Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics (JDDT)
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Effects of Extraction Methods on the Physicochemical Properties and Biological Activities of heteroglycans from Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx
Get PDFThe hot-water extraction method has been employed to enhance the diffusion rate of heteroglycans, thereby augmenting the extraction efficiency. This study investigates the antioxidant activities and immunological properties of water-soluble polysaccharides derived from the Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx (HWPF and LWPF). These polysaccharides were isolated through two distinct extraction methods involving hot water followed by ethanol precipitation. The physicochemical characterization was conducted through a series of experiments encompassing monosaccharide composition, ultraviolet-visible spectrum analysis, and Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The evaluation of antioxidative properties employed various techniques, including DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities, Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power, ferrous chelating power, total reducing power, and protection against DNA damage. The assessment of anti-inflammatory potential involved the inhibition of hemolytic activity induced by a hypotonic solution and heat. Furthermore, the impact of the polysaccharides on the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines was analyzed through Luminex assay and RTPCR assay in PBMCs and LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, respectively. The findings revealed that heteroglycans (LWPF and HWPF) exhibit a content of Ara-Man-Rha-GluA-GalA (41.2:17.2:15.7:9.2:8.8) and Ara-Glu-Rha-Xyl-GluA-Man (31.5:23.8:12.16:10.4:7:6) with molecular weights of approximately 4.5 KDa and 41.3 KDa, respectively. HWPF demonstrated robust metal chelating and scavenging activities. Additionally, each fraction exhibited substantial protection of DNA against damage induced by H2O2. LWPF was observed to significantly down-regulate the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and COX-2 at both transcriptional and translational levels, along with inhibiting NO production. In summary, these results indicate that the choice of extraction methods influences both the structure and biological activities of heteroglycans, providing valuable insights into the structure-activity relationship.
Keywords: Hibiscus sabdariffa, heteroglycans, hot water extraction, physicochemical properties, Antioxidant activity, Pro-inflammatory cytokines
An Overview of Niosomes
Get PDFIn recent times, there has been a significant shift towards developing targeted biological substances for the treatment of infectious diseases and vaccination. Non-ionic surfactant vesicles, known as niosomes, have emerged as a distinctive vesicular structure in contemporary drug delivery methods due to their biological breakdown, compatibility, chemical resistance, cost-effectiveness, ease of manufacturing and preservation, and low toxicity. The progress in nanocarrier technology has garnered attention for its safety and associated advantages, including enhanced therapeutic administration with diverse pharmacological effects, improved targeting capabilities, and reduced side effects. Niosomes serve as vesicular carriers for drugs, composed of non-ionized surfactants, cholesterol or analogs, and charged molecules that enable controlled and targeted drug delivery. They are categorized as unilamellar, oligolamellar, or multilamellar structures. This comprehensive review article provides an overview of niosomes, covering their structure, types, formulation methods, characterization, advantages and disadvantages, preparation techniques, influencing factors, evaluation criteria, applications, and currently available formulations in the market.
Keywords: Niosomes, drug delivery system, methods of Preparation, Applications
Antimicrobial Activity and Phytochemical analysis of Evolvulus alsinoides against HIV Secondary Pathogens
Get PDFBackground: The antimicrobial activities of medicinal plants have long been exploited by scientific community against the diseases causing microorganisms. Routine use of antibiotic agents developed microbes as drug resistant organisms making it as a critical issue in case of treatments. So the detection of new natural compounds with antimicrobial activity is considered to be important. Although hundreds of plant species have been said to have antimicrobial properties, the vast majority have not been adequately evaluated. The present research works focus to develop new therapeutic agents or drug from selected medicinal plant of Evolvulus alsinoides against HIV Secondary pathogenic organisms, based on the review of literature, problems associated with treatment of pathogenic organisms and drug resistant patterns of the pathogenic organisms.
Results: The isolated bacterial cultures from secondary infection of HIV patient’s samples were identified as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa based on their Morphology, Staining, Motility and Biochemical test. The isolated fungal cultures were identified as, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium sp, Mucor sp, and Candida albicans, based on their growth and LCB staining. Evolvulus alsinoides has shown to have several compounds that play a great function in its antimicrobial activity.
Conclusion: There is a need to develop alternative agents for the control of pathogenic bacterial and fungal diseases in HIV infected persons. There is a good reason to support that the secondary metabolites of plants have evolved to protect them from attack by microbial pathogens. Hence, products from plants have great potential as sources of novel bioactive compounds for controlling pathogenic microorganisms. The treatment of various infectious diseases by the support of traditional usage of herbal medicine indicates the therapeutic potential of Evolvulus alsinoides by its antimicrobial activity. Further clinical studies are required to validate the efficacy of this medicinal plant against various pathogens and various resistant strains of bacteria.
Keywords: Evolvulus alsinoides, HIV Secondary Pathogens, Solvent extracts, antimicrobial activity, Phytochemical Analysis
Assessment of Helicobacter pylori Infection and Associated Risk Factors in Asymptomatic Patients Attending Muhoza Health Center
Get PDFBackground: H. pylori, is a bacterial pathogen that colonizes the gastric mucous lining and the epithelial tissue of the stomach. Helicobacter pylori strains infections can lead to several diseases such as duodenal ulcers, gastric ulcers, adenocarcinoma of the distal stomach, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease and autoimmune diseases. The objectives of this study were to assess the prevalence of H. pylori infection and risk factors associated with H. pylori in asymptomatic participants attending Muhoza health center
Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted from 13th September to 13th October. Stool samples from 60 eligible participants were collected in sterile containers and they were immunoserologicaly analysed. Rapid tests were used to detect H. pylori antigens. A liquid in the testing kit was mixed with a small portion of the stool. The mixture was poured to the sample hole on the rapid test which displayed results. Data regarding risk factors were collected using questionnaires and were analyzed statistically using SPSS 20.
Results: The prevalence of H. pylori infection was 37%. Females were more affected than males, with 25% and 12% respectively. Age, education, source of water and household population were significantly associated with Helicobacter pylori with p-values < 0.05. The study was limited since it was one health center based, hence not having large representative population.
Conclusion: Education of the population about prevention of the infection, supply clean, treated water for home usage and drinking, are recommended to the local government authorities in Musanze. Screening for H. pylori infection, good adherence on antibiotics against H. pylori, hand washing, and proper household settings to reduce crowding issue are recommended. Further researches are recommended for more conclusive results.
Keywords: H. pylori infection, risk factors, stomach, asymptomatic
Gallic Acid and Doxorubicin Treatment HeLa cell lines by MTT assay
Get PDFObjective: Cervical cancer, as it is medically known, occurs in the cells in the lower part of the uterus called the cervix and is one of the most common gynecological cancers in the world. Hormonal and genetic factors play a major role in the development of endometrial cancer. Chemotherapeutic drugs are very effective in treatment. However, serious side effects and the development of drug resistance limit the use of these drugs. In our study, the cytotoxic effects of Gallic acid (GA), which is found in many popular foods, on HeLa cells were investigated.
Methods: In our study, different doses of GA and Dox were applied to the cells for 48, 72 h and cytotoxicity levels were determined by the MTT method. All results were analyzed statistically.
Results: It was observed that cytotoxicity by MTT was at the highest level in the GA and Dox administered group. IC50 was determined and it was found that GA IC50 was 242.4 and Dox IC50 was 124.6 for 48 h.
Conclusion: As a result of the study, it was shown that the highest cytotoxic effect occurred with GA application and this may support Dox application with a synergistic effect.
Keywords: Servics cancer, Gallic acid, Doxorubicin, MT
Relationship between antibody titer than the Incidence of Infection After Complete Dose of COVID-19 Astrazeneca Vaccination Based on Sociodemographics
Get PDFBackground: Vaccine is an essential tool to limit the health of the COVID -19 pandemic and one of the vaccines that got permitted to used is AstraZeneca Vaccine. The base of the AstraZeneca is the viral vector vaccine. This vaccine has a more advanced method that uses a modified virus to trigger antibodies to make herd immunity for people. Objective: To found correlation between antibody titer than the incidence of Covid infection after complete dose vaccination base on sociodemographics Method: Observasional prospective Cohort method was use in this study with a convenience sampling design. Inclusion criteria were all Indonesian citizens above 18 years old (n=113) who were vaccinated at UTA 45 Jakarta Vaccine Center with no history of COVID -19 before the vaccination and had filled up the informed consents. Results: there were 43 (38%) respondents infected Covid-19 after vaccinated full dosesConclusion: Base on this study, it was found that there was a correlation between sociodemographics after vaccinated full doses AstraZeneca, gender, age, comorbid, smoking, and drinking than infected Covid -19 (P-value < 0.05)).
Keywords: Astrazeneca vaccine, Antibody titer, COVID-19
Design, Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Evaluation of Novel Depsides as Potential Antibacterials
Get PDFSixteen depsides were synthesized to screen for their antibacterial activity. All of them were reported for the first time. Their chemical structures were clearly determined by FTIR, 1H NMR, ESI mass spectra. All the compounds were assayed for antibacterial and antifungal activities against two Gram-positive bacterial strains (Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633) and (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29747)and two gram-negative bacterial strains (Escherichia coli ATCC 8739) and (Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 25619) the MIC and zone of inhibition calculated by cup-plate method and serial dilution method and two fungal strains (Aspergillus niger ATCC 90292) and (Candida albicans ATCC 24433)by the micro-broth dilution method.Compound2-(2- propoxy -2-oxoethylphenyl (4-methoxyphenyl)acetate(P6) and 2-(2- propoxy-2-oxoethylphenyl(4-methylphenyl)acetate(P7) showed powerful antibacterial activities against E. coli with MIC of 2.0 40mg/ml while compound 2-(2- propoxy -2-oxoethylphenyl(4-methylphenyl)acetate (P7) and 2-(2- propoxy -2-oxoethylphenyl and (3-methoxyphenyl)acetate (P8) exhibited significant antibacterial activities against B. subtilis with MIC of 3.12 40mg/ml, which were superior to the positive controls amoxycillin trihydrate and ciprofloxacin HCl, respectively and compound 2-(2- propoxy -2-oxoethyl) phenyl 4-methylbenzoate (P8) was found to have highest antifungal activity against Candida albicans ATCC 24433. On the basis of the biological results, quantitative structure activity relationships were discussed.
Keywords: Depsides, Antibacterials, Antifungal, Quantitative structure activity relationship
Anticonvulsants in Hepatic Encephalopathy
Get PDFHepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a complex neurological syndrome that arises as a complication of liver dysfunction. The primary focus in HE management has traditionally been on ammonia detoxification, but recent research has paved light on the potential role of anticonvulsant medications in improving the cognitive impairment and preventing seizures associated with HE. This review mainly aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the use of anticonvulsants in hepatic encephalopathy, by taking a looking at their mechanisms of action, efficacy, and safety profiles.
Keywords: Hepatic encephalopathy, Anticonvulsants, Cognitive impairmen
Evaluation of CD4 Count in HIV Infected Pregnant Women at Kibagabaga Level Two Teaching Hospital
Get PDFCD4 count measures the degree of immunosuppression in HIV-positive patients and is used to monitor HIV infection progression in human body. HIV is a virus that attacks the body’s immune system and if not treated, can lead to AIDS The rate of CD4 cells destruction is directly proportional to progressive replication of HIV. Pregnant women infected with HIV have high risk of mother to child transmission of HIV infection and are prone to excessive immunosuppression and increased viral load if their CD4 cell count is not properly maintained. Pregnancy may influence CD4 cells count reduction or don’t, that’s why this study focused on evaluation of CD4 count in HIV infected pregnant women. The objectives of this study were to determine the association between pregnancy trimesters and CD4 count among HIV infected pregnant women at KDH. The study was a cross sectional study which included 46 patients who visited kibagabaga level two teaching hospital in 5 months. Data were obtained by collecting venous blood of patients, testing their CD4 count and use of a questionnaire to evaluate the risk factors associated with changes in CD4 count. Data collected were analysed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) software version 22.0 and Microsoft word, the presentation of results was done using tables. Variables with p-value less than or equal to 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The study showed that there is an association between pregnancy trimesters and CD4 count among HIV infected pregnant women where 21(45.6%) women were in third trimester and had the highest CD4 count compared to women in the 2nd trimester 14(30.4%) followed by women in 1st trimester 11(24%) with p-value of 0.04 which is statistically significant. In evaluated CD4 count changes, associated risk factors were, antiretroviral treatment intake, diet intake, education level, pregnancy trimester, and closely spaced pregnancies. Which were found to have p-values 0.00, 0.00, 0.04, 0.04 and 0.01 that were statistically significant respectively.
Keywords: HIV, CD4 Count, Pregnant wome
Assessment of Parents Knowledge, Attitude and Practice about Child Vaccination in Selected Rural Areas of Kalaburagi District, India
Get PDFObjective: Immunization has evolved as one of the most successful public health interventions, reducing the incidence of infectious diseases and improving quality of life. This study was conducted to analyze the level of knowledge, attitude and experience of childhood vaccination among local participants from selected rural areas of Kalaburagi District, which can be related to the immunization status of their children.
Method: The Prospective, Cross-Sectional study was conducted at selected villages of rural areas in Kalaburagi district. Parents were enrolled into the study by considering the study criteria. Demographic details and other relevant data were collected at pre-test and post-test
Results: A total of 631 parents from 10 selected rural areas were enrolled in the study out of which 611 parents completed the study and 20 parents did not complete the study. It was evident that 470(76.92%) children’s immunization was completed according to schedule, 73(11.95%) children’s immunization was not complete according to schedule and 68(11.13%) parents did not know whether child immunization was complete according to schedule or not. The pre and post-test KAP score was assessed using SPSS software and Chi- Square test was carried out to analyze the Statistical significance. The study was statistically significant at p-value of <0.01.
Conclusion: The study concluded that better awareness of childhood immunization among parents led to increased immunization experience in their children. Health workers must be trained at the grass root level and through them the importance of childhood vaccination must spread to all rural areas.
Keywords: Immunization, Knowledge, Attitude, Practic