88.83% and released 92.15% of the drug over 7 hrs. Furthermore, stability studies conducted according to ICH Q1A(R2) for 3 months at 5±3°C and 25±2°C/60±5% RH indicated no significant changes in evaluation parameters.
Conclusion: The optimized Timolol maleate-loaded microspheres effectively provided sustained drug release through the membrane over 7 hrs. This study contributes to the development of improved drug delivery systems for better hypertension management, addressing the unmet needs in patient compliance.
Keywords: Timolol Maleate, Microspheres, Ion gelation method, Sodium alginate, Calcium chloride, Sustained release, Hypertensio
Evaluation of Proteinuria in Diabetic Patients Attending Gitwe District Hospital
Get PDFBackground: Proteinuria is a serious condition in which body proteins leak into urine due to kidney dysfunction nearly always caused by elevated serum glucose due to prolonged diabetes. Proteinuria occurs and affects individuals with diabetes, approximately 25% of diabetic patients may have proteinuria.
Aim: The aim of this study is to assess the levels of serum glucose and proteins in urine and their association in diabetic patients attending Gitwe District Hospital.
Methodology: The study population mainly comprised of diabetic patients, 110 study participants were included. Blood was drawn from finger for testing serum glucose using glucometer and urine samples were collected from diabetic patients and samples were analyzed in parasitology service using urine chemistry strips for proteins in urine testing.
Results: During data analysis, SPSS version 22 was used, the majority were female with 66.4% while 33.6% were male. The highest frequency of participants presented in this study were 27(24.6%) found in [43-52] years old. The mean age was 53 years ± 13.882 SD (ranged from 23 to 86 years). 53.7% had normal serum glucose level while 46.3% had high serum glucose level. However, 63.6% had no proteinuria while 20.0% had trace, 11.8% had mild and 4.6% had moderate proteinuria levels. Association between serum glucose and proteinuria was analyzed for statistical significance with Chi-square test and it was statistically significant as their p values were below 0.05(P-value of 0.000).
Conclusion: The study found that high serum glucose level leads to the presence of proteins in the urine. This study recommends regular monitoring of serum glucose levels, as well as routine urine tests to detect proteinuria as essential components of diabetes management and other researchers to study the effects of proteinuria in diabetic patients.
Keywords: Proteinuria, serum glucose, proteins, diabetic patients
Analytical Techniques for the Determination of Metformin and its Combinations with Oral Antidiabetic Agents in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms: Combinations with Sulphonylurea Antidiabetic Drugs
Get PDFThe sulfonylurea class of antidiabetic agents includes a range of closely related compounds, allowing for similar analytical approaches when combined with metformin. This article provides a comprehensive review of published methods for determining sulfonylureas and metformin combinations in bulk and pharmaceutical preparations. Various techniques such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), thin-layer chromatography (TLC), capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), and spectrophotometric methods have been widely used for these compounds, yielding reliable results. Additionally, the article discusses the number of citations for each method and its specific purpose, offering critical commentary.
Keywords: metformin; sulphonylureas; combination; determination; analytical technique
Efficacy of Wet Cupping in the Management of Sciatica: A Case Report
Get PDFSciatica, a prevalent and debilitating condition, is characterized by radiating pain along the sciatic nerve, often resulting from lumbar disc herniation, spinal stenosis, or degenerative disc disease. In Unani medicine, the condition is referred to as Irq-un-Nasa, considered a subtype of Waja-ul-Mafasil (joint pain). Unani texts attribute the cause of Irq-un-Nasa to the accumulation of morbid humors (khilt) like Khilt-e-Balgham or Khilt-e-Dam, causing inflammation and obstruction in the affected nerves and joints.This study evaluates the effectiveness of Hijama (wet cupping therapy) in treating sciatica through two case reports. Case 1 involves a 38-year-old female with L5-S1 disc herniation and left-sided sciatica, while Case 2 concerns a 42-year-old male with right-sided sciatica due to lumbar spondylosis. Both patients underwent four sessions of Hijama over 28 days. Results were measured using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for pain assessment. These findings indicate that Hijama effectively alleviated sciatica pain in both cases. The therapeutic effect of Hijama is believed to involve neural, haematological, and immune mechanisms, promoting pain relief, blood circulation, and immune modulation. The results suggest Hijama as an effective, low-cost alternative for managing sciatica.
Keywords: Irq-un-Nasa, lumbar disc herniation, Low Back Pain, Unani medicine, Hijama, wet cupping therapy
Phytochemical, GC-MS, FTIR and Amino acid profile of methanol extract of Tetrapleura tetraptera fruit
Get PDFThe methanolic fruit extract of Tetrapleura tetraptera was analyzed for the presence of phytocompounds, their bioactivity, the functional groups involved in this activity, and its amino acid profile using standard procedures. Phytochemicals such as tannins, phenols, flavonoids, and alkaloids were identified as being highly present. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) analysis identified 16 bioactive compounds, with 2-thiopheneethanol (58.77%) being the most abundant. Curcumin, with the most diverse pharmacological role, and other bioactive compounds such as cedren-13-ol, 8 (1.56%), N-benzyl stearamide (4.46%), a prominent fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor; pthalic acid, butyl undecyl ester (1.49%); and phenol, 2, 6-bis (1,1 dimethyl ethyl) (1.46%), were also present. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis confirmed the presence of alkanes, esters, benzene rings, aliphatic, sulfonic acid, and methylene chains. Also, the amino acid analysis of the T. tetraptera revealed that the fruit contains 18 amino acids. Leucine (4.20%), phenylalanine (3.37%), and valine (3.25%) were the most abundant essential amino acids identified, with glutamic (7.20%) and aspartic acid (5.61%) having the highest concentrations as non-essential amino acids. This therefore indicates that T. tetraptera fruit could be used as a pharmacological or therapeutic agent as well as a dietary condiment, particularly at this time when there is a demand for novel protein sources.
Keywords: Tetrapleura tetraptera, phytochemicals, GC-MS, FTIR, amino acid, curcumi
Pharmacological Potentials of Omega 3 Fatty Acid in Reduction of Atrial Fibrillation
Get PDFAtrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common type of arrhythmia in the general population with a prevalence that reaches one third of patients with arterial hypertension, diabetic and other risk factors. In atrial fibrillation, the regular impulses produced by the sinus node for a normal heart beat are overwhelmed by rapid electrical discharges produced in the atria and adjacent parts of the pulmonary veins. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), namely eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are permanent subjects of interest in relation to the protection of cardiovascular health and the prevention of the incidence of both ventricular and atrial arrhythmias. It has been proposed that Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid possess anti-inflammatory properties that can inhibit arrhythmogenic mechanisms. Potential Targets of Omega-3 PUFAs Relevant to Arrhythmias Prevention are direct inhibition of sarcolemmal ion channels & restoring cardiac connexion channels. Intake of omega-3 fatty acids significantly prevents the occurrence of AF. The purpose of this review is to focus on the novel cellular and molecular effects of omega-3 PUFAs, in the context of the mechanisms and factors involved in the development of atrial fibrillation.
Keywords: Eicosapentaenoic acid, Docosahexaenoic acid, Atrial Fibrillation, Polyunsaturated fatty acids, Arrhythmias