Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics (JDDT)
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The Effect of Honey on Bacteria Isolated from Urinary Tract Infections among Patients Attending Ruhengeri Referral Hospital
Get PDFBackground: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) occur when bacteria enter the urethra from the skin or rectum and infect the bladder, causing symptoms. UTIs are becoming increasingly multidrug-resistant, with some drugs no longer effective in treatment. According to the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), honey has been shown to have high osmotic pressure and high acidity that prevent the multiplication of bacteria. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of honey on bacteria isolated from urine samples collected from patients with UTI’s attending Ruhengeri Referral Hospital.
Methodology: Urine samples were collected in sterile containers at Ruhengeri Referral Hospital and transported to the microbiology laboratory at the Ruhengeri Institute of Higher Education (INES Ruhengeri). Two types of honey, raw and processed were used as antimicrobial agents on bacteria isolated from UTIs. Various methods were used to isolate and identify bacterial isolates, including culture on solid medium, gram staining, and biochemical tests.
Results: The most commonly isolated bacterium was S. aureus (33.3%) which is in the second group of bacteria susceptible to honey, followed by P. aeruginosa (13.8%) and CoNS (13.8%). E. coli, K. pneumonia, and Streptococcus spp. each accounted for 11.2%. The former and the latter were the most susceptible bacteria to natural honey honey (mIZ = 36 ±2.83; ±4.24 mm, respectively), while E. aerogenes was the least isolated bacterium at 5.5% and the least susceptible to honey.
Conclusion: Honey was showed to exhibit an antimicrobial effect against all bacteria isolated from the UTI, suggesting natural honey as a remedy in controlling urinary tract bacterial infection. Further studies are needed to evaluate its capacity compared to classical antibiotics currently used to treat bacteria in UTIs. The practical way to use honey to get targeted area is also an interested point that need to be investigated.
Keywords: Urinary tract infection; honey; bacteria
New Enriched Culture Media for Culturing Streptococcus pyogenes by using Spirulina Powder
Get PDFBackground and Aim: Fastidious bacteria require special nutrients and growth factors to grow on enriched culture media. Many enriched culture media were developed for culturing and isolating fastidious bacteria in pure cultures. The present study investigates the ability of spirulina powder to support the fastidious bacteria growth in pure culture compared to ordinary enriched media, e.g., Blood agar and Chocolate agar.
Methods: Spirulina powder was used as a nutrient source with some additives to prepare different types of Spirulina media. Reference strain ATCC (19615) and three clinical isolates of Streptococcus pyogenes were examined for their growth on the developed candidate medium. Three formulations of spirulina powder were used: Medium 1, Medium 2, and Medium 3.
Results: All spirulina media supported the growth of streptococcus pyogenes and there was no significant difference in the morphology and cultural characteristics on the blood agar and chocolate agar media. Colonies size of streptococcus pyogenes were slightly smaller size on spirulina media.
Conclusion: Spirulina media is a possible candidate that can be used as enriched culture media for culturing and isolating fastidious bacteria such as Streptococcus pyogenes.
Keyword: Spirulina powder, enriched culture media, Streptococcus pyogenes
Unveiling the Mode of Action of Dravya Vikalpa
Get PDFShodhana-shamana is one of the treatment classifications in Ayurveda. Medicines for Shodhana can be administered in single drug or combination form. The explanation regarding formulations has been dealt in Ayurveda. Though single drugs have been indicated in various disorders, they may fail to target every stage of disease and may therefore fail in treatment. Thus, the permutation and combination of drugs can act efficiently and target every stage of disease. In the Charaka Samhita Chikitsasthana, shodhana yogas are briefly described for specific ailments, however in the Kalpasthana, dravyavikalpa are extensively explained for shodhana. It is difficult to understand choice of dravyavikalpa as there is no direct description on mode and site of action of yogas mentioned. Hence there is a need for proper understanding of the mode and site of action of various dravyavikalpa. Understanding a specific combination and its kalpana helps one understand how medicines are targeted at vitiated doshas and sthanasamshraya. To illustrate the same, Dravyavikalpa for panduroga mentioned in Charaka Samhita Kalpasthana has been taken as an example. In this study an effort will be made to analyze mode and site of action of Dravyavikalpa mentioned in Charaka Samhita Kalpasthana.
Keywords: Dravyavikalpa, kalpana vishesha, pandu rog
Stem-cells Research and Therapies
Get PDFStudies with leucogenenol, a compound isolated from the metabolic products of Penicillium gilmanii and human liver showed that leucogenenol accelerated the rate at which the “functional” cells, neutrophils, red blood cells and lymphocytes developed in the bone marrow from their corresponding committed precursor cells. It was found that the neutrophils that appear in the peripheral blood circulation following injection of leucogenenol originated from the neutrophils in the bone marrow. A scheme was presented to show that leucogenenol and adroxazine play key roles in regulating the circulation of blood cells. Stem cells act as the building blocks for the tissues and organs of physiologic systems. Research studies have shown stem-cells potential to treat a wide range of diseases. The Stem-cells play important roles in the treatment of various medical conditions and monitoring of bodily functions. Stem-cell therapy has shown results in treating conditions via peripheral blood circulation in the growth of new blood vessels such as heart disease, diabetes, cancer, Parkinson’s disease. Clinical trials are being conducted to assess the safety and efficacy of stem cell based-therapies in treating various diseases such as Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML) which is a type of blood cancer that affects the bone marrow and blood cells characterized by the abnormal growth of white blood cells that affects the bone marrow and blood cells known as myeloid cells. Stem cell therapies have great potential to become one of the most important tools of regenerative medicine and untreatable diseases. In this review, different types of stem-cell-based therapies are described, which are used in treating various diseases.
Keywords: Blood Stem cells, therapies, clinical trials, CRISPR Therapeutic
Devising of Lazūq (A Conventional Unani Dosage Form) with reference to Transdermal Patch; Then and Now: A Critical Review
Get PDFObjective: The endeavor is made to criticize the classical indications, preparations and application of Lazūq even after passing many centuries since its inception. Background: According to classical Unani literature, Lazūq is primarily formulated for headache, migraine, toothache, cervical pain, dropping of uvula and different types of pain like sciatica, backache, myalgia and some orthopedic conditions. Its approach is still conventional that encompasses thick sticky stuff of drug/s which is pasted over a cloth or thick paper, consequently, maximum ratio of medicinal properties remains insignificant owed to stratum corneum (layer of skin that functions as a barrier). Devising and method of drug delivery in classical form of Lazūq makes it inconvenient to the patient, thus, it drops patient’s compliance and anticipated efficacy. In this day and age, Unani practitioners do not prescribe it very often because of its devising and limited indications documented in classical literature. Hence, it’s now becoming out of practice. Whereas, modern medicine is practicing its novel approach epitomized as Transdermal patch for several bodily conditions like Acute post-operative pain, Alzheimer disease, Angina pectoris, Anti-emetic patch, Atrial fibrillation, Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Dementia, Depression, Dysmenorrhea, Hypertension, Local dermal analgesia, Menopausal symptoms, Motion sickness, Osteoporosis, Overactive bladder, Parkinson’s disease, Post herpetic neuralgia pain, Smoking cessation, Tic disorder, Tourette syndrome and to prevent pregnancy. In transdermal patch, drug is used in micro/nano form with chemically produced permeation enhancers (CPEs) and other smart physio-chemical techniques that makes it very easy to apply, imparts maximum active pharmaceutical ingredients with controlled release of drug. Methodology: Ancient classical Unani formulations of Lazūq was appraised and then its course with respect to today’s newer formulations as transdermal patch was reviewed to look for its progress and application in novel dosage form with the advantage of innovations in pharmaceutical and allied sciences. Conclusion: Classical Unani formulations of Lazūq must be reviewed, transformed, evaluated, coped and applied as per the standard operating procedures (SOPs) of transdermal drug delivery system. Future Prospects: New formulations of Lazūq should be designed and appraised from the medicinal treasure of Unani system of medicine for different therapeutic conditions.
 
Profile of pathogenic bacteria isolated from cow\u27s milk in N\u27Djamena: associated risk factors and antibiotic resistance
No full textRaw milk and its derivatives are foodstuffs vulnerable to contamination by microorganisms including pathogenic bacteria and failure to comply with hygiene rules.
The objective of this study was to determine the profile of pathogenic bacteria isolated from cow\u27s milk and to evaluate the effectiveness of antibiotics commonly used in veterinary and human medicine against these bacteria in Chad.
This was a prospective and analytical study based on bacteriological examination including 180 milk samples collected in 10 districts of N\u27Djamena. The isolation, identification and testing of sensitivity of isolated bacteria to antibiotics were carried out under standard food bacteriology conditions.
Among 180 milk samples which were screened by bacteriological examination, 71 (34.44%) cases were positive. The bacterial strains isolated were: Staphylococcus aureus (38.03%), Streptococcus agalactiae (18.31%), Staphylococcus hyicus (11.27%), Streptococcus uberis (7.04%), Escherichia coliO157H7 (7.04%), Streptococcus pyogenes (5.63%), Aeromonas hydrophila (5.63%), Listeria monocytogenes (4.22%) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (2.81%). The risk factors most frequently associated with milk contamination were hand milking (100%) followed by unsanitary environment (65%), 35% of milks were sold in reused bottles and 58% of vendors and producers were uneducated.
The antibiogram of the 69 isolated bacterial agents showed reduced sensitivities to beta-lactams and aminoglycosides, and varied resistance to cyclins and fluoroquinolones. Streptomycin remains an aminoglycoside most sensitive to all strains of pathogenic bacteria with an average level of 95.7%. Staphylococci (Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus hyicus) developed an average resistance of 80.15% to methycillin, 80.1% to vancomycin and all bacteria showed an average resistance of 85% to metronidazole. Streptococci strains (Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus uberis and Streptococcus pyogenes) were very sensitive (76.3%) to vancomycin. The isolated Listeria monocytogenes strains were 100%sensitive to aminoglycosides and beta-lactams.
The two-strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis detected by GeneXpert had a profile of 50%sensitivity and 50%resistance to rifampicin.
This study not only made it possible to know the high rate and frequency of pathogenic bacteria in cow\u27s milk as well as the associated risk factors, but also showed a reduction in sensitivity of bacteria to aminopenicillins and aminoglycosides, a strong resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to methicillin and vancomycin and a high sensitivity of streptococci to vancomycin
Sero-prevalence of hepatitis B virus and associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care in Bosaso general hospital, Puntland, Somalia 2023: A cross-sectional study design
Get PDFBackground: Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver caused by a variety of infectious and non-infectious agents, leading to a range of health problems. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) can cause both acute and chronic liver disease, and the most common virus that can be transmitted from mother to child and other modes of transmission are contact with blood or other body fluids during sexual intercourse, unsafe injections, or exposure to sharp instruments.
Objective: To determine the seroprevalence and associated factors of HBV infection among pregnant women attending the Antenatal Clinic at Bosaso General Hospital, Puntland, Somalia, in 2023.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 302 pregnant women who underwent routine ANC at Bosaso General hospital from March 15 to May 15. Study participants were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. A systematic random sampling technique was used to identify participants. Data entry, editing, and cleanup of the collected data were performed by the principal investigator using EPI data, and data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 20 to examine the association between each independent variable and the outcome variable. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to determine associations.
Result: A total of 302 respondents participated in the study, with a response rate of 96.8%. The overall prevalence of hepatitis B infection among pregnant women was 6.6% (95% CI = 4.0–9.8). Having a history of dental procedures (AOR = 5.52, 95% CI = 1.190–25.68), a history of blood transfusion (AOR = 5.02, 95% CI = 1.088–23.19), a history surgical procedure (AOR = 4.7, 95% CI = 1.014–21.76), or having a family history of HBV infection (AOR = 10.07, 95% CI = (1.27–79.63) were significant predictors of HBV infection among pregnant women.
Conclusion: The seroprevalence of HBV was intermediate (2–8%) in the study area according to WHO classification. A history of dental procedures, blood transfusion, surgical procedures, and a family history of hepatitis B virus infection were significantly associated with HBV infection.
Keywords: Sero-prevalence; Bosaso; hepatitis B virus; pregnant women
Optimizing Liposomal Drug Delivery for Enhanced Efficacy in Skin Cancer Treatment: A Comprehensive Experimental Investigation
Get PDFSkin cancer is a prevalent global health issue, necessitating ongoing research into innovative treatment approaches. This study focuses on assessing the effectiveness of a liposomal formulation to enhance skin cancer treatment and demonstrates its technological viability. A comprehensive literature review establishes the context by examining current skin cancer treatments and the role of liposomal formulations in dermatological therapies. The research objectives are clearly outlined, detailing the liposomal formulation\u27s characteristics and experimental methodologies. Results from the study, including comparisons with existing treatments and statistical analyses, are presented, offering insights into the formulation\u27s potential for advancing skin cancer therapy. The discussion section interprets the findings, addresses limitations, and underscores the transformative impact of liposomal formulations in skin cancer treatment. The conclusion succinctly summarizes key findings, emphasizing the study\u27s significance. Furthermore, the future directions section outlines potential research avenues and improvements to the liposomal formulation. This research contributes to the evolving landscape of skin cancer treatment, highlighting the promising role of liposomal formulations in enhancing therapeutic outcomes. By bridging the gap between scientific innovation and clinical application, this study provides valuable insights into the potential of liposomal formulations to revolutionize skin cancer treatment, ultimately contributing to improved patient outcomes and a more effective approach to combating this widespread and pressing health concern.
Keywords: Liposomal formulation, Skin cancer treatment, Technological viability, Comparative analysis, Transformative impact, Methodologie
An assessment of various disinfectants using the Kirby-Bauer Method with disc diffusion to determine their effectiveness against locally isolated pathogens
Get PDFThis study aimed to assess the effectiveness of various disinfectants against locally isolated pathogens using the Kirby-Bauer Method with disc diffusion. Indigenous strains of Salmonella typhimurium, E. coli, Campylobacter, Citrobacter freundii, and Staphylococcus aureus were obtained from the bacterial depository bank and sub-cultured on their respective selective media. A 0.5 McFarland Turbidity Standard was prepared, and eight commercially available disinfectants were tested for efficacy. The results of this study will inform the selection of appropriate disinfectants for use in preventing the spread of disease in various settings, including home sanitation, healthcare, and industrial manufacturing processes. The disinfectants used in this study produced different results against the targeted pathogens. Hydrogen peroxide and Formalin produced larger zones of inhibition, while Povidone Iodine and Hydrochloric acid produced intermediate zones. Ethanol, Methanol, and Dettol produced smaller .zones of inhibition. Benzalkonium Chloride was effective only against S. aureus, while all other indigenous isolates resisted it.
Keywords: Disinfectants, Sal. typhimurium, E.coli, Campylobacter, Citrobacter freundii, Staphylococcus auerus, Antibiotic sensitivity tes
Exploring Hijama (Cupping Therapy) for Sciatica Relief: An Integrative Review of Unani Practices
Get PDFBackground: Since ancient times, Unani physicians have controlled certain illnesses by altering the metabolic process using a variety of therapeutic approaches. Some treatment tenets have been promoted by Ibne-sina (Avicenna). Regimenal therapy is a fundamental approach to treatment that aims to eradicate sick matter, control excessive production, control its spread, and resolve it by specialised approaches, ultimately restoring humoral equilibrium. Hijama (Cupping) is one such operation. The Arabic word "Hijamat" (from the phrase “Hajm”) means "volume", but it is also used to refer to sucking. Additionally, it might indicate "to minimise", "to return to basic size", or "to reduce the volume". One of the most prevalent symptoms of Irq-al-nasa (Sciatica) is lower limb neuralgic pain. This illness has the potential to become persistent and chronic, with significant socioeconomic consequences. Its overall incidence is estimated to be between 13% and 40%. Objective: Mainstream therapists primarily treat Sciatica with medication, surgery, or occasionally both. There should be an efficient substitute for evidence-based medicine because of its negative impacts, high cost, and disease-centric approach to treatment. Extensive research has been conducted to investigate the potential benefits of this traditional treatment plan for the management of Sciatica.
Keywords: Cupping, Irq-al-nasa, Sciatica, Hijama, Unani medicin