Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics (JDDT)
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Effect of Short-Term Exposure to Formalin on the Prostate Health of Medical Students in Okofia, Nnewi
No full textMedical students exposed to formalin, a preservative used for cadavers, may face health risks during dissection lessons. This study assessed the levels of free prostate-specific antigen (fPSA), total prostate-specific antigen (tPSA), and the percentage of free prostate-specific antigen (%fPSA) in students at Nnamdi Azikiwe University\u27s College of Health Sciences after three hours of exposure to formalin. Forty-five participants aged 18 to 30 were recruited for this study. Baseline samples taken before a 3-hour exposure served as control (pre-exposure), while samples collected afterward were classified as post-exposure (test). The levels of tPSA and fPSA were measured using the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method. For this analysis, the AccuBind Total and Free Prostate-Specific Antigen ELISA kit was utilized.The analysis using a paired samples t-test and Pearson’s correlation coefficient revealed a significant decrease in total PSA (tPSA) after formalin exposure, with mean values dropping from 0.88 ± 0.60 ng/ml to 0.67 ± 0.50 ng/ml (p < 0.05). However, no significant changes were found in free PSA (fPSA) levels or participants\u27 blood pressure post-exposure (p > 0.05). There was no relationship between the Total PSA, Free PSA, % Free PSA and the Body Mass Index (BMI), Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure of the participants post-exposure to short-term formalin. It was concluded that a three-hour formalin exposure may at a certain dosage be a therapeutic agent to decrease raised total PSA levels which is sometimes indicative of prostate dysfunction.
Keywords: short-term, formalin, exposure, prostate, health, medical, students, Nnew
Investigation of Adhesion Molecules in the Placentas of Patients with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus with Premature Rupture of Membranes
No full textAim: The aim of this study was to examine the histopathological changes in the placentas of patients with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) and premature rupture of membranes (PROM).
Materials and Methods: Placentas of 21 GDM+PROM and 21 healthy pregnant women were sectioned into 4-6 μm sections and stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin.
Results: In GDM+PROM group, fibrinoid deposition in light pink areas, degeneration of chorionic villi and irregularities in villus structure, congestion and dilatation of capillary vessels were observed. Leukocyte infiltration was observed in the intervillous area. Desidua cells showed degeneration and pycnosis. Rupture of the amniotic membrane was observed.
Conclusion: We have demonstrated that GDM+PROM leads to severe pathologic changes in placental structures and is associated with inflammatory and vascular dysfunction.
Keywords: Gestational diabetes mellitus, premature rupture of membranes, placent
Histopathological Changes in The Placentas of Pregnant Women with Premature Rupture of Membranes (PROM) and Preterm PROM
Full text linkIntroduction: Premature rupture of membranes (prom) and preterm prom (pprom) are critical obstetric complications associated with placental dysfunction. Histological changes in PPROM placentas have not been studied much in studies compared to PROM. This study aimed to investigates histopathological alterations in placental tissues of premature rupture of membranes of PROM and preterm PROM patients .
Methods: This experimental non-randomized case-control study was conducted with 30 PROM patients , PPROM pregnant women and 30 healthy pregnant women at Dicle University Faculty of Medicine between May 2024 and May 2025. Placental tissues obtained following cesarean delivery were subjected to routine tissue monitoring. Placental samples were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and examined histopathologically using a light microscope.
Results: When histopathological findings were compared between the PROM, PPROM and control groups, villous integrity in control groups, congestion in blood vessels, fibrinoid accumulation, inflammation and intervillous hemorrhage were higher in the PPROM group than in the control group (p<0.001).H&E revealed preserved villous integrity in controls, partial atrophy/fibrin deposition in PROM, and severe degeneration/edema in preterm PROM.
Conclusion: Preterm PROM placentas display pronounced histopathological damage. The intricate relationship between PROM and placental pathology underscores the profound impact of metabolic changes on placental structure and function throughout pregnancy. Understanding these pathological changes is crucial for elucidating the progression of PPROM and its implications for maternal and fetal health, highlighting the importance of comprehensive placental analysis in managing pregnancies complicated by PROM.
Keywords: Placenta, Premature Rupture of Membranes, Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes, Histopathology, Hematoxylin-Eosin Staining
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Formulation and Characterization of Nefopam Hydrochloride-Loaded Niosomes for Enhanced Analgesic Drug Delivery
Full text linkBackground: Nefopam Hydrochloride (NF-HCl) is a centrally acting non-opioid analgesic with limited oral bioavailability due to first-pass metabolism. To overcome this limitation and provide sustained drug release, niosomal drug delivery systems were explored.
Objective: To formulate and characterize NF-HCl-loaded niosomes using Span surfactants and cholesterol via Hand Shaking Method (HSM) and Ether Injection Method (EIM), and evaluate their physicochemical and drug release properties.
Methods: Twelve niosomal formulations were prepared using three non-ionic surfactants (Span 20, 40, and 60) in 1:1 and 2:1 molar ratios with cholesterol. The formulations were evaluated for entrapment efficiency (EE%), vesicle size, morphology, zeta potential, in vitro drug release, and drug release kinetics.
Results: Among the formulations, PNF-9 (Span 60:CH, 1:1, EIM) showed the highest EE (58.94%), sustained drug release (58.82% over 8 hours), and a zeta potential of −64.6 mV. Drug release kinetics followed the Korsmeyer-Peppas model with an R² value of 0.9965, indicating non-Fickian diffusion. Stability studies confirmed greater retention at 4–8°C.
Conclusion: The optimized NF-HCl niosomal formulation (PNF-9) prepared via EIM using Span 60 exhibited promising characteristics for sustained and targeted analgesic delivery, potentially enhancing therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance.
Keywords: Niosomes, Nefopam Hydrochloride, Span 60, Entrapment Efficiency, Drug Release Kinetics, Ether Injection Metho
An Integrative Review of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS): Clinical Insights and Therapeutic Approaches in Unani and Modern Medicine
Full text linkExcruciating fatigue that lasts for at least six months is a defining feature of the complicated illness known as chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). With a prevalence of 0.4% to 2.5% worldwide, CFS is becoming more common. CFS impacts more women than men. In wealthy nations, it is considered a common condition. Although CFS has no recognized cure, symptoms can be controlled and managed. Daily normal activities are significantly hampered by chronic fatigue. An imbalance of brain neurotransmitters, mitochondrial dysfunction, reduced oxidative phosphorylation, disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and decreased ATP synthesis are all essential components of the pathophysiology of CFS. The current study aims to identify the herbs used as medicine for chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and to examine the current treatment strategies for it. The phytochemicals found in the Unani medicinal plants discussed in this article make them highly effective in treating the symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome. The current treatment approach for chronic fatigue syndrome is also briefly covered in this review article. It includes cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), graded exercise therapy (GET), immunoglobulin use, psychodynamic counseling, and isometric exercises that are very helpful in reducing the symptoms of CFS. Conventional treatments for CFS include corticosteroids, immunomodulatory drugs, and antidepressants. Various Unani medicinal plants are examined in this article, along with their pharmacological characteristics, potential uses, and available therapies for mitigating the symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome.
Keywords: chronic fatigue syndrome, brain neurotransmitters, mitochondrial dysfunction, reduced oxidative phosphorylatio
Evaluation of Mayeen Kalan (Tamarix dioica) through phytochemical, pharmacognostical, and pharmacological studies from an ethnomedicinal perspective in Unani medicine
Full text linkObjective: This study seeks to provide an in-depth review and compilation of critical information regarding the botanical description, pharmacognostic characteristics, phytochemical constituents, pharmacological activities, and ethnomedicinal uses of Tamarix dioica, commonly known as Mayeen Kalan. The aim is to establish its significant therapeutic potential within the framework of Unani medicine.
Methods: We meticulously gathered data from esteemed classical Unani texts alongside contemporary scientific literature. This analysis encompassed botanical descriptions, traditional applications, and pharmacological investigations to highlight the plant’s key therapeutic actions and pharmacological properties.
Results: Tamarix dioica, a prominent shrub from the Tamaricaceae family, is increasingly recognized in Unani medicine for its diverse benefits, including its Constipative (Qabiz), retentive (Habis), Anti-inflammatory, Astringent, Antifungal, Antibacterial, Hepatoprotective, and Antipyretic properties. Rigorous phytochemical screening revealed a wealth of active compounds, such as flavonoids, phenols, saponins, tannins, steroids, and terpenoids. Pharmacological studies provided compelling evidence of its antidiarrheal, hepatoprotective, antipyretic, antihyperlipidemic, and antimicrobial effects, showcasing significant dose-dependent outcomes that firmly support its traditional claims.
Conclusion: Tamarix dioica stands out as a powerful botanical with a remarkable array of pharmacological activities that validate its traditional uses in Unani medicine, particularly as an astringent and hepatoprotective agent. To harness its full potential, further clinical and toxicological studies are essential for developing safe and effective therapeutic formulations suitable for both modern and traditional medical practices. This research not only underscores the plant\u27s historical importance but also paves the way for its integration into contemporary healthcare solutions.
Keywords: Tamarix dioica; Mayeen Kalan; traditional medicine; hepatoprotective; antidiarrheal; antimicrobial activity, Aspergillus flavis, Microsporum cani
Nishasta-e-Gandum (Triticum aestivum L.) through the ages: An ethnopharmacological review
Full text linkWheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most consumed cereals around the world, apart from rice and maize. Wheat is cultivated globally, and it has various pharmacological benefits. Nishasta-e-gandum (wheat starch) is a powder obtained from the seeds of grain by certain procedures. It is used traditionally in various parts of India and other countries as a part of food preparations, and Unani medicine considers its medicinal properties along with its nutritive value. This review is to focus on the ethnobotanical description, history, pharmacological activities, and the literature summarization of the Nishasta-e-gandum mentioned in ancient Unani medicine texts. The classical unani texts, publications, pharmacological textbooks, and scientific databases are used for the material collections of the review. The Nishasta-e-gandum has utilized for various conditions in traditional uses and for activities in ancient unani scriptures such as muqawwi-e-bah(aphrodisiac), mulayyin(laxative),Mughadhdhi(nutritive),etc.,. modern research supports its effect on osteoporosis, hypolipidemic and hypocholesterolaemic activity, etc. The whole wheat constitutes numerous other activities like anticancer, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, and laxative. The review provides insight into the betterment in the usage of wheat and wheat starch as a functional food due to its medical properties tagging along nutritional benefits. The traditional wisdom has broad knowledge on the therapeutic and nutritive potential of Nishasta -e-gandum which plays role in prevention and cure of ailments. The review emphasis the further scientific research needed in the unani medicine which can provide new light in to modern nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals.
Keywords: Wheat starch, Nishasta, Unani medicine, Triticum aestivum, gandu
Sanna Makki (Cassia angustifolia Vahl.): An Ancient Remedy in Modern Pharmacology: An Overview
No full textObjective(s): This paper aims to give a comprehensive account of Senna (Cassia spp.) and its related species, with a focus on Senna Makki (Cassia angustifolia), by comparing its traditional uses in the Unani System of Medicine with modern pharmacological evidence.
Data Sources: Classical Unani literature, historical records, and modern scientific references were reviewed. Databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched for studies on ethnomedicine, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and clinical uses of various Cassia species.
Study Selection: Both traditional references and contemporary studies addressing medicinal uses, active constituents, pharmacological effects, and clinical safety of various Cassia species were included in the search.
Summary of the Contents of the Article: There are 250-300 accepted species of Senna distributed throughout the world. Out of them, Cassia angustifolia (Senna Makki) and Cassia acutifolia (Alexandrian Senna) are officially mentioned in various pharmacopoeias. Historically, Senna Makki\u27s medicinal use dates back to the 9th – 10th centuries, with Arabian physicians employing its leaves and pods for different ailments. In Islamic medicine, it was prescribed for constipation, gout, haemorrhoids, arthritis, paralysis, sciatica, headaches, and back pain, and externally for wounds, pruritus, scabies, and alopecia. Its diverse therapeutic roles are reflected across Unani and other traditional medical systems, now supported by contemporary pharmacological studies.
Conclusion: Senna Makki exemplifies the integration of traditional medicine with modern pharmacology. While its role as a laxative is well-supported, further studies are needed to validate the wider therapeutic claims of Unani medicine in managing other challenging diseases.
Keywords: Senna Makki; Cassia angustifolia; Unani medicine; Laxative; Sennosides
Micelle-Loaded Oral Dissolvable Strips: A Novel Strategy to Enhance Bioavailability and Pharmacokinetics of Therapeutics
No full textBackground: This review examines the technology and therapeutic potential of oral dissolvable strips (ODS) loaded with micellized active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) for improved systemic drug delivery. Oral dissolvable strips (ODS) have emerged as a convenient and patient friendly route for drug delivery; however, many APIs exhibit poor aqueous solubility and stability, limiting their therapeutic efficiency. Micellar nanocarriers embedded in ODS can overcome these limitations by improving the solubility, stability, pharmacokinetics, and bioavailability.
Objective: This review evaluates the integration of micelle technology with ODS platforms to improve systemic absorption and therapeutic performance of APIs, focusing on formulation advances, pharmacokinetic improvements, and translational challenges.
Methods: Peer-reviewed research articles, patents, and reviews related to micellized APIs and oral film drug delivery systems were analyzed to identify formulation strategies, physicochemical optimization approaches, and clinical implications for diverse APIs.
Results: Micelle-embedded oral films enable efficient delivery of hydrophobic drugs, produce faster absorption and achieve higher plasma concentrations than conventional oral routes. By improving patient compliance, minimizing toxicity, and protecting APIs from hepatic and gastrointestinal degradation, micelle/ODS systems significantly enhance bioavailability. Challenges exist with formulation variables such as micelle composition and film thickness which affect release kinetics, and optimization and stabilization of micellized APIs.
Conclusion: Integrating micellar nanotechnology with oral dissolvable strips represents a promising next-generation platform for effective, non-invasive, and patient-compliant oral drug delivery. This technology holds great potential for delivering prescription drugs, supplements, chemotherapeutics, and biologics. Future investigations should prioritize optimizing formulation strategies and scalable manufacturing processes, clarifying regulatory pathways, and designing clinical trials.
Keywords: micelle, oral dissolvable strip, bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, drug deliver
Obesity: A Global Health Concern
No full textObesity can be defined as an abnormal or excessive accumulation of body fat that poses significant health risks, either independently or in association with other medical conditions. The primary health consequences of obesity can be better understood by examining the pathophysiological mechanisms behind increased adiposity. In obese individuals, the presence of excessive intra-abdominal (visceral) fat is a key indicator of poor metabolic health. These associated health risks may vary across different populations due to genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors.In developed countries, the conservative estimate of the economic burden of obesity ranges between 2% and 7% of total healthcare expenditures. This reflects a substantial strain on national healthcare budgets, highlighting obesity as not only a medical concern but also a critical socioeconomic issue.
Keywords: Obesity, Health, Risk-factors, Diabetes, Stroke